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Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2023: 26th International Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 8–12, 2023, Proceedings, Part VI (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14225)
by Hayit Greenspan Anant Madabhushi Parvin Mousavi Septimiu Salcudean James Duncan Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood Russell TaylorThe ten-volume set LNCS 14220, 14221, 14222, 14223, 14224, 14225, 14226, 14227, 14228, and 14229 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2023, which was held in Vancouver, Canada, in October 2023. The 730 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 2250 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Machine learning with limited supervision and machine learning – transfer learning; Part II: Machine learning – learning strategies; machine learning – explainability, bias, and uncertainty; Part III: Machine learning – explainability, bias and uncertainty; image segmentation; Part IV: Image segmentation; Part V: Computer-aided diagnosis; Part VI: Computer-aided diagnosis; computational pathology; Part VII: Clinical applications – abdomen; clinical applications – breast; clinical applications – cardiac; clinical applications – dermatology; clinical applications – fetal imaging; clinical applications – lung; clinical applications – musculoskeletal; clinical applications – oncology; clinical applications – ophthalmology; clinical applications – vascular; Part VIII: Clinical applications – neuroimaging; microscopy; Part IX: Image-guided intervention, surgical planning, and data science; Part X: Image reconstruction and image registration.
Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2023: 26th International Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 8–12, 2023, Proceedings, Part V (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14224)
by Hayit Greenspan Anant Madabhushi Parvin Mousavi Septimiu Salcudean James Duncan Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood Russell TaylorThe ten-volume set LNCS 14220, 14221, 14222, 14223, 14224, 14225, 14226, 14227, 14228, and 14229 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2023, which was held in Vancouver, Canada, in October 2023. The 730 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 2250 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Machine learning with limited supervision and machine learning – transfer learning; Part II: Machine learning – learning strategies; machine learning – explainability, bias, and uncertainty; Part III: Machine learning – explainability, bias and uncertainty; image segmentation; Part IV: Image segmentation; Part V: Computer-aided diagnosis; Part VI: Computer-aided diagnosis; computational pathology; Part VII: Clinical applications – abdomen; clinical applications – breast; clinical applications – cardiac; clinical applications – dermatology; clinical applications – fetal imaging; clinical applications – lung; clinical applications – musculoskeletal; clinical applications – oncology; clinical applications – ophthalmology; clinical applications – vascular; Part VIII: Clinical applications – neuroimaging; microscopy; Part IX: Image-guided intervention, surgical planning, and data science; Part X: Image reconstruction and image registration.
Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI 2016
by Sebastien Ourselin Leo Joskowicz Mert R. Sabuncu Gozde Unal William WellsThe three-volume set LNCS 9900, 9901, and 9902 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2016, held in Athens, Greece, in October 2016. Based on rigorous peer reviews, the program committee carefully selected 228 revised regular papers from 756 submissions for presentation in three volumes. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: Part I: brain analysis, brain analysis - connectivity; brain analysis - cortical morphology; Alzheimer disease; surgical guidance and tracking; computer aided interventions; ultrasound image analysis; cancer image analysis; Part II: machine learning and feature selection; deep learning in medical imaging; applications of machine learning; segmentation; cell image analysis; Part III: registration and deformation estimation; shape modeling; cardiac and vascular image analysis; image reconstruction; and MR image analysis.
Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2016: 19th International Conference, Athens, Greece, October 17-21, 2016, Proceedings, Part III (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #9902)
by Sebastien Ourselin Leo Joskowicz Mert R. Sabuncu Gozde Unal William WellsThe three-volume set LNCS 9900, 9901, and 9902 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2016, held in Athens, Greece, in October 2016. Based on rigorous peer reviews, the program committee carefully selected 228 revised regular papers from 756 submissions for presentation in three volumes. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: Part I: brain analysis, brain analysis - connectivity; brain analysis - cortical morphology; Alzheimer disease; surgical guidance and tracking; computer aided interventions; ultrasound image analysis; cancer image analysis; Part II: machine learning and feature selection; deep learning in medical imaging; applications of machine learning; segmentation; cell image analysis; Part III: registration and deformation estimation; shape modeling; cardiac and vascular image analysis; image reconstruction; and MR image analysis.
Medical Image Processing
by Geoff DoughertyThe book is designed for end users in the field of digital imaging, who wish to update their skills and understanding with the latest techniques in image analysis. The book emphasizes the conceptual framework of image analysis and the effective use of image processing tools. It uses applications in a variety of fields to demonstrate and consolidate both specific and general concepts, and to build intuition, insight and understanding. Although the chapters are essentially self-contained they reference other chapters to form an integrated whole. Each chapter employs a pedagogical approach to ensure conceptual learning before introducing specific techniques and "tricks of the trade". The book concentrates on a number of current research applications, and will present a detailed approach to each while emphasizing the applicability of techniques to other problems. The field of topics is wide, ranging from compressive (non-uniform) sampling in MRI, through automated retinal vessel analysis to 3-D ultrasound imaging and more. The book is amply illustrated with figures and applicable medical images. The reader will learn the techniques which experts in the field are currently employing and testing to solve particular research problems, and how they may be applied to other problems.
Medical Image Processing, Reconstruction and Analysis: Concepts and Methods, Second Edition (Signal Processing and Communications #2)
by Jiri JanDifferently oriented specialists and students involved in image processing and analysis need to have a firm grasp of concepts and methods used in this now widely utilized area. This book aims at being a single-source reference providing such foundations in the form of theoretical yet clear and easy to follow explanations of underlying generic concepts. Medical Image Processing, Reconstruction and Analysis – Concepts and Methods explains the general principles and methods of image processing and analysis, focusing namely on applications used in medical imaging. The content of this book is divided into three parts: Part I – Images as Multidimensional Signals provides the introduction to basic image processing theory, explaining it for both analogue and digital image representations. Part II – Imaging Systems as Data Sources offers a non-traditional view on imaging modalities, explaining their principles influencing properties of the obtained images that are to be subsequently processed by methods described in this book. Newly, principles of novel modalities, as spectral CT, functional MRI, ultrafast planar-wave ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography are included. Part III – Image Processing and Analysis focuses on tomographic image reconstruction, image fusion and methods of image enhancement and restoration; further it explains concepts of low-level image analysis as texture analysis, image segmentation and morphological transforms. A new chapter deals with selected areas of higher-level analysis, as principal and independent component analysis and particularly the novel analytic approach based on deep learning. Briefly, also the medical image-processing environment is treated, including processes for image archiving and communication. Features Presents a theoretically exact yet understandable explanation of image processing and analysis concepts and methods Offers practical interpretations of all theoretical conclusions, as derived in the consistent explanation Provides a concise treatment of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities including novel ones, with respect to properties of provided image data
Medical Image Synthesis: Methods and Clinical Applications (Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy)
by Xiaofeng YangImage synthesis across and within medical imaging modalities is an active area of research with broad applications in radiology and radiation oncology. This book covers the principles and methods of medical image synthesis, along with state-of-the-art research. First, various traditional non-learning-based, traditional machine-learning-based, and recent deep-learning-based medical image synthesis methods are reviewed. Second, specific applications of different inter- and intra-modality image synthesis tasks and of synthetic image-aided segmentation and registration are introduced and summarized, listing and highlighting the proposed methods, study designs, and reported performances with the related clinical applications of representative studies. Third, the clinical usages of medical image synthesis, such as treatment planning and image-guided adaptive radiotherapy, are discussed. Last, the limitations and current challenges of various medical synthesis applications are explored, along with future trends and potential solutions to solve these difficulties. The benefits of medical image synthesis have sparked growing interest in a number of advanced clinical applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-only radiation therapy treatment planning and positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI scanning. This book will be a comprehensive and exciting resource for undergraduates, graduates, researchers, and practitioners.
Medical Image Watermarking
by Amit Kumar Singh Basant Kumar Ghanshyam Singh Anand MohanThis book presents medical image watermarking techniques and algorithms for telemedicine and other emerging applications. This book emphasizes on medical image watermarking to ensure the authenticity of transmitted medical information. It begins with an introduction of digital watermarking, important characteristics, novel applications, different watermarking attacks and standard benchmark tools. This book also covers spatial and transform domain medical image watermarking techniques and their merits and limitations. The authors have developed improved/novel watermarking techniques for telemedicine applications that offer higher robustness, better perceptual quality and increased embedding capacity and secure watermark. The suggested methods may find potential applications in the prevention of patient identity theft and health data management issues which is a growing concern in telemedicine applications. This book provides a sound platform for understanding the medical image watermarking paradigm for researchers in the field and advanced-level students. Industry professionals working in this field, as well as other emerging applications demanding robust and secure watermarking will find this book useful as a reference.
Medical Imaging: Artificial Intelligence, Image Recognition, and Machine Learning Techniques (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #651)
by K. C. Santosh Sameer Antani D. S. Guru Nilanjan DeyThe book discusses varied topics pertaining to advanced or up-to-date techniques in medical imaging using artificial intelligence (AI), image recognition (IR) and machine learning (ML) algorithms/techniques. Further, coverage includes analysis of chest radiographs (chest x-rays) via stacked generalization models, TB type detection using slice separation approach, brain tumor image segmentation via deep learning, mammogram mass separation, epileptic seizures, breast ultrasound images, knee joint x-ray images, bone fracture detection and labeling, and diabetic retinopathy. It also reviews 3D imaging in biomedical applications and pathological medical imaging.
Medical Imaging: Technology and Applications (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Alice Wilmere Norton ShawThe book has two intentions. First, it assembles the latest research in the field of medical imaging technology in one place. Detailed descriptions of current state-of-the-art medical imaging systems (comprised of x-ray CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine) and data processing techniques are discussed. Information is provided that will give interested engineers and scientists a solid foundation from which to build with additional resources. Secondly, it exposes the reader to myriad applications that medical imaging technology has enabled.
Medical Imaging
by Anthony B. Wolbarst Andrew R. Wyant Patrizio Capasso"An excellent primer on medical imaging for all members of the medical profession . . . including non-radiological specialists. It is technically solid and filled with diagrams and clinical images illustrating important points, but it is also easily readable . . . So many outstanding chapters . . . The book uses little mathematics beyond simple algebra [and] presents complex ideas in very understandable terms."-Melvin E. Clouse, MD, Vice Chairman Emeritus, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Deaconess Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical SchoolA well-known medical physicist and author, an interventional radiologist, and an emergency room physician with no special training in radiology have collaborated to write, in the language familiar to physicians, an introduction to the technology and clinical applications of medical imaging. It is intentionally brief and not overly detailed, intended to help clinicians with very little free time rapidly gain enough command of the critically important imaging tools of their trade to be able to discuss them confidently with medical and technical colleagues; to explain the general ideas accurately to students, nurses, and technologists; and to describe them effectively to concerned patients and loved ones. Chapter coverage includes:Introduction: Dr. Doe's HeadachesSketches of the Standard Imaging ModalitiesImage Quality and DoseCreating Subject Contrast in the Primary X-Ray ImageTwentieth-Century (Analog) Radiography and FluoroscopyRadiation Dose and Radiogenic Cancer RiskTwenty-First-Century (Digital) ImagingDigital Planar ImagingComputed TomographyNuclear Medicine (Including SPECT and PET)Diagnostic Ultrasound (Including Doppler)MRI in One Dimension and with No RelaxationMapping T1 and T2 Proton Spin Relaxation in 3DEvolving and Experimental Modalities
Medical Imaging and Augmented Reality
by Su-Lin Lee Philippe Cattin Pierre Jannin Hongen Liao Guoyan ZhengThe 4th International Workshop on Medical Imaging and Augmented Reality, MIAR 2008, was held at the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan during August 1-2, 2008. The goal of MIAR 2008 was to bring together researchersin medical imaging and intervention to present state-of-the-art developments in this ever-growing research area. Rapid technical advances in medical imaging, including its gr- ing application in drug/gene therapy and invasive/interventional procedures, have attracted signi?cant interest in the close integration of research in the life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, and engineering. Current research is also motivated by the fact that medical imaging is moving increasingly from a p- marily diagnostic modality towards a therapeutic and interventional aid, driven by the streamlining of diagnostic and therapeutic processes for human diseases by means of imaging modalities and robotic-assisted surgery. The impact of MIAR on these ?elds increases each year, and the quality of submitted papers this yearwas veryimpressive. We received90 full submissions, which were subsequently reviewed by up to ?ve reviewers. Reviewer a?liations were carefully checked against author a?liations to avoid con?icts of interest, and the review process was run as a double-blind process. A special procedure was also devised for papers from the universities of the organizers, upholding a double-blind review process for these papers. The MIAR 2008 Program C- mittee ?nally accepted 44 full papers. For this workshop, we also included three papers from the invited speakers coveringregistration and segmentation, virtual reality, and perceptual docking for robotic control.
Medical Imaging and Computer-Aided Diagnosis: Proceeding of 2020 International Conference on Medical Imaging and Computer-Aided Diagnosis (MICAD 2020) (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #633)
by Han Liu Ruidan SuThis book covers virtually all aspects of image formation in medical imaging, including systems based on ionizing radiation (x-rays, gamma rays) and non-ionizing techniques (ultrasound, optical, thermal, magnetic resonance, and magnetic particle imaging) alike. In addition, it discusses the development and application of computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) systems in medical imaging. Given its coverage, the book provides both a forum and valuable resource for researchers involved in image formation, experimental methods, image performance, segmentation, pattern recognition, feature extraction, classifier design, machine learning / deep learning, radiomics, CAD workstation design, human–computer interaction, databases, and performance evaluation.
Medical Imaging and Computer-Aided Diagnosis: Proceedings of 2022 International Conference on Medical Imaging and Computer-Aided Diagnosis (MICAD 2022) (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #810)
by Ruidan Su Yudong Zhang Han Liu Alejandro F FrangiThis book covers virtually all aspects of image formation in medical imaging, including systems based on ionizing radiation (x-rays, gamma rays) and non-ionizing techniques (ultrasound, optical, thermal, magnetic resonance, and magnetic particle imaging) alike. In addition, it discusses the development and application of computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) systems in medical imaging. Given its coverage, the book provides both a forum and valuable resource for researchers involved in image formation, experimental methods, image performance, segmentation, pattern recognition, feature extraction, classifier design, machine learning / deep learning, radiomics, CAD workstation design, human–computer interaction, databases, and performance evaluation.
Medical Imaging and its Security in Telemedicine Applications (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Rohit Thanki Surekha BorraThis book introduces medical imaging, its security requirements, and various security mechanisms using data hiding approaches. The book in particular provides medical data hiding techniques using various advanced image transforms and encryption methods. The book focuses on two types of data hiding techniques: steganography and watermarking for medical images. The authors show how these techniques are used for security and integrity verification of medical images and designed for various types of medical images such as grayscale image and color image. The implementation of techniques are done using discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), redundant DWT (RDWT), fast discrete curvelet transform (FDCuT), finite ridgelet transform (FRT) and non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). The results of these techniques are also demonstrated after description of each technique. Finally, some future research directions are provided for security of medical images in telemedicine application.
Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Research: Skills And Strategies
by Aarthi RamlaulThis exciting new book equips radiography students and practitioners with the key skills and strategies required to undertake research within medical imaging and radiotherapy and to disseminate the research findings effectively. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are covered, with guidance provided on the entire research process, from literature researching, information management and literature evaluation through to data collection, data analysis, and writing up. Attention is drawn to sampling errors and other potential sources of bias, and the conduct of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses are clearly explained. Specific instruction is given on the structure and presentation of dissertations, writing journal articles for publication, and the dissemination of research findings at conferences. Information on patient and public involvement in research and research funding bodies are also provided with advice on how to maximize the likelihood of success when submitting applications for funding.
Medical Imaging Contrast Agents: A Clinical Manual
by Sukru Mehmet Erturk Pablo R. Ros Tomoaki Ichikawa Suzan SaylisoyThis volume highlights and broadens our understanding of the correct use and the possible contraindications of contrast agents applied in radiology. Written by experts in the field, it not only focuses on the chemistry, physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of both iodinated and gadolinium-containing contrast agents, but also on the relevant safety issues such as frequency of their short- and long-term side effects and ways to avoid them nephrotoxicity risk related to the iodinated contrast agents NSF (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis) accumulation of gadolinium in the brain use of contrast agents in pediatric patients and pregnancy It also includes essential data on the use of contrast agents, such as scanning protocols, in the context of various clinical conditions. This comprehensive manual addresses all professionals involved in radiological imaging and is an invaluable tool for radiologists and technologists, as well as for residents and clinicians.
Medical Imaging for Health Professionals: Technologies and Clinical Applications
by Raymond M. ReillyDescribes the most common imaging technologies and their diagnostic applications so that pharmacists and other health professionals, as well as imaging researchers, can understand and interpret medical imaging science This book guides pharmacists and other health professionals and researchers to understand and interpret medical imaging. Divided into two sections, it covers both fundamental principles and clinical applications. It describes the most common imaging technologies and their use to diagnose diseases. In addition, the authors introduce the emerging role of molecular imaging including PET in the diagnosis of cancer and to assess the effectiveness of cancer treatments. The book features many illustrations and discusses many patient case examples. Medical Imaging for Health Professionals: Technologies and Clinical Applications offers in-depth chapters explaining the basic principles of: X-Ray, CT, and Mammography Technology; Nuclear Medicine Imaging Technology; Radionuclide Production and Radiopharmaceuticals; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technology; and Ultrasound Imaging Technology. It also provides chapters written by expert radiologists in well-explained terminology discussing clinical applications including: Cardiac Imaging; Lung Imaging; Breast Imaging; Endocrine Gland Imaging; Abdominal Imaging; Genitourinary Tract Imaging; Imaging of the Head, Neck, Spine and Brain; Musculoskeletal Imaging; and Molecular Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Teaches pharmacists, health professionals, and researchers the basics of medical imaging technology Introduces all of the customary imaging tools—X-ray, CT, ultrasound, MRI, SPECT, and PET—and describes their diagnostic applications Explains how molecular imaging aids in cancer diagnosis and in assessing the effectiveness of cancer treatments Includes many case examples of imaging applications for diagnosing common diseases Medical Imaging for Health Professionals: Technologies and Clinical Applications is an important resource for pharmacists, nurses, physiotherapists, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, radiological or nuclear medicine technologists, health physicists, radiotherapists, as well as researchers in the imaging field.
Medical Imaging in Clinical Applications
by Nilanjan Dey Vikrant Bhateja Aboul Ella HassanienThis volume comprises of 21 selected chapters, including two overview chapters devoted to abdominal imaging in clinical applications supported computer aided diagnosis approaches as well as different techniques for solving the pectoral muscle extraction problem in the preprocessing part of the CAD systems for detecting breast cancer in its early stage using digital mammograms. The aim of this book is to stimulate further research in medical imaging applications based algorithmic and computer based approaches and utilize them in real-world clinical applications. The book is divided into four parts, Part-I: Clinical Applications of Medical Imaging, Part-II: Classification and clustering, Part-III: Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) Tools and Case Studies and Part-IV: Bio-inspiring based Computer Aided diagnosis techniques.
Medical Imaging in Clinical Trials
by Colin G. Miller Joel Krasnow Lawrence H. SchwartzIn the last few years the use of medical imaging has increased exponentially in routine clinical practice. This has been reflected in a rapidly increasing use of medical imaging in clinical trials, through all phases. More recently this has culminated in a number of inter-disciplinary meetings with the various stake holders, including the FDA. Changes in the regulatory process has resulted, when it comes to the submission of data to the FDA, in a therapeutic agent where one or more of the trial end-points is the assessment of a radiological end-point. No longer is it sufficient to have the images read by the local investigator site. The FDA has also identified Medical Imaging as one of the key 6 points in the Critical Path initiative which was launched in 2004. This puts a keen focus on the role of imaging and the need to clearly identify and understand this aspect of clinical trials. As the pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device industry continues to identify ways to improve and speed up product development, medical imaging plays a more significant role. An understanding of the methodology and the metrics is therefore required but difficult to ascertain in one easy to read volume for individuals entering this field. This book will therefore fulfill this void, be it for the pharmaceutical personnel from medical director to monitor, or the Principal Investigator who is having to understand the complexities of the imaging and why it is having to be sent off-site for a 'central read. '
Medical Imaging Informatics
by Ricky K. Taira Alex A.T. BuiMedical Imaging Informatics provides an overview of this growing discipline, which stems from an intersection of biomedical informatics, medical imaging, computer science and medicine. Supporting two complementary views, this volume explores the fundamental technologies and algorithms that comprise this field, as well as the application of medical imaging informatics to subsequently improve healthcare research. Clearly written in a four part structure, this introduction follows natural healthcare processes, illustrating the roles of data collection and standardization, context extraction and modeling, and medical decision making tools and applications. Medical Imaging Informatics identifies core concepts within the field, explores research challenges that drive development, and includes current state-of-the-art methods and strategies.
Medical Imaging Methods: Recent Trends
by Ashutosh Kumar ShuklaThis book provides insights into current radiology practices in diagnostic imaging, discussing specific features of individual imaging techniques, such as sensitivity, specificity and accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio. It includes chapters on various established imaging methods as well as emerging methods such as EPR imaging, and their applications in the diagnosis of skin cancer, brain tumors, oral diseases and kidney cysts. Adopting a bottom-up approach and presenting the recent trends in a simple manner with the help of examples, the book appeals to a wide audience, including academics, researchers, medical and nursing students, as well as healthcare professionals in the field of imaging and radiology.
Medical Imaging Methods: Theory and Applications
by Ashutosh Kumar ShuklaThis volume presents pedagogical content to understand theoretical and practical aspects of diagnostic imaging techniques. It provides insights to current practices, and also discusses specific practical features like radiation exposure, radiation sensitivity, signal penetration, tissue interaction, and signal confinement with reference to individual imaging techniques. It also covers relatively less common imaging methods in addition to the established ones. It serves as a reference for researchers and students working in the field of medical, biomedical science, physics, and instrumentation. Key Features• Focusses on the clinical applications while ensuring a steady understanding of the underlying science• Follows a bottom-up approach to cover the theory, calculations, and modalities to aid students and researchers in biomedical imaging, radiology and instrumentation• Covers unique concepts of nanoparticle applications along with ethical issues in medical imaging
Medical Imaging Syst Tech & Ap: Computational Techniques (International Series In Engineering, Technology, And Applied Science #Vol. 3)
by Cornelius T LeondesFirst Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Medical Imaging Technology
by Mark A HaidekkerBiomedical imaging is a relatively young discipline that started with Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of the x-ray in 1895. X-ray imaging was rapidly adopted in hospitals around the world. However, it was the advent of computerized data and image processing that made revolutionary new imaging modalities possible. Today, cross-sections and three-dimensional reconstructions of the organs inside the human body is possible with unprecedented speed, detail and quality. This book provides an introduction into the principles of image formation of key medical imaging modalities: X-ray projection imaging, x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and radionuclide imaging. Recent developments in optical imaging are also covered. For each imaging modality, the introduction into the physical principles and sources of contrast is provided, followed by the methods of image formation, engineering aspects of the imaging devices, and a discussion of strengths and limitations of the modality. With this book, the reader gains a broad foundation of understanding and knowledge how today's medical imaging devices operate. In addition, the chapters in this book can serve as an entry point for the in-depth study of individual modalities by providing the essential basics of each modality in a comprehensive and easy-to-understand manner. As such, this book is equally attractive as a textbook for undergraduate or graduate biomedical imaging classes and as a reference and self-study guide for more specialized in-depth studies.