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Living Longer and Healthier at Older Ages: A Longitudinal Analysis of Chinese Oldest Old’s Health and Its Determinants (Advances in Studies of Aging and Health #3)
by Li ZhangThis book analyzes data from eight waves (1998, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011-12, 2014 and 2018) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Surveys (CLHLS) to explore how health status of the Chinese oldest old has changed over time and across birth cohorts. It also intends to investigate how period and birth cohorts have played a role in the associations between Chinese oldest old’s health and a variety of demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. The book applies the age-period-cohort (APC) approach and constructs cross-classified random-effects models (CCREMs) to carry out the analyses. The oldest old’s health is measured by self-rated health (SRH), chronic diseases, cognitive function and subjective wellbeing which is indicated by positive and negative feeling scores. The results show that Chinese oldest old’s health status has changed over time and across birth cohorts. Significant period and cohort effects are shown when linking Chinese oldest old’s health to various demographic, socioeconomic and health lifestyle covariates. In general, period effects surpass the cohort effects. Particularly, the oldest old’s subjective wellbeing is more likely to be influenced by period than cohort effects. Period changes caused by social events, such as economic hardship and natural disasters, have left strong imprints on Chinese oldest old’s mental than physical health status. Based on these findings, the book highlights some important policy implications and points out future research directions to improve the current study. It provides an interesting read for researchers in gerontology and public health studies. It is also of interest to general audience, including practitioners in health care and policy makers who are interested in old age care and healthy aging policies.
Living Standards Analytics
by Jonathan Haughton Dominique HaughtonThe purpose of this book is to introduce, discuss, illustrate, and evaluate the colorful palette of analytical techniques that can be applied to the analysis of household survey data, with an emphasis on the innovations of the past decade or so. Most of the chapters begin by introducing a methodological or policy problem, to motivate the subsequent discussion of relevant methods. They then summarize the relevant techniques, and draw on examples - many of them from the authors' own work - and aim to convey a sense of the potential, but also the strengths and weaknesses, of those techniques. This book is meant for graduate students in statistics, economics, policy analysis, and social sciences, especially, but certainly not exclusively, those interested in the challenges of economic development in the Third World. Additionally, the book will be useful to academics and practitioners who work closely with survey data. This is a book that can serve as a reference work, to be taken down from the shelf and perused from time to time.
Living on Thin Ice: The Gwich'in Natives of Alaska
by Steven C. DineroThe Gwich'in Natives of Arctic Village, Alaska, have experienced intense social and economic changes for more than a century. In the late 20th century, new transportation and communication technologies introduced radically new value systems; while some of these changes may be seen as socially beneficial, others suggest a weakening of what was once a strong and vibrant Native community. Using quantitative and qualitative data gathered since the turn of the millennium, this volume offers an interdisciplinary evaluation of the developments that have occurred in the community over the past several decades.
Lobbying, Political Uncertainty and Policy Outcomes
by Sebastian KoehlerThis book analyses interest group communication strategies in parliamentary political systems, and considers how political uncertainty, which emerges from the political process, shapes interest group communication strategies. It develops a formal model of lobbying in a bicameral legislature with strong party discipline, and discusses why interest groups choose public or private communication channels to influence political bargaining. The book tests its hypothesis in different policy contexts, including lobbying on major legislation in the field of labour and social policy.
Local Cohomology
by M. P. Brodmann R. Y. SharpThis second edition of a successful graduate text provides a careful and detailed algebraic introduction to Grothendieck's local cohomology theory, including in multi-graded situations, and provides many illustrations of the theory in commutative algebra and in the geometry of quasi-affine and quasi-projective varieties. Topics covered include Serre's Affineness Criterion, the Lichtenbaum–Hartshorne Vanishing Theorem, Grothendieck's Finiteness Theorem and Faltings' Annihilator Theorem, local duality and canonical modules, the Fulton–Hansen Connectedness Theorem for projective varieties, and connections between local cohomology and both reductions of ideals and sheaf cohomology. The book is designed for graduate students who have some experience of basic commutative algebra and homological algebra and also experts in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. Over 300 exercises are interspersed among the text; these range in difficulty from routine to challenging, and hints are provided for some of the more difficult ones.
Local Cohomology and Its Applications (Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics)
by Gennady LyubeznikThis volume collects presentations from the international workshop on local cohomology held in Guanajuato, Mexico, including expanded lecture notes of two minicourses on applications in equivariant topology and foundations of duality theory, and chapters on finiteness properties, D-modules, monomial ideals, combinatorial analysis, and related topics.
Local Features in Natural Images via Singularity Theory
by James Damon Peter Giblin Gareth HaslingerThis monograph considers a basic problem in the computer analysis of natural images, which are images of scenes involving multiple objects that are obtained by a camera lens or a viewer's eye. The goal is to detect geometric features of objects in the image and to separate regions of the objects with distinct visual properties. When the scene is illuminated by a single principal light source, we further include the visual clues resulting from the interaction of the geometric features of objects, the shade/shadow regions on the objects, and the "apparent contours". We do so by a mathematical analysis using a repertoire of methods in singularity theory. This is applied for generic light directions of both the "stable configurations" for these interactions, whose features remain unchanged under small viewer movement, and the generic changes which occur under changes of view directions. These may then be used to differentiate between objects and determine their shapes and positions.
Local Fiscal Effects of Illegal Immigration: Report of a Workshop
by Committee on National StatisticsInformation on the Local Fiscal Effects of Illegal Immigration
Local Homotopy Theory
by John F. JardineThis monograph on the homotopy theory of topologized diagrams of spaces and spectra gives an expert account of a subject at the foundation of motivic homotopy theory and the theory of topological modular forms in stable homotopy theory. Beginning with an introduction to the homotopy theory of simplicial sets and topos theory, the book covers core topics such as the unstable homotopy theory of simplicial presheaves and sheaves, localized theories, cocycles, descent theory, non-abelian cohomology, stacks, and local stable homotopy theory. A detailed treatment of the formalism of the subject is interwoven with explanations of the motivation, development, and nuances of ideas and results. The coherence of the abstract theory is elucidated through the use of widely applicable tools, such as Barr's theorem on Boolean localization, model structures on the category of simplicial presheaves on a site, and cocycle categories. A wealth of concrete examples convey the vitality and importance of the subject in topology, number theory, algebraic geometry, and algebraic K-theory. Assuming basic knowledge of algebraic geometry and homotopy theory, Local Homotopy Theory will appeal to researchers and advanced graduate students seeking to understand and advance the applications of homotopy theory in multiple areas of mathematics and the mathematical sciences.
Local Minimization, Variational Evolution and Γ-Convergence
by Andrea BraidesThis book addresses new questions related to the asymptotic description of converging energies from the standpoint of local minimization and variational evolution. It explores the links between Gamma-limits, quasistatic evolution, gradient flows and stable points, raising new questions and proposing new techniques. These include the definition of effective energies that maintain the pattern of local minima, the introduction of notions of convergence of energies compatible with stable points, the computation of homogenized motions at critical time-scales through the definition of minimizing movement along a sequence of energies, the use of scaled energies to study long-term behavior or backward motion for variational evolutions. The notions explored in the book are linked to existing findings for gradient flows, energetic solutions and local minimizers, for which some generalizations are also proposed.
Local Models for Spatial Analysis
by Christopher D. LloydFocusing on solutions, this second edition provides guidance for readers who face a variety of real-world problems. The text presents a complete introduction to key concepts and a clear mapping of the methods. New chapters address spatial patterning in single variables and spatial relations. The author distinguishes between local and global methods and provides detailed coverage of geographical weighting, image texture measures, local spatial autocorrelation, and geographically weighted regression.
Local Polynomial Modelling and Its Applications: Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability 66 (ISSN)
by Jianqing FanData-analytic approaches to regression problems, arising from many scientific disciplines are described in this book. The aim of these nonparametric methods is to relax assumptions on the form of a regression function and to let data search for a suitable function that describes the data well. The use of these nonparametric functions with parametric techniques can yield very powerful data analysis tools. Local polynomial modeling and its applications provides an up-to-date picture on state-of-the-art nonparametric regression techniques. The emphasis of the book is on methodologies rather than on theory, with a particular focus on applications of nonparametric techniques to various statistical problems. High-dimensional data-analytic tools are presented, and the book includes a variety of examples. This will be a valuable reference for research and applied statisticians, and will serve as a textbook for graduate students and others interested in nonparametric regression.
Local Quantum Measurement and Relativity (Fundamental Theories of Physics #201)
by Christian BeckThis book treats various aspects of the quantum theory of measurement, partially in a relativistic framework. Measurement(-like) processes in quantum theory are identified and analysed; and the quantum operator formalism is derived in full generality without postulating operators as observables. Consistency conditions are derived, expressing the requirement of Lorentz-frame independence of outcomes of spacelike separated measurements and implying the impossibility of using quantum nonlocality to send signals faster than light. Local commutativity is scrutinized. The localization problem of relativistic quantum theory is studied, including comprehensive derivation of the theorems of Hegerfeld, Malament and Reeh-Schlieder. Finally, the quantum formalism is derived from the dynamics of particles with definite positions in Bohmian mechanics.
Local Systems in Algebraic-Arithmetic Geometry (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2337)
by Hélène EsnaultThe topological fundamental group of a smooth complex algebraic variety is poorly understood. One way to approach it is to consider its complex linear representations modulo conjugation, that is, its complex local systems. A fundamental problem is then to single out the complex points of such moduli spaces which correspond to geometric systems, and more generally to identify geometric subloci of the moduli space of local systems with special arithmetic properties. Deep conjectures have been made in relation to these problems. This book studies some consequences of these conjectures, notably density, integrality and crystallinity properties of some special loci.This monograph provides a unique compelling and concise overview of an active area of research and is useful to students looking to get into this area. It is of interest to a wide range of researchers and is a useful reference for newcomers and experts alike.
Local Times and Excursion Theory for Brownian Motion
by Ju-Yi Yen Marc YorThis monograph discusses the existence and regularity properties of local times associated to a continuous semimartingale, as well as excursion theory for Brownian paths. Realizations of Brownian excursion processes may be translated in terms of the realizations of a Wiener process under certain conditions. With this aim in mind, the monograph presents applications to topics which are not usually treated with the same tools, e. g. : arc sine law, laws of functionals of Brownian motion, and the Feynman-Kac formula.
Localization Approaches in Strongly Indefinite Problems (Series in Contemporary Mathematics #6)
by Yanheng Ding Tian XuSeveral important problems arising in Physics, Differential Geometry and other topics lead to consider semilinear variational equations of strongly indefinite type and a great deal of work has been devoted to their study. From the mathematical point of view, the main interest relies on the fact that the tools of Nonlinear Functional Analysis, based on compactness arguments and non-degenerate structure, in general cannot be used, at least in a straightforward way, and some new techniques have to be developed. This book discusses some new abstract methods together with their applications to several localization problems, whose common feature is to involve semilinear partial differential equations with a strongly indefinite structure. This book deals with a variety of partial differential equations, including nonlinear Dirac equation from quantum physics (which is of first order), coupled system of multi-component incongruent diffusion and spinorial Yamabe type equations on spin manifolds. The unified framework in this book covers not only the existence of solutions to these PDEs problems, but also asymptotic behaviors of these solutions. In particular, the results for the nonlinear Dirac equations show several concentration behaviors of semiclassical standing waves under the effect of external potentials and the results for the spinorial Yamabe type equations show the existence of conformal embeddings of the 2-sphere into Euclidean 3-space with prescribed mean curvature. This book will be appealing to a variety of audiences including researchers, postdocs, and advanced graduate students who are interested in strongly indefinite problems.
Localization and Perturbation of Zeros of Entire Functions (Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics)
by Michael Gil'One of the most important problems in the theory of entire functions is the distribution of the zeros of entire functions. Localization and Perturbation of Zeros of Entire Functions is the first book to provide a systematic exposition of the bounds for the zeros of entire functions and variations of zeros under perturbations. It also offers a new a
Localized Dynamics of Thin-Walled Shells (Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs and Research Notes in Mathematics)
by Petr E. Tovstik Gennadi I. MikhasevLocalized Dynamics of Thin-Walled Shells focuses on localized vibrations and waves in thin-walled structures with variable geometrical and physical characteristics. It emphasizes novel asymptotic methods for solving boundary-value problems for dynamic equations in the shell theory, in the form of functions which are highly localized near both fixed and moving lines/points on the shell surface. Features First-of-its-kind work, synthesizing knowledge of the localization of vibrations and waves in thin-walled shells with a mathematical tool to study them Suitable for researchers working on the dynamics of thin shells and also as supplementary reading for undergraduates studying asymptotic methods Offers detailed analysis of wave processes in shells with varying geometric and physical parameters
Localized Excitations in Nonlinear Complex Systems
by Jesús Cuevas-Maraver Ricardo Carretero-González Dimitri Frantzeskakis Nikos Karachalios Panayotis Kevrekidis Faustino Palmero-AcebedoThe study of nonlinear localized excitations is a long-standing challenge for research in basic and applied science, as well as engineering, due to their importance in understanding and predicting phenomena arising in nonlinear and complex systems, but also due to their potential for the development and design of novel applications. This volume is a compilation of chapters representing the current state-of-the-art on the field of localized excitations and their role in the dynamics of complex physical systems.
Locally Convex Quasi *-Algebras and their Representations (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2257)
by Camillo Trapani Maria FragoulopoulouThis book offers a review of the theory of locally convex quasi *-algebras, authored by two of its contributors over the last 25 years. Quasi *-algebras are partial algebraic structures that are motivated by certain applications in Mathematical Physics. They arise in a natural way by completing a *-algebra under a locally convex *-algebra topology, with respect to which the multiplication is separately continuous. Among other things, the book presents an unbounded representation theory of quasi *-algebras, together with an analysis of normed quasi *-algebras, their spectral theory and a study of the structure of locally convex quasi *-algebras. Special attention is given to the case where the locally convex quasi *-algebra is obtained by completing a C*-algebra under a locally convex *-algebra topology, coarser than the C*-topology.Introducing the subject to graduate students and researchers wishing to build on their knowledge of the usual theory of Banach and/or locally convex algebras, this approach is supported by basic results and a wide variety of examples.
Locally Convex Spaces
by M. Scott OsborneFor most practicing analysts who use functional analysis, the restriction to Banach spaces seen in most real analysis graduate texts is not enough for their research. This graduate text, while focusing on locally convex topological vector spaces, is intended to cover most of the general theory needed for application to other areas of analysis. Normed vector spaces, Banach spaces, and Hilbert spaces are all examples of classes of locally convex spaces, which is why this is an important topic in functional analysis. While this graduate text focuses on what is needed for applications, it also shows the beauty of the subject and motivates the reader with exercises of varying difficulty. Key topics covered include point set topology, topological vector spaces, the Hahn-Banach theorem, seminorms and Fréchet spaces, uniform boundedness, and dual spaces. The prerequisite for this text is the Banach space theory typically taught in a beginning graduate real analysis course.
Locally Perturbed Random Walks (Frontiers in Mathematics)
by Andrey Pilipenko Alexander Iksanov Alexander Marynych Ihor SamoilenkoThis monograph provides a comprehensive overview of locally perturbed random walks, tools used for their analysis, and current research on their applications. The authors present the material in a self-contained manner, providing strong motivation in Chapter One with illustrative examples of locally perturbed random walks and an introduction of the mathematical tools that are used throughout the book. Chapter Two shows the construction of various stochastic processes that serve as scaling limits for locally perturbed random walks, particularly focusing on reflected and skewed processes. In Chapter Three, the authors prove various limit theorems for these perturbed random walks. The final chapter serves as an appendix that collects essential background material for readers who wish to understand the arguments more deeply. Locally Perturbed Random Walks will appeal to researchers interested in this area within modern probability theory. It is also accessible to students who have taken a second course in probability.
Locating Eigenvalues in Graphs: Algorithms and Applications (SpringerBriefs in Mathematics)
by Carlos Hoppen David P. Jacobs Vilmar TrevisanThis book focuses on linear time eigenvalue location algorithms for graphs. This subject relates to spectral graph theory, a field that combines tools and concepts of linear algebra and combinatorics, with applications ranging from image processing and data analysis to molecular descriptors and random walks. It has attracted a lot of attention and has since emerged as an area on its own.Studies in spectral graph theory seek to determine properties of a graph through matrices associated with it. It turns out that eigenvalues and eigenvectors have surprisingly many connections with the structure of a graph. This book approaches this subject under the perspective of eigenvalue location algorithms. These are algorithms that, given a symmetric graph matrix M and a real interval I, return the number of eigenvalues of M that lie in I. Since the algorithms described here are typically very fast, they allow one to quickly approximate the value of any eigenvalue, which is a basic step in most applications of spectral graph theory. Moreover, these algorithms are convenient theoretical tools for proving bounds on eigenvalues and their multiplicities, which was quite useful to solve longstanding open problems in the area. This book brings these algorithms together, revealing how similar they are in spirit, and presents some of their main applications.This work can be of special interest to graduate students and researchers in spectral graph theory, and to any mathematician who wishes to know more about eigenvalues associated with graphs. It can also serve as a compact textbook for short courses on the topic.
Loewner's Theorem on Monotone Matrix Functions (Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften #354)
by Barry SimonThis book provides an in depth discussion of Loewner’s theorem on the characterization of matrix monotone functions. The author refers to the book as a ‘love poem,’ one that highlights a unique mix of algebra and analysis and touches on numerous methods and results. The book details many different topics from analysis, operator theory and algebra, such as divided differences, convexity, positive definiteness, integral representations of function classes, Pick interpolation, rational approximation, orthogonal polynomials, continued fractions, and more. Most applications of Loewner’s theorem involve the easy half of the theorem. A great number of interesting techniques in analysis are the bases for a proof of the hard half. Centered on one theorem, eleven proofs are discussed, both for the study of their own approach to the proof and as a starting point for discussing a variety of tools in analysis. Historical background and inclusion of pictures of some of the main figures who have developed the subject, adds another depth of perspective.The presentation is suitable for detailed study, for quick review or reference to the various methods that are presented. The book is also suitable for independent study. The volume will be of interest to research mathematicians, physicists, and graduate students working in matrix theory and approximation, as well as to analysts and mathematical physicists.
Loewy Decomposition of Linear Differential Equations
by Fritz SchwarzThe central subject of the book is the generalization of Loewy's decomposition - originally introduced by him for linear ordinary differential equations - to linear partial differential equations. Equations for a single function in two independent variables of order two or three are comprehensively discussed. A complete list of possible solution types is given. Various ad hoc results available in the literature are obtained algorithmically. The border of decidability for generating a Loewy decomposition are explicitly stated. The methods applied may be generalized in an obvious way to equations of higher order, in more variables or systems of such equations.