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Understanding and Changing the World: From Information to Knowledge and Intelligence
by Joseph SifakisThis book discusses the importance of knowledge as an intangible asset, separate from physical entities, that can enable us to understand and/or change the world. It provides a thorough treatment of knowledge, one that is free of ideological and philosophical preconceptions, and which relies exclusively on concepts and principles from the theory of computing and logic. It starts with an introduction to knowledge as truthful and useful information, and its development and management by computers and humans. It analyses the relationship between computational processes and physical phenomena, as well as the processes of knowledge production and application by humans and computers. In turn, the book presents autonomous systems that are called upon to replace humans in complex operations as a step toward strong AI, and discusses the risks – real or hypothetical – of the careless use of these systems. It compares human and machine intelligence, attempting to answer the question of whether and to what extent computers, as they stand today, can approach human-level situation awareness and decision-making. Lastly, the book explains the functioning of individual consciousness as an autonomous system that manages short- and long-term objectives on the basis of value criteria and accumulated knowledge. It discusses how individual values are shaped in society and the role of institutions in fostering and maintaining a common set of values for strengthening social cohesion. The book differs from books on the philosophy of science in many respects, e.g. by considering knowledge in its multiple facets and degrees of validity and truthfulness. It follows the dualist tradition of logicians, emphasizing the importance of logic and language and considering an abstract concept of information very different from the one used in the physical sciences. From this perspective, it levels some hopefully well-founded criticism at approaches that consider information and knowledge as nothing more than the emergent properties of physical phenomena. The book strikes a balance between popular books that sidestep fundamental issues and focus on sensationalism, and scientific or philosophical books that are not accessible to non-experts. As such, it is intended for a broad audience interested in the role of knowledge as a driver for change and development, and as a common good whose production and application could shape the future of humanity.
Understanding and Conducting Research in the Health Sciences
by Christopher J. Cunningham Bart L. Weathington David J. PittengerA comprehensive introduction to behavioral and social science research methods in the health sciencesUnderstanding and Conducting Research in the Health Sciences is designed to develop and facilitate the ability to conduct research and understand the practical value of designing, conducting, interpreting, and reporting behavioral and social science research findings in the health science and medical fields. The book provides complete coverage of the process behind these research methods, including information-gathering, decision formation, and results presentation.Examining the application of behavioral and social science research methodologies within the health sciences, the book focuses on implementing and developing relevant research questions, collecting and managing data, and communicating various research perspectives. An essential book for readers looking to possess an understanding of all aspects of conducting research in the health science field, Understanding and Conducting Research in the Health Sciences features:Various research designs that are appropriate for use in the health sciences, including single-participant, multi-group, longitudinal, correlational, and experimental designsStep-by-step coverage of single-factor and multifactor studies as well as single-subject and nonexperimental methodsAccessible chapter explanations, real-world examples, and numerous illustrations throughoutGuidance regarding how to write about research within the formatting styles of the American Medical Association and the American Psychological AssociationThe book is an excellent educational resource for healthcare and health service practitioners and researchers who are interested in conducting and understanding behavioral and social science research done within the health sciences arena. The book is also a useful resource for students taking courses in the fields of medicine, public health, epidemiology, biostatistics, and the health sciences.
Understanding and Interpreting Machine Learning in Medical Image Computing Applications: First International Workshops, Mlcn 2018, Dlf 2018, And Imimic 2018, Held In Conjunction With Miccai 2018, Granada, Spain, September 16-20, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11038)
by Danail Stoyanov Zeike Taylor Seyed Mostafa Kia Ipek Oguz Mauricio Reyes Anne Martel Lena Maier-Hein Andre F. Marquand Edouard Duchesnay Tommy Löfstedt Bennett Landman M. Jorge Cardoso Carlos A. Silva Sergio Pereira Raphael MeierThis book constitutes the refereed joint proceedings of the First International Workshop on Machine Learning in Clinical Neuroimaging, MLCN 2018, the First International Workshop on Deep Learning Fails, DLF 2018, and the First International Workshop on Interpretability of Machine Intelligence in Medical Image Computing, iMIMIC 2018, held in conjunction with the 21st International Conference on Medical Imaging and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2018, in Granada, Spain, in September 2018. The 4 full MLCN papers, the 6 full DLF papers, and the 6 full iMIMIC papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected. The MLCN contributions develop state-of-the-art machine learning methods such as spatio-temporal Gaussian process analysis, stochastic variational inference, and deep learning for applications in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and multi-site neuroimaging data analysis; the DLF papers evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of DL and identify the main challenges in the current state of the art and future directions; the iMIMIC papers cover a large range of topics in the field of interpretability of machine learning in the context of medical image analysis.
Understanding and Managing Socioeconomic Systems Behaviour: Applications of Qualitative and Quantitative System Dynamics and Agent-Based Modelling in Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals, Finance, Arts and Culture, Sociology and Education Systems (Contributions to Management Science)
by Rossen Kazakov Penka Petrova Yavora KazakovaThis book illustrates effective decision-making in complex socio-economic systems utilising system dynamics and agent-based simulation modelling approaches. It provides practical guidance on the application of conceptual and numerical modelling and simulation for analysing economic, strategic, regulatory, sociological and ethical questions from a complex systems perspective. Its theoretical, methodological and practical illustrations will enhance readers’ understanding of the application of simulation modelling for effective systems management. By virtually experimenting with alternative management scenarios, it will help them improve decision-making and control mechanisms. The book explores practical examples from the fields of pharmaceuticals, healthcare, finance, sociology, education and culture from a strategic, regulatory and ethics perspective. As such, it offers a valuable resource for managers, both at for-profit corporations and non-profit organisations, public policymakers and regulators alike.
Understanding and Teaching Primary Mathematics
by Tony CottonWritten by an education consultant with widespread experience of teaching mathematics in the UK and internationally, Understanding and Teaching Primary Mathematics seamlessly combines pedagogy and subject knowledge to build confidence and equip you with all the skills and know-how you need to successfully teach mathematics to children of any age. This 3rd edition has been fully updated to reflect the latest research developments and initiatives in the field, as well as key changes to both the UK National Curriculum and International Baccalaureate, including a brand new chapter on 'Algebra' and a reworked focus on the early years. Extra features also include helpful call-outs to the book's revised and updated companion website, which offers a shared site with a range of resources relevant to both this book and its new companion volume, Teaching for Mathematical Understanding. Stimulating, accessible and well-illustrated, with comprehensive coverage of subject knowledge and pedagogy, Understanding and Teaching Primary Mathematics is an essential purchase for trainee and practising teachers alike. Companion website features new to this edition include: video clips in which the author demonstrates the concepts covered in the book through teaching to a real class PowerPoint presentations which provide support for those using the book as a part of a teacher training course updated weblinks to external sites with useful teaching information and resources
Understanding and Teaching Primary Mathematics in Australia
by Tony Cotton Jess Greenbaum Michael MinasWritten by experienced teacher educator and author, Tony Cotton, and two Australian primary teachers, Jess Greenbaum and Michael Minas, Understanding and Teaching Primary Mathematics in Australia combines pedagogy and mathematics subject knowledge to build teachers’ confidence both in their mathematical subject knowledge and in their ability to teach mathematics effectively. The book covers all the key areas of the Australian Curriculum for mathematics from teaching number and calculation strategies to exploring geometry and statistics. There are also chapters that deal with the teaching of mathematics in the Early Years, inclusive approaches to mathematics teaching and teaching mathematics using ICT. Stimulating, accessible and containing a wealth of practical ideas for use in the classroom, Understanding and Teaching Primary Mathematics in Australia is an essential text for graduate and practicing teachers alike.
Understanding Atmospheric Rivers Using Machine Learning (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Manish Kumar Goyal Shivam SinghThis book delves into the characterization, impacts, drivers, and predictability of atmospheric rivers (AR). It begins with the historical background and mechanisms governing AR formation, giving insights into the global and regional perspectives of ARs, observing their varying manifestations across different geographical contexts. The book explores the key characteristics of ARs, from their frequency and duration to intensity, unraveling the intricate relationship between atmospheric rivers and precipitation. The book also focus on the intersection of ARs with large-scale climate oscillations, such as El Niño and La Niña events, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The chapters help understand how these climate phenomena influence AR behavior, offering a nuanced perspective on climate modeling and prediction. The book also covers artificial intelligence (AI) applications, from pattern recognition to prediction modeling and early warning systems. A case study on AR prediction using deep learning models exemplifies the practical applications of AI in this domain. The book culminates by underscoring the interdisciplinary nature of AR research and the synergy between atmospheric science, climatology, and artificial intelligence
Understanding Audiences, Customers, and Users via Analytics: An Introduction to the Employment of Web, Social, and Other Types of Digital People Data (Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services)
by Bernard J. Jansen Kholoud K. Aldous Joni Salminen Hind Almerekhi Soon-gyo JungThis book presents the foundations of using analytics from the laboratory, social media platforms, and the web. The authors cover key topics including analytics strategy, data gathering approaches, data preprocessing, data quality assessment, analytical methods, tools, and validation methods. The book includes chapters explaining web analytics, social media analytics, and how to create an analytics strategy. The authors also cover on data sources, such as online surveys, crowdsourcing, eye tracking, mouse tracking, social media APIs, search logs, and analytics triangulation. The book also discusses analytical tools for social media analytics, search analytics, persona analytics, user studies, and website analytics. The authors conclude by examining the validity of online analytics.
Understanding Basic Statistics
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseNIMAC-sourced textbook
Understanding Basic Statistics
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseNIMAC-sourced textbook
Understanding Basic Statistics
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseUNDERSTANDING BASIC STATISTICS provides plenty of guidance and informal advice as it demonstrates the links between statistics and the real world. Its reader-friendly approach helps you grasp the concepts and see how they relate to your life. A complete technology package, including JMP statistical software, gives you the tools you need to practice what you're learning and succeed in the course.
Understanding Basic Statistics
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseNIMAC-sourced textbook
Understanding Basic Statistics
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseA condensed and more streamlined version of the very popular and widely used UNDERSTANDABLE STATISTICS, Ninth Edition, this book offers instructors an effective way to teach the essentials of statistics, including early coverage of Regression, within a more limited time frame. Designed to help students overcome their apprehension about statistics, UNDERSTANDING BASIC STATISTICS, Fifth Edition, is a thorough yet approachable text that provides plenty of guidance and informal advice demonstrating the links between statistics and the world. The strengths of the text include an applied approach that helps students realize the real-world significance of statistics, an accessible exposition, and a new, complete technology package. The Fifth Edition addresses the growing importance of developing students' critical thinking and statistical literacy skills with the introduction of new features and exercises throughout the text. The use of the graphing calculator, Microsoft Excel, Minitab, and SPSS is covered but not required.
Understanding Basic Statistics (Fourth Edition)
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseWelcome to the exciting world of statistics! We have written this text to make statistics accessible to everyone, including those with a limited mathematics background. Statistics affects all aspects of our lives. Whether we are testing new medical devices or determining what will entertain us, applications of statistics are so numerous that, in a sense, we are limited only by our own imagination in discovering new uses for statistics.
Understanding Basic Statistics Sixth Edition
by Charles Henry Brase Corrinne Pellillo BraseUNDERSTANDING BASIC STATISTICS, Sixth Edition, provides plenty of guidance and informal advice demonstrating the links between statistics and the real world. Thorough yet abbreviated, the text offers a reader-friendly style and a new, complete technology package to supplement learning.
Understanding Biostatistics
by Anders KällénUnderstanding Biostatistics looks at the fundamentals of biostatistics, using elementary statistics to explore the nature of statistical tests.This book is intended to complement first-year statistics and biostatistics textbooks. The main focus here is on ideas, rather than on methodological details. Basic concepts are illustrated with representations from history, followed by technical discussions on what different statistical methods really mean. Graphics are used extensively throughout the book in order to introduce mathematical formulae in an accessible way.Key features:Discusses confidence intervals and p-values in terms of confidence functions. Explains basic statistical methodology represented in terms of graphics rather than mathematical formulae, whilst highlighting the mathematical basis of biostatistics. Looks at problems of estimating parameters in statistical models and looks at the similarities between different models. Provides an extensive discussion on the position of statistics within the medical scientific process. Discusses distribution functions, including the Guassian distribution and its importance in biostatistics. This book will be useful for biostatisticians with little mathematical background as well as those who want to understand the connections in biostatistics and mathematical issues.
Understanding Biplots
by Sugnet Gardner Lubbe Niel J. Le Roux John C. GowerBiplots are a graphical method for simultaneously displaying two kinds of information; typically, the variables and sample units described by a multivariate data matrix or the items labelling the rows and columns of a two-way table. This book aims to popularize what is now seen to be a useful and reliable method for the visualization of multidimensional data associated with, for example, principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, multidimensional scaling, multiplicative interaction and various types of correspondence analysis.Understanding Biplots:* Introduces theory and techniques which can be applied to problems from a variety of areas, including ecology, biostatistics, finance, demography and other social sciences.* Provides novel techniques for the visualization of multidimensional data and includes data mining techniques.* Uses applications from many fields including finance, biostatistics, ecology, demography.* Looks at dealing with large data sets as well as smaller ones.* Includes colour images, illustrating the graphical capabilities of the methods.* Is supported by a Website featuring R code and datasets.Researchers, practitioners and postgraduate students of statistics and the applied sciences will find this book a useful introduction to the possibilities of presenting data in informative ways.
Understanding Business Dynamics: AN INTEGRATED DATA SYSTEM FOR AMERICA'S FUTURE
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThe U.S. economy is highly dynamic: businesses open and close, workers switch jobs and start new enterprises, and innovative technologies redefine the workplace and enhance productivity. With globalization markets have also become more interconnected. Measuring business activity in this rapidly evolving environment increasingly requires tracking complex interactions among firms, establishments, employers, and employees. Understanding Business Dynamics presents strategies for improving the accuracy, timeliness, coverage, and integration of data that are used in constructing aggregate economic statistics, as well as in microlevel analyses of topics ranging from job creation and destruction and firm entry and exit to innovation and productivity. This book offers recommendations that could be enacted by federal statistical agencies to modernize the measurement of business dynamics, particularly the production of information on small and young firms that can have a disproportionately large impact in rapidly expanding economic sectors. It also outlines the need for effective coordination of existing survey and administrative data sources, which is essential to improving the depth and coverage of business data.
Understanding Clinical Data Analysis
by Ton J. Cleophas Aeilko H. ZwindermanThis textbook consists of ten chapters, and is a must-read to all medical and health professionals, who already have basic knowledge of how to analyze their clinical data, but still, wonder, after having done so, why procedures were performed the way they were. The book is also a must-read to those who tend to submerge in the flood of novel statistical methodologies, as communicated in current clinical reports, and scientific meetings. In the past few years, the HOW-SO of current statistical tests has been made much more simple than it was in the past, thanks to the abundance of statistical software programs of an excellent quality. However, the WHY-SO may have been somewhat under-emphasized. For example, why do statistical tests constantly use unfamiliar terms, like probability distributions, hypothesis testing, randomness, normality, scientific rigor, and why are Gaussian curves so hard, and do they make non-mathematicians getting lost all the time? The book will cover the WHY-SOs.
Understanding Clinical Papers
by David Bowers Allan House David Owens Bridgette BewickUnderstanding Clinical Papers is a popular and well established introduction to reading clinical papers. It unravels the process of evidence-based practice, using real papers to illustrate how to understand and evaluate published research, and it goes on to provide explanations of important research-related topics.
Understanding Complex Biological Systems with Mathematics (Association for Women in Mathematics Series #14)
by Ami Radunskaya Rebecca Segal Blerta ShtyllaThis volume examines a variety of biological and medical problems using mathematical models to understand complex system dynamics. Featured topics include autism spectrum disorder, ectoparasites and allogrooming, argasid ticks dynamics, super-fast nematocyst firing, cancer-immune population dynamics, and the spread of disease through populations. Applications are investigated with mathematical models using a variety of techniques in ordinary and partial differential equations, difference equations, Markov-chain models, Monte-Carlo simulations, network theory, image analysis, and immersed boundary method. Each article offers a thorough explanation of the methodologies used and numerous tables and color illustrations to explain key results. This volume is suitable for graduate students and researchers interested in current applications of mathematical models in the biosciences.The research featured in this volume began among newly-formed collaborative groups at the 2017 Women Advancing Mathematical Biology Workshop that took place at the Mathematical Biosciences Institute in Columbus, Ohio. The groups spent one intensive week working at MBI and continued their collaborations after the workshop, resulting in the work presented in this volume.
Understanding Computational Bayesian Statistics (Wiley Series in Computational Statistics #644)
by William M. BolstadA hands-on introduction to computational statistics from a Bayesian point of view Providing a solid grounding in statistics while uniquely covering the topics from a Bayesian perspective, Understanding Computational Bayesian Statistics successfully guides readers through this new, cutting-edge approach. With its hands-on treatment of the topic, the book shows how samples can be drawn from the posterior distribution when the formula giving its shape is all that is known, and how Bayesian inferences can be based on these samples from the posterior. These ideas are illustrated on common statistical models, including the multiple linear regression model, the hierarchical mean model, the logistic regression model, and the proportional hazards model. The book begins with an outline of the similarities and differences between Bayesian and the likelihood approaches to statistics. Subsequent chapters present key techniques for using computer software to draw Monte Carlo samples from the incompletely known posterior distribution and performing the Bayesian inference calculated from these samples. Topics of coverage include: Direct ways to draw a random sample from the posterior by reshaping a random sample drawn from an easily sampled starting distribution The distributions from the one-dimensional exponential family Markov chains and their long-run behavior The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm Gibbs sampling algorithm and methods for speeding up convergence Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling Using numerous graphs and diagrams, the author emphasizes a step-by-step approach to computational Bayesian statistics. At each step, important aspects of application are detailed, such as how to choose a prior for logistic regression model, the Poisson regression model, and the proportional hazards model. A related Web site houses R functions and Minitab macros for Bayesian analysis and Monte Carlo simulations, and detailed appendices in the book guide readers through the use of these software packages. Understanding Computational Bayesian Statistics is an excellent book for courses on computational statistics at the upper-level undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners who use computer programs to conduct statistical analyses of data and solve problems in their everyday work.
Understanding Correlation Matrices (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences)
by Alexandria R. Hadd Joseph Lee RodgersCorrelation matrices (along with their unstandardized counterparts, covariance matrices) underlie the majority the statistical methods that researchers use today. A correlation matrix is more than a matrix filled with correlation coefficients. The value of one correlation in the matrix puts constraints on the values of the others, and the multivariate implications of this statement is a major theme of the volume. Alexandria Hadd and Joseph Lee Rodgers cover many features of correlations matrices including statistical hypothesis tests, their role in factor analysis and structural equation modeling, and graphical approaches. They illustrate the discussion with a wide range of lively examples including correlations between intelligence measured at different ages through adolescence; correlations between country characteristics such as public health expenditures, health life expectancy, and adult mortality; correlations between well-being and state-level vital statistics; correlations between the racial composition of cities and professional sports teams; and correlations between childbearing intentions and childbearing outcomes over the reproductive life course. This volume may be used effectively across a number of disciplines in both undergraduate and graduate statistics classrooms, and also in the research laboratory.
Understanding Correlation Matrices (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences)
by Alexandria R. Hadd Joseph Lee RodgersCorrelation matrices (along with their unstandardized counterparts, covariance matrices) underlie the majority the statistical methods that researchers use today. A correlation matrix is more than a matrix filled with correlation coefficients. The value of one correlation in the matrix puts constraints on the values of the others, and the multivariate implications of this statement is a major theme of the volume. Alexandria Hadd and Joseph Lee Rodgers cover many features of correlations matrices including statistical hypothesis tests, their role in factor analysis and structural equation modeling, and graphical approaches. They illustrate the discussion with a wide range of lively examples including correlations between intelligence measured at different ages through adolescence; correlations between country characteristics such as public health expenditures, health life expectancy, and adult mortality; correlations between well-being and state-level vital statistics; correlations between the racial composition of cities and professional sports teams; and correlations between childbearing intentions and childbearing outcomes over the reproductive life course. This volume may be used effectively across a number of disciplines in both undergraduate and graduate statistics classrooms, and also in the research laboratory.
Understanding Demographic Transitions
by Claude Diebolt Faustine PerrinThis book studies the process of demographic transition which has played a key role in the economic development of Western countries. The special focus is on France, which constitutes the first clear case of fertility decline in Europe. The book analyzes the reasons behind this phenomenon by examining the evolution of demographic variables in France over the past two hundred years. To better understand the reasons of the changing patterns of demographic behavior, the authors investigate the development of the female labor force, study educational investments, and explore the evolution of gender roles and relations.