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A³N²M: Proceedings of the 50th John H. Barrett Memorial Lectures (The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications #165)
by Tadele Mengesha Abner J. SalgadoThis volume collects papers based on plenary and invited talks given at the 50th Barrett Memorial Lectures on Approximation, Applications, and Analysis of Nonlocal, Nonlinear Models that was organized by the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and held virtually in May 2021. The three-day meeting brought together experts from the computational, scientific, engineering, and mathematical communities who work with nonlocal models. These proceedings collect contributions and give a survey of the state of the art in computational practices, mathematical analysis, applications of nonlocal models, and explorations of new application domains. The volume benefits from the mixture of contributions by computational scientists, mathematicians, and application specialists. The content is suitable for graduate students as well as specialists working with nonlocal models and covers topics on fractional PDEs, regularity theory for kinetic equations, approximation theory for fractional diffusion, analysis of nonlocal diffusion model as a bridge between local and fractional PDEs, and more.
Annika Riz, Math Whiz (Franklin School Friends #2)
by Claudia MillsAnnika Riz loves math more than anything, so when she hears about a sudoku contest at the local public library, she is determined to win it—maybe then her friends Kelsey Green and Izzy Barr will see that math is just as cool as reading and running. When the school carnival, the biggest fundraiser of the year, comes around, Annika realizes her class booth is losing money by selling their lemonade too cheaply. Annika embraces her math skills, saves the day, and shows her friends that math can be useful and even a bit of fun, too, in Claudia Mills's Annika Riz, Math Whiz.
Anno's Counting Book
by Mitsumasa AnnoFirst there is an empty field. The it is January, the first month of the year. All alone in the snow stands 1 yellow house. In front, 1 child builds a snowman. Behind the house is 1 tree and 1 black cow. Now, five months later, it is June. There are 6 buildings in the field, 6 children playing, and 6 adults working. One adult tends 6 ducks. Another drives a trains with 6 cars. From 1 to 12, through the months of the year, the town grows. More houses and trees and animals and people can be seen until December arrives with all it's magic.
Anno's Magic Seeds
by Mitsumasa AnnoThe reader is asked to perform a series of arithmetic operations integrated into the story of a man who plants magic seeds and reaps an increasingly abundant harvest. A story that helps children understand the process of plant growth.
Annual Report on the Big Data of New Energy Vehicle in China (2021)
by Zhenpo WangThis open access book, based on static indicators and dynamic big data from local electric vehicles, is the first New-Energy Vehicles (NEVs) research report on the Big Data in China.Using the real-time big data collected by China's National Monitoring and Management Platform for NEVs, this book delves into the main annual technological progress of NEVs, the vehicle operating characteristics, it also anticipates the trend of NEVs industry.Various graphs&charts, detailed data this book offers will familiarize readers with the operation characteristics and practical application of China's NEVs industry and popularize the concept of automobile electrification. Besides, this book also makes an objective evaluation of the current situation and technological improvement of China's NEVs industry, presenting sensible suggestions for the development of the industry.This book is written for government staff, researchers, college staff, and technical staff of automobile and spare parts enterprises, which serves as an important reference for the decision-making of government departments and strategic decisions of automotive companies.
Annual Report on the Big Data of New Energy Vehicle in China (2022)
by Zhenpo WangThis is an Open Access book. This book based on static indicators and dynamic big data from local electric vehicles, is the first New-Energy Vehicles (NEVs) research report on the Big Data in China. Using the real-time big data collected by China's National Monitoring and Management Platform for NEVs, this book delves into the main annual technological progress of NEVs, the vehicle operating characteristics, it also anticipates the trend of NEVs industry.Various graphs & charts, detailed data this book offers will familiarize readers with the operation characteristics and practical application of China's NEVs industry and popularize the concept of automobile electrification. Besides, this book also makes an objective evaluation of the current situation and technological improvement of China's NEVs industry, presenting sensible suggestions for the development of the industry.This book is written for government staff, researchers, college staff, and technical staff of automobile and spare parts enterprises, which serves as an important reference for the decision-making of government departments and strategic decisions of automotive companies.
Annual Report on the Big Data of New Energy Vehicle in China (2023)
by Zhenpo WangThis open access book, based on static indicators and dynamic big data from local electric vehicles, is the first research annual report on the Big Data of New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) in China. Using the real-time big data collected by China's National Monitoring and Management Platform for NEVs, this book delves into the main annual technological progress of NEVs, the vehicle operating characteristics, and it also anticipates the trend of NEVs industry. Various graphs and charts and detailed data this book will familiarize readers with the operation characteristics and practical application of China's NEVs industry and popularize the concept of automobile electrification. Besides, this book also makes an objective evaluation of the current situation and technological improvement of China's NEVs industry, presenting sensible suggestions for the development of the industry. This book is written for government staff, researchers, college staff, and technical staff of automobile and spare parts enterprises, which serves as an important reference for the decision-making of government departments and strategic decisions of automotive companies.
Anomalies in Net Present Value, Returns and Polynomials, and Regret Theory in Decision-Making
by Michael C. I. NwoguguThis book explores why Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) are not necessarily accurate or efficient tools for valuation and decision-making. The author specifically addresses the biases and framing effects inherent in the NPV/MIRR/IRR model and in related approaches such as Adjusted Present Value (APV), Net Future Value (NFV), and by extension, Polynomials. In doing so, the book presents new ways of solving higher order polynomials using invariants and homomorphisms and explains why the "Fundamental Theorem of Algebra", the Binomial Theorem and the "Descartes Sign Rule" are unreliable. Chapters also discuss how International Asset Pricing Theory (IAPT) and Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Models (ICAPM) can produce inaccurate results in certain circumstances. The conditions under which ICAPM and IAPT may be accurate are described; as well as why those conditions cannot, or are unlikely to, exist. The conditions under which negative interest rates may exist or are justified are also outlined. Moreover, the author explains why traditional Consumption-Savings-Investment-Production models of allocation can be inefficient, and then introduces a new model of allocation that can be applied to individuals, households and companies. Finally, the book explains why the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution is a flawed concept and introduces the Marginal Rate of Intertemporal Joint Substitution as a solution.
Anomalies in Partial Differential Equations (Springer INdAM Series #43)
by Massimo Cicognani Daniele Del Santo Alberto Parmeggiani Michael ReissigThe contributions contained in the volume, written by leading experts in their respective fields, are expanded versions of talks given at the INDAM Workshop "Anomalies in Partial Differential Equations" held in September 2019 at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica, Dipartimento di Matematica "Guido Castelnuovo", Università di Roma "La Sapienza". The volume contains results for well-posedness and local solvability for linear models with low regular coefficients. Moreover, nonlinear dispersive models (damped waves, p-evolution models) are discussed from the point of view of critical exponents, blow-up phenomena or decay estimates for Sobolev solutions. Some contributions are devoted to models from applications as traffic flows, Einstein-Euler systems or stochastic PDEs as well. Finally, several contributions from Harmonic and Time-Frequency Analysis, in which the authors are interested in the action of localizing operators or the description of wave front sets, complete the volume.
Anomaly Detection in Video Surveillance (Cognitive Intelligence and Robotics)
by Xiaochun WangAnomaly detection in video surveillance stands at the core of numerous real-world applications that have broad impact and generate significant academic and industrial value. The key advantage of writing the book at this point in time is that the vast amount of work done by computer scientists over the last few decades has remained largely untouched by a formal book on the subject, although these techniques significantly advance existing methods of image and video analysis and understanding by taking advantage of anomaly detection in the data mining community and visual analysis in the computer vision community. The proposed book provides a comprehensive coverage of the advances in video based anomaly detection, including topics such as the theories of anomaly detection and machine perception for the functional analysis of abnormal events in general, the identification of abnormal behaviour and crowd abnormal behaviour in particular, the current understanding of computer vision development, and the application of this present understanding towards improving video-based anomaly detection in theory and coding with OpenCV. The book also provides a perspective on deep learning on human action recognition and behaviour analysis, laying the groundwork for future advances in these areas. Overall, the chapters of this book have been carefully organized with extensive bibliographic notes attached to each chapter. One of the goals is to provide the first systematic and comprehensive description of the range of data-driven solutions currently being developed up to date for such purposes. Another is to serve a dual purpose so that students and practitioners can use it as a textbook while researchers can use it as a reference book. A final goal is to provide a comprehensive exposition of the topic of anomaly detection in video media from multiple points of view.
Another Fine Math You've Got Me Into. . .
by Ian StewartPopulated by curious creatures whose stories unfold with jokes and puns, this mathematical wonderland of puzzles and games also imparts significant mathematical ideas. Ian Stewart, an active popularizer of mathematics, university professor, and former columnist for Scientific American's "Mathematical Games" section, has selected 16 of his columns from Pour la Science, the French edition of Scientific American, most based on a mathematical idea dressed up with oddball characters and wacky wordplay.
ANOVA and ANCOVA
by Andrew RutherfordProvides an in-depth treatment of ANOVA and ANCOVA techniques from a linear model perspectiveANOVA and ANCOVA: A GLM Approach provides a contemporary look at the general linear model (GLM) approach to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of one- and two-factor psychological experiments. With its organized and comprehensive presentation, the book successfully guides readers through conventional statistical concepts and how to interpret them in GLM terms, treating the main single- and multi-factor designs as they relate to ANOVA and ANCOVA.The book begins with a brief history of the separate development of ANOVA and regression analyses, and then goes on to demonstrate how both analyses are incorporated into the understanding of GLMs. This new edition now explains specific and multiple comparisons of experimental conditions before and after the Omnibus ANOVA, and describes the estimation of effect sizes and power analyses leading to the determination of appropriate sample sizes for experiments to be conducted. Topics that have been expanded upon and added include:Discussion of optimal experimental designsDifferent approaches to carrying out the simple effect analyses and pairwise comparisons with a focus on related and repeated measure analysesThe issue of inflated Type 1 error due to multiple hypotheses testingWorked examples of Shaffer's R test, which accommodates logical relations amongst hypothesesANOVA and ANCOVA: A GLM Approach, Second Edition is an excellent book for courses on linear modeling at the graduate level. It is also a suitable reference for researchers and practitioners in the fields of psychology and the biomedical and social sciences.
ANOVA and Mixed Models: A Short Introduction Using R (Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series)
by Lukas MeierANOVA and Mixed Models: A Short Introduction Using R provides both the practitioner and researcher a compact introduction to the analysis of data from the most popular experimental designs. Based on knowledge from an introductory course on probability and statistics, the theoretical foundations of the most important models are introduced. The focus is on an intuitive understanding of the theory, common pitfalls in practice, and the application of the methods in R. From data visualization and model fitting, up to the interpretation of the corresponding output, the whole workflow is presented using R. The book does not only cover standard ANOVA models, but also models for more advanced designs and mixed models, which are common in many practical applications. Features Accessible to readers with a basic background in probability and statistics Covers fundamental concepts of experimental design and cause-effect relationships Introduces classical ANOVA models, including contrasts and multiple testing Provides an example-based introduction to mixed models Features basic concepts of split-plot and incomplete block designs R code available for all steps Supplementary website with additional resources and updates available at https://stat.ethz.ch/~meier/teaching/book-anova/ This book is primarily aimed at students, researchers, and practitioners from all areas who wish to analyze corresponding data with R. Readers will learn a broad array of models hand-in-hand with R, including the applications of some of the most important add-on packages.
ANOVA with Dependent Errors (SpringerBriefs in Statistics)
by Yuichi Goto Hideaki Nagahata Masanobu Taniguchi Anna Clara Monti Xiaofei XuThis book presents the latest results related to one- and two-way models for time series data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a classical statistical method for IID data proposed by R.A. Fisher to investigate factors and interactions of phenomena. In contrast, the methods developed in this book apply to time series data. Testing theory of the homogeneity of groups is presented under a wide variety of situations including uncorrelated and correlated groups, fixed and random effects, multi- and high-dimension, parametric and nonparametric spectral densities. These methods have applications in several scientific fields. A test for the existence of interactions is also proposed. The book deals with asymptotics when the number of groups is fixed and sample size diverges. This framework distinguishes the approach of the book from panel data and longitudinal analyses, which mostly deal with cases in which the number of groups is large. The usefulness of the theory in this book is illustrated by numerical simulation and real data analysis. This book is suitable for theoretical statisticians and economists as well as psychologists and data analysts.
Anschauen, Anfassen, Auffassen.: Eine Wissensgeschichte Mathematischer Modelle (Mathematik im Kontext)
by Anja SattelmacherDas Herstellen, Sammeln und Verbreiten mathematischer Modelle war im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert weit verbreitete Praxis an Universitäten und technischen Hochschulen.Anhand ausgewählter Modelle im Kontext ihrer Sammlungen lässt sich zeigen, dass das Wissen über mathematische Modelle im Prozess der Modellierung, des Sammelns, des Veräußerns und des Ausstellens generiert wurde. Dabei flossen sowohl künstlerische Praktiken als auch reformpädagogische Überlegungen in dieses Wissen mit ein. Im Zentrum der Studie stehen Mathematikprofessoren, die die Verwendung von Modellen im Kontext der akademischen Lehre auf unterschiedliche Weise vorantrieben. Weniger bekannt ist hingegen, dass auch Frauen einen wichtigen Anteil an der Produktion von Modellen hatten. Das Buch leistet mit den Auswertungen zahlreicher Quellen aus unterschiedlichen Archiven sowie einer ethnographischen Beobachtung eines Modellbauers einen wichtigen Beitrag für eine praxeologisch orientierte Wissenschaftsgeschichte.
Answering Questions With Statistics
by Professor Robert F. SzafranFinally, an introductory statistics text that provides broad coverage, limited theory, clear explanations, plenty of practice opportunities, and examples that engage today's students! Using General Social Survey data from 1980 and 2010, Robert Szafran asks students to consider how young adults have changed over the last 30 years. Students learn to select an appropriate data analysis technique, carry out the analysis, and draw appropriate conclusions. Changes in subjective beliefs (such as freedom of speech and abortion) and objective characteristics (like years of schooling and marital status) are examined. In answering the question about how young adults have changed, students acquire a broad knowledge of basic statistics and extensive experience with SPSS.
Answers to Your Biggest Questions About Teaching Elementary Math: Five to Thrive [series] (Corwin Mathematics Series)
by John J. SanGiovanni Susie Katt Latrenda Duretta Knighten Georgina RiveraYour guide to grow and learn as a math teacher! Let’s face it, teaching elementary math can be hard. So much about how we teach math today may look and feel different from how we learned it. Today, we recognize placing the student at the center of their learning increases engagement, motivation, and academic achievement soars. Teaching math in a student-centered way changes the role of the teacher from one who traditionally “delivers knowledge” to one who fosters thinking. Most importantly, we must ensure our practice gives each and every student the opportunity to learn, grow, and achieve at high levels, while providing opportunities to develop their agency and authority in the classroom which results in a positive math identity. Whether you are a brand new teacher or a veteran, if you find teaching math to be quite the challenge, this is the guide you want by your side. Designed for just-in-time learning and support, this practical resource gives you brief, actionable answers to your most pressing questions about teaching elementary math. Written by four experienced math educators representing diverse experiences, these authors offer the practical advice they wish they received years ago, from lessons they′ve learned over decades of practice, research, coaching, and through collaborating with teams, teachers and colleagues—especially new teachers—every day. Questions and answers are organized into five areas of effort that will help you most thrive in your elementary math classroom: 1. How do I build a positive math community? 2. How do I structure, organize, and manage my math class? 3. How do I engage my students in math? 4. How do I help my students talk about math? 5. How do I know what my students know and move them forward? Woven throughout, you′ll find helpful sidebar notes on fostering identity and agency; access and equity; teaching in different settings; and invaluable resources for deeper learning. The final question—Where do I go from here?— offers guidance for growing your practice over time. Strive to become the best math educator you can be; your students are counting on it! What will be your first step on the journey?
Answers to Your Biggest Questions About Teaching Elementary Math: Five to Thrive [series] (Corwin Mathematics Series)
by John J. SanGiovanni Susie Katt Latrenda Duretta Knighten Georgina RiveraYour guide to grow and learn as a math teacher! Let’s face it, teaching elementary math can be hard. So much about how we teach math today may look and feel different from how we learned it. Today, we recognize placing the student at the center of their learning increases engagement, motivation, and academic achievement soars. Teaching math in a student-centered way changes the role of the teacher from one who traditionally “delivers knowledge” to one who fosters thinking. Most importantly, we must ensure our practice gives each and every student the opportunity to learn, grow, and achieve at high levels, while providing opportunities to develop their agency and authority in the classroom which results in a positive math identity. Whether you are a brand new teacher or a veteran, if you find teaching math to be quite the challenge, this is the guide you want by your side. Designed for just-in-time learning and support, this practical resource gives you brief, actionable answers to your most pressing questions about teaching elementary math. Written by four experienced math educators representing diverse experiences, these authors offer the practical advice they wish they received years ago, from lessons they′ve learned over decades of practice, research, coaching, and through collaborating with teams, teachers and colleagues—especially new teachers—every day. Questions and answers are organized into five areas of effort that will help you most thrive in your elementary math classroom: 1. How do I build a positive math community? 2. How do I structure, organize, and manage my math class? 3. How do I engage my students in math? 4. How do I help my students talk about math? 5. How do I know what my students know and move them forward? Woven throughout, you′ll find helpful sidebar notes on fostering identity and agency; access and equity; teaching in different settings; and invaluable resources for deeper learning. The final question—Where do I go from here?— offers guidance for growing your practice over time. Strive to become the best math educator you can be; your students are counting on it! What will be your first step on the journey?
Answers to Your Biggest Questions About Teaching Secondary Math: Five to Thrive [series] (Corwin Mathematics Series)
by Frederick L. Dillon Ayanna D. Perry Andrea Negrete Cheng Jennifer OutzsLet’s face it, teaching secondary math can be hard. So much about how we teach math today may look and feel different from how we learned it. Teaching math in a student-centered way changes the role of the teacher from one who traditionally "delivers knowledge" to one who fosters thinking. Most importantly, we must ensure our practice gives each and every student the opportunity to learn, grow, and achieve at high levels, while providing opportunities to develop their agency and authority in the classroom which results in a positive math identity. Whether you are a brand new teacher or a veteran, if you find teaching math to be quite the challenge, this is the guide you want by your side. Designed for just-in-time learning and support, this practical resource gives you brief, actionable answers to your most pressing questions about teaching secondary math. Written by four experienced math educators representing diverse experiences, these authors offer the practical advice they wish they received years ago, from lessons they′ve learned over decades of practice, research, coaching, and through collaborating with teams, teachers and colleagues—especially new teachers—every day. Questions and answers are organized into five areas of effort that will help you most thrive in your secondary math classroom: How do I build a positive math community? How do I structure, organize, and manage my math class? How do I engage my students in math? How do I help my students talk about math? How do I know what my students know and move them forward? Woven throughout, you′ll find helpful sidebar notes on fostering identity and agency; access and equity; teaching in different settings; and invaluable resources for deeper learning. The final question—Where do I go from here?— offers guidance for growing your practice over time. Strive to become the best math educator you can be; your students are counting on it! What will be your first step on the journey?
Answers to Your Biggest Questions About Teaching Secondary Math: Five to Thrive [series] (Corwin Mathematics Series)
by Frederick L. Dillon Ayanna D. Perry Andrea Negrete Cheng Jennifer OutzsLet’s face it, teaching secondary math can be hard. So much about how we teach math today may look and feel different from how we learned it. Teaching math in a student-centered way changes the role of the teacher from one who traditionally "delivers knowledge" to one who fosters thinking. Most importantly, we must ensure our practice gives each and every student the opportunity to learn, grow, and achieve at high levels, while providing opportunities to develop their agency and authority in the classroom which results in a positive math identity. Whether you are a brand new teacher or a veteran, if you find teaching math to be quite the challenge, this is the guide you want by your side. Designed for just-in-time learning and support, this practical resource gives you brief, actionable answers to your most pressing questions about teaching secondary math. Written by four experienced math educators representing diverse experiences, these authors offer the practical advice they wish they received years ago, from lessons they′ve learned over decades of practice, research, coaching, and through collaborating with teams, teachers and colleagues—especially new teachers—every day. Questions and answers are organized into five areas of effort that will help you most thrive in your secondary math classroom: How do I build a positive math community? How do I structure, organize, and manage my math class? How do I engage my students in math? How do I help my students talk about math? How do I know what my students know and move them forward? Woven throughout, you′ll find helpful sidebar notes on fostering identity and agency; access and equity; teaching in different settings; and invaluable resources for deeper learning. The final question—Where do I go from here?— offers guidance for growing your practice over time. Strive to become the best math educator you can be; your students are counting on it! What will be your first step on the journey?
Antenna Design by Simulation-Driven Optimization (SpringerBriefs in Optimization)
by Slawomir Koziel Stanislav OgurtsovThis Brief reviews a number of techniques exploiting the surrogate-based optimization concept and variable-fidelity EM simulations for efficient optimization of antenna structures. The introduction of each method is illustrated with examples of antenna design. The authors demonstrate the ways in which practitioners can obtain an optimized antenna design at the computational cost corresponding to a few high-fidelity EM simulations of the antenna structure. There is also a discussion of the selection of antenna model fidelity and its influence on performance of the surrogate-based design process. This volume is suitable for electrical engineers in academia as well as industry, antenna designers and engineers dealing with computationally-expensive design problems.
An Anthropology of Puzzles: The Role of Puzzles in the Origins and Evolution of Mind and Culture
by Marcel DanesiAn Anthropology of Puzzles argues that the human brain is a "puzzling organ" which allows humans to literally solve their own problems of existence through puzzle format. Noting the presence of puzzles everywhere in everyday life, Marcel Danesi looks at puzzles in society since the dawn of history, showing how their presence has guided large sections of human history, from discoveries in mathematics to disquisitions in philosophy. Danesi examines the cognitive processes that are involved in puzzle making and solving, and connects them to the actual physical manifestations of classic puzzles. Building on a concept of puzzles as based on Jungian archetypes, such as the river crossing image, the path metaphor, and the journey, Danesi suggests this could be one way to understand the public fascination with puzzles. As well as drawing on underlying mental archetypes, the act of solving puzzles also provides an outlet to move beyond biological evolution, and Danesi shows that puzzles could be the product of the same basic neural mechanism that produces language and culture. Finally, Danesi explores how understanding puzzles can be a new way of understanding our human culture.
Anti-Differentiation and the Calculation of Feynman Amplitudes (Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation)
by Johannes Blümlein Carsten SchneiderThis volume comprises review papers presented at the Conference on Antidifferentiation and the Calculation of Feynman Amplitudes, held in Zeuthen, Germany, in October 2020, and a few additional invited reviews. The book aims at comprehensive surveys and new innovative results of the analytic integration methods of Feynman integrals in quantum field theory. These methods are closely related to the field of special functions and their function spaces, the theory of differential equations and summation theory. Almost all of these algorithms have a strong basis in computer algebra. The solution of the corresponding problems are connected to the analytic management of large data in the range of Giga- to Terabytes. The methods are widely applicable to quite a series of other branches of mathematics and theoretical physics.
Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations (IFSR International Series in Systems Science and Systems Engineering #1)
by Robert RosenRobert Rosen was not only a biologist, he was also a brilliant mathematician whose extraordinary contributions to theoretical biology were tremendous. Founding, with this book, the area of Anticipatory Systems Theory is a remarkable outcome of his work in theoretical biology. This second edition of his book Anticipatory Systems, has been carefully revised and edited, and includes an Introduction by Judith Rosen. It has also been expanded with a set of Prolegomena by Dr. Mihai Nadin, who offers an historical survey of this fast growing field since the original work was published. There is also some exciting new work, in the form of an additional chapter on the Ontology of Anticipation, by Dr. John Kineman. An addendum-- with autobiographical reminiscences by Robert Rosen, himself, and a short story by Judith Rosen about her father-- adds a personal touch. This work, now available again, serves as the guiding foundations for the growing field of Anticipatory Systems and, indeed, any area of science that deals with living organisms in some way, including the study of Life and Mind. It will also be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field of Systems Science.
The Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice: Complete Reports of the First 100 Years (Columbia University Seminar Ser. #Vol. 2)
by Theodore P. KovaleffAnalyzes the newly available statistical evidence on income distribution in the former Soviet Union both by social group and by republic, and considers the significance of inequalities as a factor contributing to the demise of the Communist regime.