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Towards Reunion in Ethics (Philosophical Studies Series #138)
by Jan ÖsterbergThis posthumous publication attempts to answer the question of what moral code is the most reasonable. Philosophers often turn to consequentialism or deontological ethics to address this issue. As the author points out, each has valid arguments but each is unable to get the other side to agree. To rectify this, he proposes a third way. Inside, readers will discover a theory that tries to do justice to both sides. The author first details consequentialism and deontological ethics. He also explains their fundamental conflict. One holds the view that you should do what has the best consequences. The other believes that there are actions which are wrong to do even if they have the best consequences. Next, the volume considers various ways to solve this conflict. Would rejecting one theory work? Or, is it possible to somehow reconcile them. The author shows why these solutions fail. He then goes on to present his own. The resulting contractual theory brings together the two opposing ethical convictions. It proposes that what is right and wrong depends on what norms people would agree to. Throughout, coverage explores the psychological, sociological, and historical background of the moral theories discussed. The reason is that moral theories are embedded in social and psychological contexts. They are better understood when the contexts are explicit. This key feature distinguishes the volume from other works in moral philosophy.At the time of his death in July 2011, Jan Österberg was close to completing this manuscript. It was taken up and fully completed by Erik Carlson and Ryszard Sliwinski, both of Uppsala University.
Towards Sustainable Artificial Intelligence: A Framework to Create Value and Understand Risk
by Ghislain Landry Tsafack ChetsaSo far, little effort has been devoted to developing practical approaches on how to develop and deploy AI systems that meet certain standards and principles. This is despite the importance of principles such as privacy, fairness, and social equality taking centre stage in discussions around AI. However, for an organization, failing to meet those standards can give rise to significant lost opportunities. It may further lead to an organization’s demise, as the example of Cambridge Analytica demonstrates. It is, however, possible to pursue a practical approach for the design, development, and deployment of sustainable AI systems that incorporates both business and human values and principles. This book discusses the concept of sustainability in the context of artificial intelligence. In order to help businesses achieve this objective, the author introduces the sustainable artificial intelligence framework (SAIF), designed as a reference guide in the development and deployment of AI systems. The SAIF developed in the book is designed to help decision makers such as policy makers, boards, C-suites, managers, and data scientists create AI systems that meet ethical principles. By focusing on four pillars related to the socio-economic and political impact of AI, the SAIF creates an environment through which an organization learns to understand its risk and exposure to any undesired consequences of AI, and the impact of AI on its ability to create value in the short, medium, and long term. What You Will Learn See the relevance of ethics to the practice of data science and AI Examine the elements that enable AI within an organization Discover the challenges of developing AI systems that meet certain human or specific standards Explore the challenges of AI governance Absorb the key factors to consider when evaluating AI systems Who This Book Is For Decision makers such as government officials, members of the C-suite and other business managers, and data scientists as well as any technology expert aspiring to a data-related leadership role.
Towards the Development of the International Penal System
by Róisín MulgrewBased on extensive empirical research, this ground-breaking book describes and analyses existing systems for enforcing sentences of imprisonment imposed by international criminal courts and makes recommendations for the strategic and structural development of the international penal system. In particular, it advocates a resocialisation-focused international penal policy delivered using restorative justice modalities post-conviction and the creation of an accountable international prison system. Singly or combined, these developments will contribute to the institutionalisation of the international penal system and enhance the international nature of the sanction, the international control over the way international punishment is enforced and the equal treatment of international prisoners. These developments will also help to ensure that international punishment is principled and progressive and implemented in a humane and effective system.
Towards the Ethics of a Green Future: The Theory and Practice of Human Rights for Future People (Routledge Studies in Sustainability)
by Marcus Düwell Gerhard Bos Naomi Van SteenbergenWhat are our obligations towards future generations who stand to be harmed by the impact of today’s environmental crises? This book explores ecological sustainability as a human rights issue and examines what our long-term responsibilities might be. This interdisciplinary collection of chapters provides a basis for understanding the debates on the provision of sustainability for future generations from a diverse set of theoretical standpoints. Covering a broad range of perspectives such as risk and uncertainty, legal implementation, representation, motivation and economics, Towards the Ethics of a Green Future sets out the key questions involved in this complex ethical issue. The contributors bring theoretical discussions to life through the use of case studies and real-world examples. The book also includes clear and tangible recommendations for policymakers on how to put the suggestions proposed within the book into practice. This book will be of great interest to all researchers and students concerned with issues of sustainability and human rights, as well as scholars of environmental politics, law and ethics more generally.
Towards the Local Government’s Integrated Accountability Framework: A Critical Lesson from Socio-Environmental Issues in Indonesia
by Habib Muhammad ShahibThis book shows the growing phenomenon and the broad impact of socio-environmental conflicts in the grassroots communities—farmers, fishermen and urban poor—in Indonesia, as the effects of government’s development strategies based on neoliberal and New Public Management (NPM) views without a clear accountability system or socio-environmental accountability practices and reports are becoming apparent. Inspired by the emancipatory socio-environmental accounting discourse, which focuses on the socio-local context in developing alternative models of accountability based on local views and people's aspirations, this book uses research methodology based on the principles put forth by Indonesian national hero and critical scholar Tan Malaka to develop a framework of integrated accountability for the local government. This book fills the present gap in English publications that analyse the intents and outcomes of the public management reforms in Indonesia with regard to socio-environmental issues, as a basis for further research at the international level as well as policymaking in Indonesia. As the Indonesian government has recently undertaken key structural and accounting reforms in the public sector, this book is a timely and valuable read for graduate students, researchers,- and policymakers.
Towards the Rule of Law in China: Social Diversification and the Power System
by Weidong JiGrowing up in China while educated in Japan and the US, the author has in the past few decades both witnessed and actively participated in the historical process of legal transformations in contemporary China. Through a series of academic contributions, as well as meetings, activities and memberships with policymakers and practitioners, the author has spared no effort in applying his theoretical scholarship to real, concrete practices. He has made significant contributions to the building of a rule-of-law system in China, with great social influences. The publishing of this book is to share with English-speaking readers his insights, experiences, and practices related to the institutional undertaking of building the rule of law in China. It offers a legal perspective on some of the cutting-edge issues in our society at large (e.g. risk and uncertainty, AI network, the COVID-19 pandemic, and big data).
Towards Understanding the Qur'an: English Only Edition
by Sayyid Abul Mawdudi Zafar Ishaq AnsariAn immense understanding of the Qur'an is offered here, a vast treasure of knowledge and deep insight and a valuable exposition of some social, political, economic and legal teachings of the Qur'an. But what makes this work unique is that it presents the Qur'an as a book to be lived by. With thousands of notes, an introduction and comprehensive index.
Towards Wise Management: Wisdom and Stupidity in Strategic Decision-making
by Tuomo PeltonenThis book contributes to the discussion on wisdom in management, leadership and strategy by developing a unique theoretical approach. Integrating rational-analytical, intuitive and philosophical dimensions of wise decision-making, it advocates a broadly Platonic-Socratic view on wisdom. Applying a developed framework of wisdom dynamics, it analyses a number of decision-making case studies in order to discuss the potential of and obstacles to the use of wisdom in broader organizational trends, from the Cuban Missile Crisis to the downfall of Nokia.
Towering Judges: A Comparative Study of Constitutional Judges (Comparative Constitutional Law and Policy)
by Rehan Abeyratne Iddo PoratIn Towering Judges: A Comparative Study of Constitutional Judges, Iddo Porat and Rehan Abeyratne lead an exploration of a new topic in comparative constitutional law: towering judges. The volume examines the work of twenty judges from fifteen jurisdictions, each of whom stood out individually among their fellow judges and had a unique impact on the trajectory of constitutional law. The chapters ask: what makes a towering judge; what are the background conditions that foster or deter the rise of towering judges; whether towering judges, on balance, are positive or detrimental for constitutional systems; how towering judges differ from one jurisdiction to another; how political and historical developments relate to this phenomenon; and how it fits within global constitutionalism. The answers to these questions offer important insight into exactly how these judges were able to shine to an uncommon degree in a profession where individualism is not always looked on favorably.
Townshend-Smith on Discrimination Law: Text, Cases and Materials
by Michael ConnollyDiscrimination law is rapidly expanding and of growing importance. At present the law covers gender, race and disability discrimination, sexual orientation and age. This new edition covers all of these areas. It also contains separate chapters on the social, political and philosophical aspects for those who require a fuller understanding of the background and theoretical basis of discrimination law. In addition, the book contains a section on procedural matters. It takes account of the numerous legislative developments which have taken place since the last edition. The text has also taken account of the many new cases since 1998, which include: Pearce v Governing Body of Mayfield Secondary School (2003); Nagarajan v LRT (1999); Chief Constable of West Yorkshire v Khan (2001); R v Secretary of State for Employment exp Seymour-Smith (1999 and 2000); Harvest Town Circle Ltd v Rutherford (2001); South Ayrshire Council v Morton (2002); Lawrence and Others v Regent Office Care (2002); Re Badeck (2000); Grutter v Bollinger (2003); Goodwin v UK (2002); Mendoza v Ghaidan (2002); A and Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2002) and A v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (2002). This work explains and examines in-depth every possible aspect of discrimination law. It is set out in such a way that makes it accessible to readers of all levels.
Toxic Chemicals: Risk Prevention Through Use Reduction
by Thomas E. Higgins Jayanti A. Sachdev Stephen A. EnglemanCatastrophic events such as the Bhopal, India tragedy and rising incidences of cancer in areas neighboring industrial facilities have heightened concern over the use of toxic chemicals in manufacturing and industry. Based on the authors' research conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, this book explores the history of toxic chemical release reporting programs, presents data on the toxicity of chemicals currently in use, discusses variables that contribute to the relative toxicity of a substance, compares existing programs for reducing environmental threats, and provides specific recommendations for reducing or eliminating the use of toxic chemicals.
Toxic Cultures at Work: The Eight Drivers of a Toxic Culture and a Process for Change
by James CannonAround the world and across industries, toxic workplaces are in the news. Taking a holistic approach, this book gives a succinct summary of how toxic cultures develop and shows how they can be remedied with practical takeaways for organisations. Existing books on toxic culture either skim the surface of the latest scandal or take a theoretical approach of limited use to practitioners trying to improve their organisations. Now, organisational development expert James Cannon presents an all-in-one resource based on organisational and individual psychology research that offers actionable suggestions for required change. Cannon provides a framework to understand the complexities of a toxic culture, identifying eight drivers: power, leadership personalities, values, organisation design, formal and informal systems, relations with the external environment and individual systems of motivation and reward. The book also offers a comprehensive toolkit with questionnaires and checklists to manage and achieve cultural change. Professionals and students in organisational psychology, business, and change management, as well as those with an interest in the political and social issues raised by toxic cultures, will appreciate this guide on how to tackle a problem that is much discussed but seldom solved.
Toxic Diversity: Race, Gender, and Law Talk in America
by Dan SubotnikToxic Diversity offers an invigorating view of race, gender, and law in America. Analyzing the work of preeminent legal scholars such as Patricia Williams, Derrick Bell, Lani Guinier, and Richard Delgado, Dan Subotnik argues that race and gender theorists poison our social and intellectual environment by almost deliberately misinterpreting racial interaction and data and turning white males into victimizers. Far from energizing women and minorities, Subotnik concludes, theorists divert their energies from implementing America's social justice agenda.Insisting, in the words of James Baldwin, that “not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced,” and that thoughtful Americans regardless of race and gender can handle frank conversations about difficult topics, Subotnik’s critique of race and gender theory pulls no punches as it confronts such inflammatory issues as single parenthood, the merit system in academic and business settings, gender privilege in the classroom, and crime.
Toxic Legacy: How the Weedkiller Glyphosate Is Destroying Our Health and the Environment
by null Stephanie SeneffNamed a &“Best Book of the Year&” by Kirkus Reviews&“Urgent and eye-opening, the book serves as a loud-and-clear alarm.&”―The Boston GlobeNamed an &“Outstanding Academic Title&” by Choice From an MIT scientist, mounting evidence that the active ingredient in the world&’s most commonly used weedkiller is contributing to skyrocketing rates of chronic disease.Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup, the most commonly used weedkiller in the world. Over 300 million pounds of glyphosate-based herbicide are sprayed on farms―and food―every year.Agrochemical companies claim that glyphosate is safe for humans, animals, and the environment. But emerging scientific research on glyphosate&’s deadly disruption of the gut microbiome, its crippling effect on protein synthesis, and its impact on the body&’s ability to use and transport sulfur―not to mention several landmark legal cases―tells a very different story.In Toxic Legacy, senior research scientist Stephanie Seneff, PhD, delivers compelling evidence based on countless published, peer-reviewed studies―all in frank, illuminating, and always accessible language.As Rachel Carson did with DDT in the 1960&’s with Silent Spring, Seneff sounds the alarm on glyphosate, giving you guidance on simple changes you can make right now and essential information you need to protect your health, your family&’s health, and the planet on which we all depend.&“A game-changer that we would be foolish to ignore.&”―Kirkus Reviews (starred)&“Toxic Legacy will stand shoulder to shoulder with Rachel Carson&’s Silent Spring. [This is] unquestionably, one of the most important books of our time.&”―David Perlmutter, MD, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Grain Brain&“Dr. Seneff&’s work will change the way we all think about food.&”―Mark Hyman, MD, New York Times bestselling author
Toxic Loopholes
by Craig CollinsThe EPA was established to enforce the environmental laws Congress enacted during the 1970s. Yet today lethal toxins still permeate our environment, causing widespread illness and even death. Toxic Loopholes investigates these laws, and the agency charged with their enforcement, to explain why they have failed to arrest the nation's rising environmental crime wave and clean up the country's land, air, and water. This book illustrates how weak laws, legal loopholes, and regulatory negligence harm everyday people struggling to clean up their communities. It demonstrates that our current system of environmental protection pacifies the public with a false sense of security, dampens environmental activism, and erects legal barricades and bureaucratic barriers to shield powerful polluters from the wrath of their victims. After examining the corrosive economic and political forces undermining environmental law making and enforcement, the final chapters assess the potential for real improvement and the possibility of building cooperative international agreements to confront the rising tide of ecological perils threatening the entire planet.
Toxic Love: The Shocking True Story of the First Murder by Cancer
by Tomás GuillénThe chilling true story of romantic obsession and murder by cancer from the New York Times–bestselling author of The Search for the Green River Killer.Omaha, Nebraska, 1978. Sandy Johnson was in shock. Her husband, Duane, and young daughter, Sherrie, were violently ill when word arrived that her infant nephew just died of mysterious causes. Days earlier, the entire family was happy, healthy, and living the American dream. Now they were at the center of a terrifying medical crisis. <p><p> Duane soon died in a condition unlike anything the doctors had ever seen. As they raced to discover what disease or toxin could have done so much damage so quickly, Lt. Foster Burchard of the Omaha police began to suspect foul play. Sandy herself became a primary suspect, as did her ex-boyfriend Steven Harper—a man prone to violence who never got over their breakup. <p> In Toxic Love, investigative reporter and true crime author Tomás Guillén offers a detailed and vivid account of this baffling case from the day of the poisoning to the harrowing trial and the murderer’s eventual suicide on death row.
Toxic Organizational Cultures and Leadership: How to Build and Sustain a Healthy Workplace
by Susan HetrickToxic organizational cultures and leadership have led to major reputational failures, with the greatest impact felt by the people who dedicate their careers to working for these organizations. And yet organizations do not become toxic overnight. They do not consciously set out to break rules and regulations, nor do they actively seek wrongdoing. This book defines toxic culture, explains how toxic cultures emerge over time, and provides practical approaches supported by in-depth research for overcoming a toxic culture at the individual, team, and organizational level. Pragmatic and applicable, the book provides a call to action that can be applied in any type of organization. While the role of leadership in toxic cultures is acknowledged, the book sets out four distinct stages to embedding toxic cultures and draws on examples from leading organizations and companies to illustrate each stage. The book then identifies interventions and levers that can be implemented by executives, boards, and HR practitioners to prevent toxicity and to change toxic cultures back to healthy, positive workplaces. Drawing on research and interviews with senior HR leaders and executives, the book provides: An understanding of the four stages of toxic cultures and the impact of performance pressures in driving toxicity An appreciation of the role of senior leadership and personality traits Practical tools and guidance on interventions for practitioners to build and sustain a healthy and positive workplace Senior executives, HR, and organizational development practitioners in local and global organizations spanning a range of industry sectors will find this book invaluable. The book is also highly relevant to consultants working in the field of corporate culture and change.
Toxic Safety: Flame Retardants, Chemical Controversies, and Environmental Health
by Alissa CordnerInitially marketed as a life-saving advancement, flame retardants are now mired in controversy. Some argue that data show the chemicals are unsafe while others continue to support their use. The tactics of each side have far-reaching consequences for how we interpret new scientific discoveries.An experienced environmental sociologist, Alissa Cordner conducts more than a hundred interviews with activists, scientists, regulators, and industry professionals to isolate the social, scientific, economic, and political forces influencing environmental health policy today. Introducing "strategic science translation," she describes how stakeholders use scientific evidence to support nonscientific goals and construct "conceptual risk formulas" to shape risk assessment and the interpretation of empirical evidence. A revelatory text for public-health advocates, Toxic Safety demonstrates that while all parties interested in health issues use science to support their claims, they do not compete on a level playing field and even good intentions can have deleterious effects.
Toxic Sludge is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry
by John Stauber Sheldon RamptonDiscusses the public relations andustry and its impact on all of us.
Toxic Torts
by Carl F. CranorThe relationship between science, law and justice has become a pressing issue with US Supreme Court decisions beginning with Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceutical. How courts review scientific testimony and its foundation before trial can substantially affect the possibility of justice for persons wrongfully injured by exposure to toxic substances. If courts do not review scientific testimony, they will deny one of the parties the possibility of justice. Even if courts review evidence well, the fact and perception of greater judicial scrutiny increases litigation costs and attorney screening of clients. Mistaken review of scientific evidence can decrease citizen access to the law, increase unfortunate incentives for firms not to test their products, lower deterrence for wrongful conduct and harmful products, and decrease the possibility of justice for citizens injured by toxic substances. This book introduces these issues, reveals the relationships that pose problems, and shows how justice can be denied.
Toxic Torts Deskbook
by M. Stuart MaddenToxic Torts Deskbook is a concise, readable text covering the fastest-growing area of tort and personal injury litigation.Toxic tort suits involve claims arising from exposure to products ranging from pesticides to industrial solvents, manufacturing waste, and asbestos and present unique questions regarding causation, degree of hazard, and expert testimony.Written for environmental professionals as well as attorneys, Toxic Torts Deskbook describes the principal causes of suits for negligence, nuisance, trespass, warranty, strict tort liability, and liability for abnormally dangerous activities. For environmental, product, and workplace injuries from toxic exposure, the book discusses the elements a claimant must plead and prove, as well as defenses, statutes of limitations for long latency harms, and limited immunity for government contractors. "Citizen suits" that individuals may bring to vindicate rights granted by state or federal environmental statutes and insurance coverage issues, including the metes and bounds of the "pollution exclusion", are also covered.
The Toxicologist as Expert Witness: A Hint Book for Courtroom Procedure
by Arthur FurstAs the world becomes more complex, a greater percentage of the present litigation is based upon very technical subjects. More and more chemicals are being introduced into our daily lives, without ever having been tested for possible side-effects. Consequently, product liability is increasing, and more and more often the toxicologist is being called
Toxicology: A Case-Oriented Approach
by John Joseph FentonREAL-LIFE CASES, TUTORIAL QUESTIONS, NARRATIVE HISTORYIntriguing anecdotal pedagogy, like the alleged arsenical poisonings of Napoleon and President Taylor and the probable mercury overdose of Isaac Newton, is one of the things that set Toxicology: A Case-Oriented Approach apart from other toxicology texts. Based on an undergraduate-graduat
Toxikologie und Rechtskunde: Kompetenzfördernde Wissensvermittlung der Gefahrstoffkunde
by Peter-Jürgen KramerAuf dieses Buch haben Lehrende und Studierende in Chemie, Biochemie, aber auch in anderen chemienahen Fachgebieten lange gewartet. Dieses Buch ist ideal für Lehrende und Studierende im Fach Gefahrstoffkunde an Hochschulen und Universitäten, denn es bietet ihnen das Rüstzeug für die Gestaltung erfolgreicher Lehrveranstaltungen bzw. für einen erfolgreichen Abschluss in diesem Studienfach.Die Besorgnis, dass chemische Stoffe eine Gefährdung für die Gesundheit der Menschen und ihrer Umwelt darstellen können, ist begründet. Chemische Stoffe können schädigen, und daher gefährlich sein. Die zahlreichen Berichte von dramatischen Chemieunfällen und Umweltkatastrophen wie die von Seveso (1976) und Basel (1986) sind präsent und prägen das Bewusstsein in Gesellschaft und Politik. Nach den Gründen, warum die Geschichten katastrophaler Chemieunfälle in der Vergangenheit liegen und in heutiger Zeit in der europäischen Welt nicht mehr vorgekommen sind, wird jedoch selten gefragt.Dabei ist die Antwort auf diese Frage einfach: Die in der Chemie arbeitenden Menschen und die Behörden haben gelernt, mit den Gefährdungen und Risiken, die von chemischen Stoffen ausgehen, kompetent umzugehen. Die angewandte Wissenschaft, die diese Kompetenz vermitteln muss, ist die Gefahrstoffkunde, eine Kombination aus Toxikologie und Rechtskunde, im Studium ein Pflichtfach für jede Chemikerin und jeden Chemiker, aber auch für weitere Studiengänge, bei denen chemische Stoffe eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Der mit dem erfolgreichen Abschluss im Fach Gefahrstoffkunde verbundene amtliche Sachkundenachweis muss auch nach dem Studium regelmäßig aktualisiert werden.
Trace Evidence (Essentials of Forensic Science)
by Max M. HouckThis book examines the common types of microscopic techniques used in forensic science, including scanning electron microscopy and analysis of microscopic evidence, such as dust, building materials, and other types of trace evidence.