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Type-2 Fuzzy Decision-Making Theories, Methodologies and Applications (Uncertainty and Operations Research)
by Jindong Qin Xinwang LiuThis book integrates the type-2 fuzzy sets and multiple criteria decision making analysis in recent years and offers an authoritative treatise on the essential topics, both at the theoretical and applied end. In this book, some basic theory, type-2 fuzzy sets, methodology, algorithms, are introduced and then some compelling case studies in decision problems are covered in depth. The authors offer an authoritative treatise on the essential topics, both at the theoretical and applied end; In a systematic and logically organized way, the book exposes the reader to the essentials of the theory of type-2 fuzzy sets, methodology, algorithms, and their applications. Numerous techniques of decision making are carefully generalized by bringing the ideas of type-2 fuzzy sets; this concerns well-known methods including TOPSIS, Analytical Network Process, TODIM, and VIKOR. This book exposes the readers to the essentials of the theory of type-2 fuzzy sets, methodology, algorithms, and their applications.
Type-2 Fuzzy Granular Models
by Mauricio A. Sanchez Oscar Castillo Juan R. CastroIn this book, a series of granular algorithms are proposed. A nature inspired granular algorithm based on Newtonian gravitational forces is proposed. A series of methods for the formation of higher-type information granules represented by Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets are also shown, via multiple approaches, such as Coefficient of Variation, principle of justifiable granularity, uncertainty-based information concept, and numerical evidence based. And a fuzzy granular application comparison is given as to demonstrate the differences in how uncertainty affects the performance of fuzzy information granules.
Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and Systems: Dedicated to Professor Jerry Mendel for his Pioneering Contribution (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing #362)
by Oscar Castillo Hani Hagras Robert JohnThis book explores recent perspectives on type-2 fuzzy sets. Written as a tribute to Professor Jerry Mendel for his pioneering works on type-2 fuzzy sets and systems, it covers a wide range of topics, including applications to the Go game, machine learning and pattern recognition, as well as type-2 fuzzy control and intelligent systems. The book is intended as a reference guide for the type-2 fuzzy logic community, yet it aims also at other communities dealing with similar methods and applications.
Type-3 Fuzzy Logic in Time Series Prediction (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Oscar Castillo Patricia MelinThis book focuses on the field of type-3 fuzzy logic for applications in time series prediction. The main idea is that a higher type and order of fuzzy logic can help in solving various prediction problems and find better results. In addition, neural networks and fractal theory are employed in enhancing prediction results. In this regard, several hybrid intelligent methods are offered. In this book we test the proposed methods using several prediction problems, like predicting COVID-19 and the stock market. We can notice that when Type-3 fuzzy systems are implemented to model the behavior of systems, the results in prediction are enhanced, because the management of uncertainty is better. For this reason, we consider in this book the proposed methods using type-3 fuzzy systems, neural networks and fractal theory to improve the prediction behavior of the complex nonlinear systems. This book is intended to be a reference for scientists and engineers interested in applying type-3 fuzzy logic techniques for solving complex prediction problems. This book can also be used as a reference for graduate courses like the following: soft computing, fuzzy logic, neural networks, bio-inspired algorithms, intelligent prediction, and similar ones. We consider that this book can also be used to get novel ideas for new lines of research, or to continue the lines of research proposed by the authors of the book.
Type-Based Flood Statistics: An Interlink Between Stochastic and Deterministic Flood Hydrology (Water Science and Technology Library #124)
by Svenja Fischer Andreas H. SchumannThis book summarises for the first time all relevant methodologies for type-based flood statistics, introduces the basis of flood typology and makes them accessible to the user. Flood types improve the understanding of the flood-generating processes and characterise the flood event in terms of its features such as peak, volume and hydrograph shape. In addition, they can also significantly expand the information used in flood statistics and add valuable flood characteristics to the determination of design floods, especially the determination of flood scenarios relevant for reservoir management. A detailed framework with all aspects of point and spatial statistics as well as regionalisation is presented, and examples illustrate the benefit of the proposed methodology. The target audience is both users in associations and engineering offices, as type-based statistics are increasingly becoming part of the specifications, and researchers, as this is a current field of research.
Type Systems for Distributed Programs: Components and Sessions
by Ornela DardhaIn this book we develop powerful techniques based on formal methods for the verification of correctness, consistency and safety properties related to dynamic reconfiguration and communication in complex distributed systems. In particular, static analysis techniques based on types and type systems are an adequate methodology considering their success in guaranteeing not only basic safety properties, but also more sophisticated ones like deadlock or lock freedom in concurrent settings. The main contributions of this book are twofold. i) We design a type system for a concurrent object-oriented calculus to statically ensure consistency of dynamic reconfigurations. ii) We define an encoding of the session pi-calculus, which models communication in distributed systems, into the standard typed pi-calculus. We use this encoding to derive properties like type safety and progress in the session pi-calculus by exploiting the corresponding properties in the standard typed pi-calculus.
Type Theory and Formal Proof
by Rob Nederpelt Herman GeuversType theory is a fast-evolving field at the crossroads of logic, computer science and mathematics. This gentle step-by-step introduction is ideal for graduate students and researchers who need to understand the ins and outs of the mathematical machinery, the role of logical rules therein, the essential contribution of definitions and the decisive nature of well-structured proofs. The authors begin with untyped lambda calculus and proceed to several fundamental type systems, including the well-known and powerful Calculus of Constructions. The book also covers the essence of proof checking and proof development, and the use of dependent type theory to formalise mathematics. The only prerequisite is a basic knowledge of undergraduate mathematics. Carefully chosen examples illustrate the theory throughout. Each chapter ends with a summary of the content, some historical context, suggestions for further reading and a selection of exercises to help readers familiarise themselves with the material.
Typicality Reasoning in Probability, Physics, and Metaphysics (New Directions in the Philosophy of Science)
by Dustin LazaroviciThis book provides a comprehensive investigation into the concept of typicality and its significance for physics and the philosophy of science. It identifies typicality as a fundamental way of reasoning, central to how natural laws explain and are tested against phenomena. The book discusses various applications of typicality to foundational questions in physics and beyond.These include:a unified interpretation of objective probabilities in classical mechanics and quantum mechanicsa detailed discussion of Boltzmann's statistical mechanics, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamicsa novel account of the asymmetry of causation and the arrow of time Finally, the book turns to the question: "What are laws of nature"? It argues that typicality extends to a powerful way of reasoning in metaphysics that can and should inform our commitments about the fundamental ontology of the world. On this basis, it develops an argument against the Humean best system account, according to which laws of nature are merely an efficient summary of contingent regularities.
The Tyranny of Metrics
by Jerry Z. MullerHow the obsession with quantifying human performance threatens our schools, medical care, businesses, and governmentToday, organizations of all kinds are ruled by the belief that the path to success is quantifying human performance, publicizing the results, and dividing up the rewards based on the numbers. But in our zeal to instill the evaluation process with scientific rigor, we've gone from measuring performance to fixating on measuring itself. The result is a tyranny of metrics that threatens the quality of our lives and most important institutions. In this timely and powerful book, Jerry Muller uncovers the damage our obsession with metrics is causing--and shows how we can begin to fix the problem.Filled with examples from education, medicine, business and finance, government, the police and military, and philanthropy and foreign aid, this brief and accessible book explains why the seemingly irresistible pressure to quantify performance distorts and distracts, whether by encouraging "gaming the stats" or "teaching to the test." That's because what can and does get measured is not always worth measuring, may not be what we really want to know, and may draw effort away from the things we care about. Along the way, we learn why paying for measured performance doesn't work, why surgical scorecards may increase deaths, and much more. But metrics can be good when used as a complement to—rather than a replacement for—judgment based on personal experience, and Muller also gives examples of when metrics have been beneficial.Complete with a checklist of when and how to use metrics, The Tyranny of Metricsis an essential corrective to a rarely questioned trend that increasingly affects us all.
The Tyranny of Metrics
by Jerry Z. MullerHow the obsession with quantifying human performance threatens business, medicine, education, government—and the quality of our livesToday, organizations of all kinds are ruled by the belief that the path to success is quantifying human performance, publicizing the results, and dividing up the rewards based on the numbers. But in our zeal to instill the evaluation process with scientific rigor, we've gone from measuring performance to fixating on measuring itself—and this tyranny of metrics now threatens the quality of our organizations and lives. In this brief, accessible, and powerful book, Jerry Muller uncovers the damage metrics are causing and shows how we can begin to fix the problem. Filled with examples from business, medicine, education, government, and other fields, the book explains why paying for measured performance doesn't work, why surgical scorecards may increase deaths, and much more. But Muller also shows that, when used as a complement to judgment based on personal experience, metrics can be beneficial, and he includes an invaluable checklist of when and how to use them. The result is an essential corrective to a harmful trend that increasingly affects us all.
Tyson, el pequeñito / Too-Small Tyson (Storytelling Math)
by JaNay Brown-WoodCelebrate diversity, math, and the power of storytelling with this bilingual (Spanish and English) edition!Tyson is the youngest, smaller than his four older brothers and always trying to keep up. But when the family&’s pet gerbil, Swish, goes missing, it&’s Tyson to the rescue! Tyson uses his knowledge of doubles, triples, and sizes to figure out a clever way to reach his beloved pet. A playful exploration of proportional thinking, featuring Black characters and an author letter about the ubiquitous nature of math. Tyson es el más joven y el más pequeñito de cuatro hermanos. Siempre está tratando de seguirles el ritmo. Pero cuando Swish, el gerbo de la familia, se pierde, ¡Tyson es el que va al rescate! Tyson aplica lo que sabe sobre dobles, triples y tamaño para planear de forma inteligente cómo encontrar a su mascota. Este cuento es una exploración entretenida del razonamiento proporcional, presentando personajes afroamericanos e incluyendo una carta de la autora sobre la naturaleza ubicua de las matemáticas.The Storytelling Math series shows that all children can be mathematical thinkers. Each book includes ideas for exploring math at home with your children and was developed in collaboration with math experts at STEM education nonprofit TERC, under a grant from the Heising-Simons Foundation.
U Can: Algebra I For Dummies
by Mary Jane SterlingThere's no denying that Algebra is hard. Lucky for students, U Can makes it easier. Students will find all of the no-nonsense, how-to content they need, paired with practical examples and practice problems they want, PLUS access to 1,001 more algebra practice problems online. In U Can: Algebra I For Dummies, lessons and practice are fully integrated, creating a product that combines the "how to" with the "do it" to form one perfect resource for students.
U Can: Statistics For Dummies
by David Unger Deborah J. RumseyMake studying statistics simple with this easy-to-read resource Wouldn′t it be wonderful if studying statistics were easier? With U Can: Statistics I For Dummies, it is! This one-stop resource combines lessons, practical examples, study questions, and online practice problems to provide you with the ultimate guide to help you score higher in your statistics course. Foundational statistics skills are a must for students of many disciplines, and leveraging study materials such as this one to supplement your statistics course can be a life-saver. Because U Can: Statistics I For Dummies contains both the lessons you need to learn and the practice problems you need to put the concepts into action, you′ll breeze through your scheduled study time. Statistics is all about collecting and interpreting data, and is applicable in a wide range of subject areas which translates into its popularity among students studying in diverse programs. So, if you feel a bit unsure in class, rest assured that there is an easy way to help you grasp the nuances of statistics! Understand statistical ideas, techniques, formulas, and calculations Interpret and critique graphs and charts, determine probability, and work with confidence intervals Critique and analyze data from polls and experiments Combine learning and applying your new knowledge with practical examples, practice problems, and expanded online resources U Can: Statistics I For Dummies contains everything you need to score higher in your fundamental statistics course!
U Can: Basic Math and Pre-Algebra For Dummies
by Mark ZegarelliThe fun and friendly guide to really understanding math U Can: Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies is the fun, friendly guide to making sense of math. It walks you through the "how" and "why" to help you master the crucial operations that underpin every math class you'll ever take. With no-nonsense lessons, step-by-step instructions, practical examples, and plenty of practice, you'll learn how to manipulate non-whole numbers, tackle pesky fractions, deal with weights and measures, simplify algebraic expressions, and so much more. The "learn it – do it" style helps you move at your own pace, with lesson-sized explanations, examples, and practice. You also get access to 1,001 more practice problems online, where you can create customized quizzes and study the topics where you need the most help. Math can be hard — and the basics in U Can: Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies lay the foundation for classes down the line. Consider this resource as your guide to math mastery, with step-by-step help for learning to: Put numbers in their place Make sense of fractions, decimals, and percents Get a grasp of basic geometry Simplify basic algebraic equations Believe it or not, math can be fun! And the better you understand it now, the more likely you are to do well in school, earn a degree, and get a good job. U Can: Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies gives you the skills, understanding, and confidence you need to conquer math once and for all.
U.S. Research Institutes in the Mathematical Sciences: Assessment and Perspectives
by Committee on U.S. Mathematical Sciences Research InstitutesThe Committee on U.S. Mathematical Sciences Research Institutes was charged with characterizing the role that such institutes currently play in furthering research in the mathematical sciences1 and with evaluating the advisability of changing or expanding that role.
U-Statistics: Theory and Practice
by A J. LeeIn 1946 Paul Halmos studied unbiased estimators of minimum variance, and planted the seed from which the subject matter of the present monograph sprang. The author has undertaken to provide experts and advanced students with a review of the present status of the evolved theory of U-statistics, including applications to indicate the range and scope of U-statistic methods. Complete with over 200 end-of-chapter references, this is an invaluable addition to the libraries of applied and theoretical statisticians and mathematicians.
Über die Elemente der Analysis – Standard und Nonstandard
by Stefan Basiner Peter Baumann Thomas Bedürftig Volkhardt Fuhrmann Karl Kuhlemann Wilfried LingenbergNonstandard fordert Standard heraus. Das war immer so. So ist es auch in der Analysis.Nonstandardanalysis fordert 100-jährige Routinen in den Elementen der Standardanalysis heraus. Wir entwickeln die Elemente – standard neben nonstandard – aus den Grundideen, zeigen ihre Anwendungen in vielen Beispielen und vergleichen beide Ansätze. Wir stellen fest: Nonstandard erweitert und bereichert Standard. Zentral ist: Grenzprozesse, die Grundelemente der Standardanalysis, werden nonstandard zu Zahlen mit einer elementaren, anschaulich begleiteten Arithmetik. Sie bilden die Basis für die Bildung der Begriffe in Differential- und Integralrechnung. In einer Handreichung auf der Webseite nichtstandard.de stellen wir erprobte Unterrichtsgänge vor. Nonstandard ist mathematisch längst Standard, aber noch selten in der Lehre und im Unterricht anzutreffen. Dass sich hier etwas bewegt, dafür ist dieses Lehrbuch geschrieben – für die Praxis aus der Praxis. Es berichtet aus dem mathematischen, methodischen und historischen Hintergrund und wendet sich an Lehrende, Studierende und alle, die alte Routinen durchschauen und neue Elemente der Analysis entdecken wollen.
Überschlagsrechnen in der Grundschule
by Sabrina HunkeÜberschlagsrechnen ist ein wichtiges Thema der Grundschulmathematik, das bisher kaum empirisch erforscht ist. Sabrina Hunke führt eine Interviewstudie mit 42 Kindern des vierten Schuljahres durch, um deren Lösungsverhalten beim Überschlagsrechnen zu untersuchen. Dazu werden Aufgaben des Typs "Wie viel ungefähr?" und "Reicht das Geld?" eingesetzt, das heißt direkte und indirekte Überschlagsfragen. Die Auswertung erfolgt qualitativ in den Bereichen Vorgehensweisen, Flexibilität, Komponenten des Überschlagsprozesses und Fehler. Die Autorin zeigt dabei nicht nur die große Bedeutung von Rundungsregeln für viele Kinder auf, sondern auch die Besonderheiten des indirekten Aufgabentyps, und entwickelt aus dieser Analyse konkrete Konsequenzen für den Unterricht.
Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals
by John Krumm"…a must-read text that provides a historical lens to see how ubicomp has matured into a multidisciplinary endeavor. It will be an essential reference to researchers and those who want to learn more about this evolving field." -From the Foreword, Professor Gregory D. Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology First introduced two decades ago, the term ubiquitous computing is now part of the common vernacular. Ubicomp, as it is commonly called, has grown not just quickly but broadly so as to encompass a wealth of concepts and technology that serves any number of purposes across all of human endeavor. While such growth is positive, the newest generation of ubicomp practitioners and researchers, isolated to specific tasks, are in danger of losing their sense of history and the broader perspective that has been so essential to the field’s creativity and brilliance. Under the guidance of John Krumm, an original ubicomp pioneer, Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals brings together eleven ubiquitous computing trailblazers who each report on his or her area of expertise. Starting with a historical introduction, the book moves on to summarize a number of self-contained topics. Taking a decidedly human perspective, the book includes discussion on how to observe people in their natural environments and evaluate the critical points where ubiquitous computing technologies can improve their lives. Among a range of topics this book examines: How to build an infrastructure that supports ubiquitous computing applications Privacy protection in systems that connect personal devices and personal information Moving from the graphical to the ubiquitous computing user interface Techniques that are revolutionizing the way we determine a person’s location and understand other sensor measurements While we needn’t become expert in every sub-discipline of ubicomp, it is necessary that we appreciate all the perspectives that make up the field and understand how our work can influence and be influenced by those perspectives. This is important, if we are to encourage future generations to be as successfully innovative as the field’s originators.
Ubiquitous Networking: 5th International Symposium, UNet 2019, Limoges, France, November 20–22, 2019, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12293)
by Oussama Habachi Vahid Meghdadi Essaid Sabir Jean-Pierre CancesThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ubiquitous Networking, UNet 2019, held in Limoges, France, in November 2019.The 17 revised full papers presented together with 1 short paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections: ubiquitous communication technologies and networking; ubiquitous Internet of things; pervasive services and applications.
Ubiratan D’Ambrosio and Mathematics Education: Trajectory, Legacy and Future (Advances in Mathematics Education)
by Marcelo C. Borba Daniel C. OreyThis edited volume is written in memoriam of Professor Emeritus Ubiratan D’Ambrosio (1932 – 2021), who was a well-known Brazilian mathematics educator and historian of mathematics. This book explores the diverse facets of D’Ambrosio’s work as well as his legacy and the later adaptation of his ideas around the globe.It starts with a preface written by his son, Alexandre D' Ambrosio, who shares his personal experiences growing up with this father and his love for discovery. The book is then divided into four sections:Past and Future: Ubi’s Way of Seeing Education in the PresentRoots of EthnomathematicsEthnomathematics in ActionTrends in Ethnomathematics It features diverse points of view and experiences that explore mathematics and culture from researchers in the Americas, Africa, Europe and South Asia. Chapters range from personal explorations of D’Ambrosio’s impact to broader views of his research and work. This book forms part of the growing understanding of Ubiratan D’Ambrosio’s life, research, and the legacy he has left for millions of researchers, students and teachers worldwide. This book is appealing to anyone involved in mathematics education research as well as those interested in the history and future of mathematics education.
Übungen zu Public Health und Gesundheitsökonomie
by J.-Matthias Graf von der Schulenburg Jan Zeidler Anne PrenzlerDer Band enthält vielfältige Übungsaufgaben zur Epidemiologie, zur deskriptiven und induktiven Statistik sowie zur Gesundheitsökonomie. Dabei sind alle Aufgaben von ausführlichen Lösungen begleitet. Das Übungsbuch ist für alle Public-Health-Studiengänge und gesundheitsökonomischen Lehrveranstaltungen geeignet, ob an wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen oder medizinischen Fakultäten von Universitäten und Fachhochschulen.
Übungsaufgaben zur Mathematik für Ingenieure: Mit durchgerechneten und erklärten Lösungen
by Thomas RießingerDieses erfolgreiche Übungsbuch erscheint jetzt in der 6. Auflage. Der Autor rechnet 159 Übungsaufgaben zur Ingenieurmathematik im Detail vor und erklärt sie. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Übungsbüchern zur Mathematik werden hier nicht nur Ergebnisse oder bestenfalls Lösungsskizzen angegeben. Vielmehr zeigt der Autor, wie man solche Aufgaben vom ersten Ansatz bis zum Ergebnis durchrechnet. Anhand von Beispielen erklärt er die prinzipiellen Methoden, die bei den Aufgaben angewendet werden. Übungsbuch und Lehrbuch "Mathematik für Ingenieure" desselben Autors sind aufeinander abgestimmt.
Übungsaufgaben zur Mathematik für Ingenieure
by Thomas RießingerDieses erfolgreiche Übungsbuch erscheint jetzt in der 7. verbesserten Auflage. Der Autor rechnet 159 Übungsaufgaben zur Ingenieurmathematik im Detail vor und erklärt sie. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Übungsbüchern zur Mathematik werden hier nicht nur Ergebnisse oder bestenfalls Lösungsskizzen angegeben. Vielmehr zeigt der Autor, wie man solche Aufgaben vom ersten Ansatz bis zum Ergebnis durchrechnet. Anhand von Beispielen erklärt er die prinzipiellen Methoden, die bei den Aufgaben angewendet werden. Übungsbuch und Lehrbuch "Mathematik für Ingenieure" desselben Autors sind aufeinander abgestimmt.
Ubungsbuch Algebra fur Dummies (Für Dummies)
by Mary Jane SterlingAlgebra verstehen, üben und umsetzen Müssen Sie sich – ob Sie nun wollen oder nicht – in Schule, Beruf oder Studium mit Algebra beschäftigen? Dann hilft Ihnen dieses Buch. Mit Hunderten von Aufgaben, aus - führlichen Lösungen und Erklärungen führt Sie Mary Jane Sterling in die Welt der Algebra ein. Die Autorin erklärt Ihnen noch einmal die grundlegenden Regeln zum Rechnen mit Brüchen, Wurzeln und Co., wie Sie lineare und quadratische Gleichungen lösen und Textaufgaben bewältigen. Sie finden außerdem Übungen zur grafischen Darstellung von Geraden und Parabeln.