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Particle emission concept and probabilistic consideration of the development of infections in systems: Dynamics from logarithm and exponent in the infection process, percolation effects
by Marcus HellwigThe book describes the possibility of making a probabilistic prognosis, which uses the mean n-day logarithm of case numbers in the past to determine an exponent for a probability density for a prognosis, as well as the particle emission concept, which is derived from contact and distribution rates that increase the exponent of the probable development to the extent that a group of people can be formed.
Particle Filters for Random Set Models
by Branko RisticThis book discusses state estimation of stochastic dynamic systems from noisy measurements, specifically sequential Bayesian estimation and nonlinear or stochastic filtering. The class of solutions presented in this book is based on the Monte Carlo statistical method. Although the resulting algorithms, known as particle filters, have been around for more than a decade, the recent theoretical developments of sequential Bayesian estimation in the framework of random set theory have provided new opportunities which are not widely known and are covered in this book. This book is ideal for graduate students, researchers, scientists and engineers interested in Bayesian estimation.
Particle Swarm Optimisation: Classical and Quantum Perspectives (Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing Series)
by Jun Sun Choi-Hong Lai Xiao-Jun WuAlthough the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm requires relatively few parameters and is computationally simple and easy to implement, it is not a globally convergent algorithm. In Particle Swarm Optimisation: Classical and Quantum Perspectives, the authors introduce their concept of quantum-behaved particles inspired by quantum mechanics, which leads to the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimisation (QPSO) algorithm. This globally convergent algorithm has fewer parameters, a faster convergence rate, and stronger searchability for complex problems.The book presents the concepts of optimisation problems as well as random search methods for optimisation before discussing the principles of the PSO algorithm. Examples illustrate how the PSO algorithm solves optimisation problems. The authors also analyse the reasons behind the shortcomings of the PSO algorithm.Moving on to the QPSO algorithm, the authors give a thorough overview of the literature on QPSO, describe the fundamental model for the QPSO algorithm, and explore applications of the algorithm to solve typical optimisation problems. They also discuss some advanced theoretical topics, including the behaviour of individual particles, global convergence, computational complexity, convergence rate, and parameter selection. The text closes with coverage of several real-world applications, including inverse problems, optimal design of digital filters, economic dispatch problems, biological multiple sequence alignment, and image processing. MATLAB®, Fortran, and C++ source codes for the main algorithms are provided on an accompanying downloadable resources.Helping you numerically solve optimisation problems, this book focuses on the fundamental principles and applications of PSO and QPSO algorithms. It not only explains how to use the algorithms, but also covers advanced topics that establish the groundwork for understanding.
Particles and Fundamental Interactions: Supplements, Problems and Solutions
by Sylvie Braibant Maurizio Spurio Giorgio GiacomelliThis volume is an exercises and solutions manual that complements the book "Particles and Fundamental Interactions" by Sylvie Braibant, Giorgio Giacomelli, and Maurizio Spurio. It aims to give additional intellectual stimulation for students in experimental particle physics. It will be a helpful companion in the preparation of a written examination, but also it provides a means to gaining a deeper understanding of high energy physics. The problems proposed are sometimes true and important research questions, which are described and solved in a step-by-step manner. In addition to the problems and solutions, this book offers fifteen Supplements that give further insight into topical subjects related to particle accelerators, signal and data acquisition systems and computational methods to treat them.
Particles and Fundamental Interactions
by Giorgio Giacomelli Maurizio Spurio Sylvie BraibantThe book provides theoretical and phenomenological insights on the structure of matter, presenting concepts and features of elementary particle physics and fundamental aspects of nuclear physics. Starting with the basics (nomenclature, classification, acceleration techniques, detection of elementary particles), the properties of fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, weak and strong) are introduced with a mathematical formalism suited to undergraduate students. Some experimental results (the discovery of neutral currents and of the W± and Z0 bosons; the quark structure observed using deep inelastic scattering experiments) show the necessity of an evolution of the formalism. This motivates a more detailed description of the weak and strong interactions, of the Standard Model of the microcosm with its experimental tests, and of the Higgs mechanism. The open problems in the Standard Model of the microcosm and macrocosm are presented at the end of the book. For example, the CP violation currently measured does not explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the observable universe; the neutrino oscillations and the estimated amount of cosmological dark matter seem to require new physics beyond the Standard Model. A list of other introductory texts, work reviews and some specialized publications is reported in the bibliography. Translation from the Italian Language Edition "Particelle e interazioni fondamentali" by Sylvie Braibant, Giorgio Giacomelli, and Maurizio Spurio Copyright © Springer-Verlag Italia, 2009 Springer-Verlag Italia is part of Springer Science+Business Media All Rights Reserved
Particles, Fields, Space-Time: From Thomson’s Electron to Higgs’ Boson
by Martin PohlCHOICE Highly Recommended 2021Particles, Fields, Space-Time: From Thomson's Electron to Higgs' Boson explores the concepts, ideas, and experimental results that brought us from the discovery of the first elementary particle in the end of the 19th century to the completion of the Standard Model of particle physics in the early 21st century. The book concentrates on disruptive events and unexpected results that fundamentally changed our view of particles and how they move through space-time. It separates the mathematical and technical details from the narrative into focus boxes, so that it remains accessible to non-scientists, yet interesting for those with a scientific background who wish to further their understanding. The text presents and explains experiments and their results wherever appropriate.This book will be of interest to a general audience, but also to students studying particle physics, physics teachers at all levels, and scientists with a recreational curiosity towards the subject.Features Short, comprehensive overview concentrating on major breakthroughs, disruptive ideas, and unexpected results Accessible to all interested in subatomic physics with little prior knowledge required Contains the latest developments in this exciting field
Particles in Flows
by Tomáš Bodnár Giovanni P. Galdi Šárka NečasováThis book aims to face particles in flows from many different, but essentially interconnected sides and points of view. Thus the selection of authors and topics represented in the chapters, ranges from deep mathematical analysis of the associated models, through the techniques of their numerical solution, towards real applications and physical implications. The scope and structure of the book as well as the selection of authors was motivated by the very successful summer course and workshop "Particles in Flows'' that was held in Prague in the August of 2014. This meeting revealed the need for a book dealing with this specific and challenging multidisciplinary subject, i. e. particles in industrial, environmental and biomedical flows and the combination of fluid mechanics, solid body mechanics with various aspects of specific applications.
Particles in the Dark Universe: A Student’s Guide to Particle Physics and Cosmology
by Yann MambriniThis book provides a comprehensive and instructive coverage of particle physics in the early universe, in a logical way. It starts from the thermal history of the universe by investigating some of the main arguments such as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the inflation, before treating in details the direct and indirect detection of dark matter and then some aspects of the physics of neutrino. Following, it describes possible candidates for dark matter and its interactions.The book is targeted at theoretical physicists who deal with particle physics in the universe, dark matter detection and astrophysical constraints, and at particle physicists who are interested in models of inflation or reheating. This book offers also material for astrophysicists who work with quantum field theory computations. All that is useful to compute any physical process is included: mathematical tables, all the needed functions for the thermodynamics of early universe and Feynman rules. In light of this, this book acts as a crossroad between astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology.
Partielle Differentialgleichungen: Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung (Masterclass)
by Ben SchweizerDas Buch führt in die Theorie der Partiellen Differentialgleichungen ein, lediglich die Grundvorlesungen der Analysis werden vorausgesetzt. Eine Vielzahl linearer und nichtlinearer Differentialgleichungen wird mit Modellierungsansätzen motiviert und rigoros analysiert. Nach den klassischen linearen Problemen der Potentialtheorie und Wärmeleitung werden insbesondere nichtlineare Probleme aus der Theorie poröser Medien, der Strömungsmechanik und der Festkörpermechanik behandelt. Entlang der Aufgabenstellungen von zunehmender Komplexität werden moderne Methoden und Theorien der Analysis entwickelt.Für die vorliegende 3. Auflage wurde der Text überarbeitet und korrigiert, an vielen Stellen wurden Beweisabläufe optimiert und Motivationstexte eingebaut. An anderen Stellen inhaltlich ausgedünnt und verkürzt, um den Vorlesungsumfang nicht zu sprengen.
Partikelemissionskonzept und probabilistische Betrachtung der Entwicklung von Infektionen in Systemen: Dynamik von Logarithmus und Exponent im Infektionsprozess, Perkolationseffekte
by Marcus HellwigDas Buch beschreibt die Möglichkeit, eine probabilistische Prognose zu erstellen, die den mittleren n-Tage-Logarithmus von Fallzahlen in der Vergangenheit verwendet, um einen Exponenten für eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte für eine Prognose zu bestimmen, als auch das Partikelemissionskonzept, das sich herleitet aus Kontakt- und Verteilungsrate, welche den Exponenten der voraussichtlichen Entwicklung in dem Maß erhöht wie sich eine Gruppenbildung von Personen bilden kann.
Partition Functions and Automorphic Forms (Moscow Lectures #5)
by Valery A. Gritsenko Vyacheslav P. SpiridonovThis book offers an introduction to the research in several recently discovered and actively developing mathematical and mathematical physics areas. It focuses on: 1) Feynman integrals and modular functions, 2) hyperbolic and Lorentzian Kac-Moody algebras, related automorphic forms and applications to quantum gravity, 3) superconformal indices and elliptic hypergeometric integrals, related instanton partition functions, 4) moonshine, its arithmetic aspects, Jacobi forms, elliptic genus, and string theory, and 5) theory and applications of the elliptic Painleve equation, and aspects of Painleve equations in quantum field theories. All the topics covered are related to various partition functions emerging in different supersymmetric and ordinary quantum field theories in curved space-times of different (d=2,3,…,6) dimensions. Presenting multidisciplinary methods (localization, Borcherds products, theory of special functions, Cremona maps, etc) for treating a range of partition functions, the book is intended for graduate students and young postdocs interested in the interaction between quantum field theory and mathematics related to automorphic forms, representation theory, number theory and geometry, and mirror symmetry.
Partitional Clustering Algorithms
by M. Emre CelebiThis book focuses on partitional clustering algorithms, which are commonly used in engineering and computer scientific applications. The goal of this volume is to summarize the state-of-the-art in partitional clustering. The book includes such topics as center-based clustering, competitive learning clustering and density-based clustering. Each chapter is contributed by a leading expert in the field.
Partitions, Hypergeometric Systems, and Dirichlet Processes in Statistics (SpringerBriefs in Statistics #0)
by Shuhei ManoThis book focuses on statistical inferences related to various combinatorial stochastic processes. Specifically, it discusses the intersection of three subjects that are generally studied independently of each other: partitions, hypergeometric systems, and Dirichlet processes. The Gibbs partition is a family of measures on integer partition, and several prior processes, such as the Dirichlet process, naturally appear in connection with infinite exchangeable Gibbs partitions. Examples include the distribution on a contingency table with fixed marginal sums and the conditional distribution of Gibbs partition given the length. The A-hypergeometric distribution is a class of discrete exponential families and appears as the conditional distribution of a multinomial sample from log-affine models. The normalizing constant is the A-hypergeometric polynomial, which is a solution of a system of linear differential equations of multiple variables determined by a matrix A, called A-hypergeometric system. The book presents inference methods based on the algebraic nature of the A-hypergeometric system, and introduces the holonomic gradient methods, which numerically solve holonomic systems without combinatorial enumeration, to compute the normalizing constant. Furher, it discusses Markov chain Monte Carlo and direct samplers from A-hypergeometric distribution, as well as the maximum likelihood estimation of the A-hypergeometric distribution of two-row matrix using properties of polytopes and information geometry. The topics discussed are simple problems, but the interdisciplinary approach of this book appeals to a wide audience with an interest in statistical inference on combinatorial stochastic processes, including statisticians who are developing statistical theories and methodologies, mathematicians wanting to discover applications of their theoretical results, and researchers working in various fields of data sciences.
Partitions, Objective Indefiniteness, and Quantum Reality: The Objective Indefiniteness Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (SpringerBriefs in Philosophy)
by David EllermanThis book presents a new ‘partitional' approach to understanding or interpreting the math of standard quantum mechanics (QM). The thesis is that the mathematics (not the physics) of QM is the Hilbert space version of the math of partitions on a set and, conversely, the math of partitions is a skeletonized set level version of the math of QM. Since at the set level, partitions are the mathematical tool to represent distinctions and indistinctions (or definiteness and indefiniteness), this approach shows how to interpret the key non-classical QM notion of superposition in terms of (objective) indefiniteness between definite alternatives (as opposed to seeing it as the sum of ‘waves'). Thus, the book develops a new mathematical, or indeed, logical, approach to the century-old problem of interpreting quantum mechanics, ensure it is of interest to philosophers of science as well as mathematicians and physicists.
Partizipation im inklusiven Mathematikunterricht: Analyse gemeinsamer Lernsituationen in geometrischen Lernumgebungen (Essener Beiträge zur Mathematikdidaktik)
by Kristina HähnKristina Hähn untersucht Verläufe gemeinsamer Lernsituationen im inklusiven Mathematikunterricht und damit verbundene individuelle Partizipationsprozesse von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit dem sonderpädagogischen Unterstützungsbedarf im Lernen. Das gemeinsame Lernen an einem gemeinsamen Gegenstand wird durch Lernumgebungen zum Thema ‚Kreis‘ herausgefordert, die im Sinne des Prinzips der natürlichen Differenzierung entwickelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung stützen theoretische Überlegungen zum Mehrwert einer Vielfalt gemeinsamer Lernsituationen im inklusiven Unterricht. Darüber hinaus führen sie zu Folgerungen für die Konzeption und den Einsatz substanzieller Lernumgebungen mit dem Ziel, die produktive Beteiligung aller Lernenden am inklusiven Mathematikunterricht zu erhöhen und Partizipationsbarrieren abzubauen.
Partizipation und Wissensaufbau beim Lösen von Textaufgaben: Eine interaktions- und aufgabenbezogene Analyse von Problemlösedialogen
by Iris TannerDas vorliegende Open-Access-Buch geht von der Prämisse aus, dass Lernen aus kognitiver und sozial-konstruktivistischer Sicht als individueller Aufbau von Wissens- und Denkstrukturen verstanden wird. Die Aufgabe der Lehrpersonen besteht dabei darin, mittels ko-konstruktiver Dialoge die Lernenden beim Aufbau und bei der Modifizierung ihrer Wissensstrukturen zu unterstützen. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit der interaktions- und aufgabenbezogenen Analyse von 38 Problemlösedialogen von je vier Lernenden auf der Sekundarstufe I, die in einem tutoriellen Setting eine Aufgabe gemeinsam lösen. Das Unterstützungsverhalten der Lehrpersonen beim Lösen einer mathematischen Textaufgabe und die Partizipation der Lernenden werden ganzheitlich-deskriptiv und in ihrem mikrostrukturellen Ablauf prozessbezogen untersucht. Wie gehen die Lehrpersonen konkret vor, um ihre Schüler und Schülerinnen im Verstehensprozess adaptiv anzuleiten? Gelingt es ihnen, dass die Lernenden an den Problemlösegesprächen entscheidend partizipieren können? Die Ergebnisse zeigen anhand von Fallanalysen auf, wie das auf unterschiedliche Arten gelingen kann.
Partnering With Parents in Elementary School Math: A Guide for Teachers and Leaders (Corwin Mathematics Series)
by Hilary L. Kreisberg Matthew L. BeyranevandHow to build productive relationships in math education I wasn’t taught this way. I can’t help my child! These are common refrains from today’s parents and guardians, who are often overwhelmed, confused, worried, and frustrated about how to best support their children with what they see as the "new math." The problem has been compounded by the shift to more distance learning in response to a global pandemic. Partnering With Parents in Elementary School Math provides educators with long overdue guidance on how to productively partner and communicate with families about their children’s mathematics learning. It includes reproducible surveys, letters, and planning documents that can be used to improve the home-school relationship, which in turn helps students, parents, teachers, and education leaders alike. Readers will find guidance on how to: · Understand and empathize with what fuels parents’ anxieties and concerns · Align as a school and set parents’ expectations about what math instruction their children will experience and how it will help them · Communicate clearly and productively with parents about their students’ progress, strengths, and needs in math · Run informative and fun family events · support homework · Coach parents to portray a productive disposition about math in front of their children Educators, families, and students are best served when proactive, productive, and healthy relationships have been developed with each other and with the realities of today′s math education. This guide shows how these relationships can be built.
Partnering With Parents in Elementary School Math: A Guide for Teachers and Leaders (Corwin Mathematics Series)
by Hilary L. Kreisberg Matthew L. BeyranevandHow to build productive relationships in math education I wasn’t taught this way. I can’t help my child! These are common refrains from today’s parents and guardians, who are often overwhelmed, confused, worried, and frustrated about how to best support their children with what they see as the "new math." The problem has been compounded by the shift to more distance learning in response to a global pandemic. Partnering With Parents in Elementary School Math provides educators with long overdue guidance on how to productively partner and communicate with families about their children’s mathematics learning. It includes reproducible surveys, letters, and planning documents that can be used to improve the home-school relationship, which in turn helps students, parents, teachers, and education leaders alike. Readers will find guidance on how to: · Understand and empathize with what fuels parents’ anxieties and concerns · Align as a school and set parents’ expectations about what math instruction their children will experience and how it will help them · Communicate clearly and productively with parents about their students’ progress, strengths, and needs in math · Run informative and fun family events · support homework · Coach parents to portray a productive disposition about math in front of their children Educators, families, and students are best served when proactive, productive, and healthy relationships have been developed with each other and with the realities of today′s math education. This guide shows how these relationships can be built.
Party of the People: Inside the Multiracial Populist Coalition Remaking the GOP
by Patrick RuffiniAn eye-opening, &“must-read&” (Ben Shapiro, founder of The Daily Wire) about the future of the Republican party as they unite working-class voters in a multi-racial, cross-generational populist coalition.Donald Trump&’s victory in the 2016 presidential election shocked the world. Yet his defeat in 2020 may have been even more surprising: he received 12 million more votes in 2020 than in 2016 and his unexpectedly diverse coalition included millions of nonwhite voters, a rarity for the modern Republican party. In 2020, Trump defied expectations and few journalists, strategists, or politicians could explain why Trump had nearly won reelection. Patrick Ruffini, a Republican pollster and one of the country&’s leading experts on political targeting, technology, and demography, has the answers—and the explanation may surprise you. For all his apparent divisiveness, Trump assembled the most diverse Republican presidential coalition in history and rode political trends that will prove significant for decades to come. The shift is profound: seven in ten American voters belong to groups that have shifted right in the last two presidential elections, while under three in ten whites with a college degree belong to votes groups that are trending left. Together, this super-majority of right-trending voters forms a colorblind, populist coalition, largely united by its working-class roots, moderate to conservative views on policy, strong religious beliefs, and indifference to or outright rejection of the identity politics practice by the left. Not all these voters are Republican, and in certain corners of the coalition, only a small minority are. But recent elections are pointing us towards a future where party allegiances have been utterly upended. The Party of the People demonstrates this data. Ruffini was as wrong as every pollster in 2016 and spent the intervening years figuring out why and developing better methods of analyzing voters in the digital age. Using robust data, he shifts you away from the complacent, widespread narrative that the Republican party is a party of white, rural voters. It is, but more importantly for its longevity, it&’s a party of non-college-educated voters. And as fewer voters attend college, the Republican party shows no signs of stagnation. With rich data and clear analysis, Party of the People is a &“deeply researched book&” (Amy Walter, editor-in-chief of The Cook Political Report) that explains the present and future of the Republican party and American elections.
Pascal's Arithmetical Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea (Dover Books on Mathematics)
by A.W.F. EdwardsThis survey explores the history of the arithmetical triangle, from its roots in Pythagorean arithmetic, Hindu combinatorics, and Arabic algebra to its influence on Newton and Leibniz as well as modern-day mathematicians.
Passages of Fortune?: Exploring Dynamics of International Migration from Punjab
by Aswini Kumar Nanda Jacques Véron S. Irudaya RajanThis book examines international out-migration from North India, focusing on the state of Punjab. It is the first-ever empirical exploration of the causes, processes, patterns and consequences of international out-migration based on a robust sample of 10,000 households drawn from both rural and urban areas. The volume explores a range of issues such as current migration, return migration, remittances, reverse remittances, diaspora philanthropy, migration consultancy services, international marriages, campaigns for safe migration abroad and plans for emigration in future. It also addresses questions surrounding the use of paid labour by households to replace the work done by the emigrants and studies villages as the migration setting. Additionally, the book organically links to a well-spread-out and vibrant Punjabi diaspora, as well as providing viable baseline data on a range of indicators. A key text on migration studies, this volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, demography, sociology, social anthropology and diaspora studies.
Passing the Georgia Geometry End of Course Test
by Erica Day Alan Fuqua Colleen PintozziPassing the Georgia Geometry End of Course Test will help you review and learn important concepts and skills related to high school mathematics. To help identify which areas are of great-est challenge for you, first take the diagnostic test, then complete the evaluation chart with your instructor in order to help you identify the chapters which require your careful attention.
The Passionate Triangle
by Rebecca ZorachTriangles abounded in the intellectual culture of early modern Europe—the Christian Trinity was often mapped as a triangle, for instance, and perspective, a characteristic artistic technique, is based on a triangular theory of vision. Renaissance artists, for their part, often used shapes and lines to arrange figures into a triangle on the surface of a painting—a practice modern scholars call triangular composition. But is there secret meaning in the triangular arrangements artists used, or just a pleasing symmetry? What do triangles really tell us about the European Renaissance and its most beguiling works of art? In this book, Rebecca Zorach takes us on a lively hunt for the triangle’s embedded significance. From the leisure pursuits of Egyptian priests to Jacopo Tintoretto’s love triangles, Zorach explores how the visual and mathematical properties of triangles allowed them to express new ideas and to inspire surprisingly intense passions. Examining prints and paintings as well as literary, scientific, and philosophical texts, The Passionate Triangle opens up an array of new ideas, presenting unexpected stories of the irrational, passionate, melancholic, and often erotic potential of mathematical thinking before the Scientific Revolution.
Passivity of Complex Dynamical Networks: Analysis, Control and Applications
by Jin-Liang Wang Huai-Ning Wu Shun-Yan RenThis book intends to introduce some recent results on passivity of complex dynamical networks with single weight and multiple weights. The book collects novel research ideas and some definitions in complex dynamical networks, such as passivity, output strict passivity, input strict passivity, finite-time passivity, and multiple weights. Furthermore, the research results previously published in many flagship journals are methodically edited and presented in a unified form. The book is likely to be of interest to university researchers and graduate students in Engineering and Mathematics who wish to study the passivity of complex dynamical networks.
Passport to Algebra and Geometry
by Roland E. LarsonTextbook showing the foundations of algebra and geometry