- Table View
- List View
Oral Board Review for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Study Guide For The Oral Boards
by Robert Reti Damian FindlayThe oral board exam for the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (ABOMS) can be intimidating to many surgeons due to the broad range of information one must know for the exam. However, while the examination guidelines provide a general outline of topics that may be covered, there is no true direction on how to prepare for it. Traditionally, candidates do so by using what are considered “underground” databanks, previous test questions, and power point presentations that run the gamut of commonly covered material. Until now, there have been no current comprehensive oral board review books available for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery boards. Oral Board Review for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery fills that gap as the go-to resource for those attempting to successfully challenge the oral boards and for residents to polish up on their training. Edited and authored by top physicians in the field, this book is concise and easy to read, yet thorough with high yield information. An outline of the pertinent material is reviewed, and a patient work up is presented. Important questions to ask, signs to look for, and labs/images to order are included. It also includes tables and keywords that are typically mentioned on the exam and also offers explanations to some key points. Next are cases, which are presented in a question and answer format. As the case progresses, more complicated scenarios requiring management are presented. Lastly, complications are covered, which is the final section of each board scenario. Included are basic topics the surgeon needs to know, followed by topics that are nice to know, and numerous highly debated/complex questions that are discussed among candidates preparing for the exam. It should be noted that the authors are not privy to any inside information about the exam. What is presented is material candidates that have successfully passed the exam feel is important to know. This book is not endorsed by American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons or the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Oral Cancer
by Tadaaki Kirita Ken OmuraOral cancer is frequently diagnosed late, when the disease has advanced with lesions that are large and deeply invasive and with metastasis to regional lymph nodes, leading to increased mortality. Moreover, late diagnosis and treatment often result in considerable morbidity of oral and maxillofacial structures and poor appearance and function following therapy. This book provides head and neck oncologists, oral oncologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, medical oncologists, dentists and other members of dental teams furnishing supportive care with a systematic review of recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances in oral cancer. The various authoritative chapters are prepared by specialists who are active leaders in each basic and clinical field. All chapters address individual and collective issues that arise in managing oral cancer patients with difficult treatment problems and provide insight into the multiple valid management approaches available. The authors offer an extensive source of information about oral cancers and encourage the clinician to be flexible and innovative, giving physicians and medical personnel the background information to make the best, educated, responsible decisions for individual patients.
Oral Cancer Detection: Novel Strategies and Clinical Impact
by Prashanth PantaThis monograph equips clinicians with the knowledge required to detect oral cancer at the earliest possible stage while simultaneously inspiring researchers to work on novel methods of detection. All the methods employed in the oral cancer context are considered, from simple ones like oral screening to more complex emerging optical methods and biomarker identification strategies. Individual chapters focus on conventional oral screening and application of vital stains, optical methods like white light based fluorescence-reflectance imaging, narrow band imaging, direct-oral-microscopy, and more advanced methods like optical coherence tomography, an in-vivo optical biopsy technique, and photo-acoustic imaging that allows visualization of deeper tissue changes. Novel electrical methods like bio-impedance assessment, occult biophysical methods like crystallization test, and the most promising salivary biomarkers and point-of-care opportunities are covered. Helpful information is also provided on essential topics including, oral potentially malignant disorders, biological aspects and molecular mechanisms underlying oral cancer progression, global epidemiology, concept of diagnostic delays, traditional imaging, and classic histopathology and microscopic features. The newer techniques are currently of active research interest, and can soon become powerful chair-side tools with potential to reduce diagnostic delays and improve survival.
Oral Cancer Metastasis
by Jeffrey MyersSquamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (SCCOC) is one of the most prevalent tumors of the head and neck region. Despite improvements in treatment, the survival of patients with SCCOC has not significantly improved over the past several decades. Most frequently, treatment failure takes the form of local and regional recurrences, but as disease control in these areas improves, SCCOC treatment failures more commonly occur as distant metastasis. The presence of cervical lymph node metastasis is the most reliable adverse prognostic factor in patients with SCCOC, and extracapsular spread (ECS) of cervical lymph nodes metastasis is a particularly reliable predictor of regional and distant recurrence and death from disease. Decisions regarding elective and therapeutic management of cervical lymph node metastases are made mainly on clinical grounds as we cannot always predict cervical lymph node metastasis from the size and extent of invasion of the primary tumors. Therefore the treatment of the neck disease in the management of SCCOC remains controversial. The promise of using biomarker-based treatment decisions has yet to be fully realized due to our poor understanding of the mechanisms of regional and distant metastases of SCCOC. We will summarize the current status of investigations into SCCOC metastases and potential of these studies to impact basic research investigators and clinicians confronting SCCOC in the future.
Oral Candidosis
by Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro RosaThis book on oral candidosis is for dentists and related professionals who require a straightforward update on the important new advances relating to physiopathology, virulence and treatment. Essential concepts and advanced discoveries are presented in user-friendly language with the aim of providing a trustworthy reference guide that can be rapidly consulted whenever necessary. The rich and colorful photos have been carefully chosen to illustrate each theme and provide the reader with helpful visual support; informative diagrams, tables and charts are also included. The authors - dentists, physicians and pharmacists - have been selected on the basis of their expertise and scientific reputation. All of these "candidologists" have invested great effort in generating a unique and remarkable work that successfully translates scientific jargon into clinically relevant language.
Oral Cavity Reconstruction
by Terry A. Day Douglas A. GirodStanding as the most comprehensive reference on oral cancer reconstruction, this handbook serves as an all-encompassing compendium of surgical and cosmetic strategies for the reconstruction of bone, muscles, nerves, arteries, and anatomical structures of the oral cavity- covering wounds extending from the lips to the pharynx with detailed illustrat
Oral Cytology
by Ravi MehrotraOral Cytology: A Concise Guide provides a state-of-the-art review of the major issues specific to the field of oral cytology. The sections of the book have been structured to review the complexities of sample collection, manual/automated analysis, pitfalls, gray zones and controversies in diagnosis, as well as, issues not covered by other available materials. Recent advancements in ancillary techniques like DNA ploidy, image analysis and molecular biology are discussed in detail. This useful text is extensively illustrated with patient and microscopic pictures, which will further highlight the clinical application. Throughout the text, simultaneous inclusion of both cytologic and histologic images will allow cyto-histological correlation. Readers will find descriptions of techniques offering greater simplicity, speed, patient comfort and cost effectiveness, as well as improved diagnostic precision. This bench-side reference is a unique and valuable resource in the field of oral cytology, both for those currently in training and clinicians dealing with the diagnosis of oral lesions.
Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs
by Andreas Bernkop-SchnürchRecent and rapid progress in the field of biotechnology has resulted in an increasing number of novel macromolecular drugs with great promise for further advanced research and clinical application. However, the delivery of these macromolecular drugs by routes other than the parenteral route is difficult. The pipeline of macromolecular drugs derived from biotechnology presents a challenging opportunity to develop practical dosage forms that could be dosed via the oral route. Given this, the successful oral delivery of macromolecular drugs presents an enormous opportunity. Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs will provide an overview of the innovative oral delivery technologies that have demonstrated success in human testing and will go on to cite the challenges, strategies, and future trends that are to be expected.
Oral Diagnosis: Minimally Invasive Imaging Approaches
by Petra Wilder-Smith Janet AjdaharianThe overall goal of this book is to provide the reader with an understanding of the new minimally invasive techniques that are available for the purpose of diagnostic imaging in dentistry and to explain their impact on clinical practice. The book concentrates very much on those techniques that are clinically applicable and useful to dentists NOW, although it also provides a fascinating view to the future. The chapters are divided according to the major clinical topics in dentistry. Each chapter provides considerable visual content, including flow charts, schematics, and photographs. The principles of the technologies presented are discussed in an overview format, with greater detail and focus on the ensuing clinical application techniques and the data that they can generate. The strengths and limitations of the novel modalities are highlighted. Finally, the interface between the data and their capacity for improving clinical outcomes through better diagnosis is discussed. All of the authors have been selected on the basis of their pre-eminence in the field.
Oral Drug Delivery for Modified Release Formulations
by Michael S. Roberts Heather A. E. Benson Edmund S. Kostewicz Maria VertzoniORAL DRUG DELIVERY FOR MODIFIED RELEASE FORMULATIONS Provides pharmaceutical development scientists with a detailed reference guide for the development of MR formulations Oral Drug Delivery for Modified Release Formulations is an up-to-date review of the key aspects of oral absorption from modified-release (MR) dosage forms. This edited volume provides in-depth coverage of the physiological factors that influence drug release and of the design and evaluation of MR formulations. Divided into three sections, the book begins by describing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and detailing the conditions and absorption processes occurring in the GIT that determine a formulation’s oral bioavailability. The second section explores the design of modified release formulations, covering early drug substance testing, the biopharmaceutics classification system, an array of formulation technologies that can be used for MR dosage forms, and more. The final section focuses on in vitro, in silico, and in vivo evaluation and regulatory considerations for MR formulations. Topics include biorelevant dissolution testing, preclinical evaluation, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling (PBPK) of in vivo behaviour. Featuring contributions from leading researchers with expertise in the different aspects of MR formulations, this volume: Provides authoritative coverage of physiology, physicochemical determinants, and in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) Explains the different types of MR formulations and defines the key terms used in the field Discusses the present status of MR technologies and identifies current gaps in research Includes a summary of regulatory guidelines from both the US and the EU Shares industrial experiences and perspectives on the evaluation of MR dosage formulations Oral Drug Delivery for Modified Release Formulations is an invaluable reference and guide for researchers, industrial scientists, and graduate students in general areas of drug delivery including pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical sciences, biomedical engineering, polymer and materials science, and chemical and biochemical engineering.
Oral Epidemiology: A Textbook on Oral Health Conditions, Research Topics and Methods (Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry)
by Marco A. Peres Jose Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes Richard G. WattThis intermediate textbook on oral epidemiology is designed to meet the needs of advanced students in the fields of Dentistry and Oral Health and dentists in the early stages of their career. Readers will find detailed information on the epidemiology of individual diseases and disorders and on hot topics and methods in oral health research. The extensive first part of the book explores the international epidemiological literature regarding a wide range of conditions, from dental caries and periodontal diseases to halitosis and malocclusions. In each case, the prevalence, disease-specific measures, and associated factors are identified. Attention is then focused on cutting-edge research topics in oral epidemiology, such as the intriguing mechanisms linking oral diseases and chronic general diseases, life course epidemiology, and the role of socioeconomic determinants of oral health. The final part of the book is devoted to description of the epidemiological methods and tools applied in the field of oral health. Here, the coverage includes validation of questionnaires, data collection and data analyses, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Oral Formulation Roadmap from Early Drug Discovery to Development
by Elizabeth KwongDetailing formulation approaches by stage of discovery to early development, this book gives a “playbook” of practical and efficient strategies to formulate drug candidates with the least chance of failing in clinical development. • Comes from contributing authors with experience developing formulations on the frontlines of the pharmaceutical industry• Focuses on pre (or non-) clinical and early stage development, the phases where most compounds are used in drug research• Features case studies to illustrate practical challenges and solutions in formulation selection• Covers regulatory filing, drug metabolism and physical and chemical properties, toxicology formulation, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), screening approaches, early stage clinical formulation development, and outsourcing
Oral Health Literacy
by Maria HewittThe Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Health Literacy focuses on bringing together leaders from the federal government, foundations, health plans, associations, and private companies to address challenges facing health literacy practice and research and to identify approaches to promote health literacy in both the public and private sectors. The roundtable serves to educate the public, press, and policy makers regarding the issues of health literacy, sponsoring workshops to discuss approaches to resolve health literacy challenges. It also builds partnerships to move the field of health literacy forward by translating research findings into practical strategies for implementation. The Roundtable held a workshop March 29, 2012, to explore the field of oral health literacy. The workshop was organized by an independent planning committee in accordance with the procedures of the National Academy of Sciences. The planning group was composed of Sharon Barrett, Benard P. Dreyer, Alice M. Horowitz, Clarence Pearson, and Rima Rudd. The role of the workshop planning committee was limited to planning the workshop. Unlike a consensus committee report, a workshop summary may not contain conclusions and recommendations, except as expressed by and attributed to individual presenters and participants. Therefore, the summary has been prepared by the workshop rapporteur as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop.
Oral Health Psychology: Psychological Aspects Related to Dentistry (Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry)
by Tiril Willumsen Jostein Paul Årøen Lein Ronald C. Gorter Lena MyranThis textbook is exceptional in its coverage of modern theories on the patient-centered approach to communication, preventive dentistry, and dental anxiety. It provides the knowledge and tools required in order to implement a trauma-sensitive approach that will enhance the treatment experience for both the patient and the dental practitioner. General psychological aspects of dentistry and behavior management in patients who experience dental fear, anxiety, and pain are considered in detail. Extensive attention is devoted to the effective delivery of preventive care and dental treatment in a wide range of specific patient groups, including fearful and abused children and patients suffering from depression, personality disorders, psychosis, substance abuse disorders, and eating disorders. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and self-care in the dental clinic is also discussed. The book is an international collaborative effort between dentists and psychologists who draw on scientific research as well as their personal experiences in clinical practice. It is an excellent educational resource and will help readers to solve challenges in their own clinical settings.
Oral Health and Aging
by Christie-Michele Hogue Jorge G. RuizThis book provides a comprehensive review of the assessment and management of older people’s oral health care needs. Discussing recent initiatives to emphasize oral health promotion and prevention, the book describes improvements in pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for special populations in geriatrics and illuminates the role of barriers to oral health care for older people. Divided into three sections, the book first explores aging and oral health, including age-related changes, epidemiology, nutrition, dysphagia, aspiration pneumonia, xerostomia and hyposalivation, management of periodontal disease and caries, systemic diseases that influence oral health, and considerations for chronic orofacial pain. The second section illuminates the ways in which frailty and other geriatric syndromes influence oral health care in older adults with a special focus on frailty, dementia, delirium and depression, and the delivery of oral health care to vulnerable geriatric populations in long-term care, home care, palliative care, and hospice. Lastly, the book addresses inequalities in the oral health of older minority populations, the disproportionate burden of oral disease and tooth loss, the contribution of these issues to further complications in comorbidities, the association of extended health literacy and periodontal disease, and the social and cultural conditions that might be altered or improved by healthcare programs and health policies.Oral Health and Aging is a useful book written by an international group of experts and designed to educate geriatricians, primary care physicians, nurses, dentists, dental hygienists, speech and language pathologists, dietitians, and health policy advocates.
Oral Health and Dental Care in the Ageing Population (BDJ Clinician’s Guides)
by Mili Doshi Andrew Geddis-ReganThis book aims to provide the dental team with an improved understanding of management of the oral health needs of the ageing population, in whom increasing cognitive, medical and physical disabilities impact significantly on oral health and dental care needs. All significant aspects of caring for older people are covered. The nature and implications of changing demographics are explained and information provided on common medical co-morbidities and the impact of cognitive conditions, including dementia, on dental treatment. The changing pattern of dental disease in older people is clearly described, with explanation of the consequences of these changes for aspects of restorative dentistry, oral medicine, and oral surgery. Advice is given on considerations for dental treatment planning, including the importance of prevention and utilization of dental care professionals. Provision of care for older people under general anaesthesia or sedation and domiciliary care are also covered. The book is written by specialist practicing clinicians and delivers information in an accessible way with a person-centered approach.
Oral Health and Herbal Medicine (SpringerBriefs in Public Health)
by Khalid Rehman Hakeem Waseem Mohammed Abdul Mohd Muzzammil Hussain Syed Shoeb RazviOral health loss is one of the major problems existing all over the world and is one of the top causes of death when unmanaged. The oral cavity is home to numerous pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are responsible for the progression and development of various systemic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and myocardial infarction. Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities, often leading to pain and discomfort. There are implications for the global economy as well, due to the continuous burden of investing resources to maintain oral hygiene. Not surprisingly, developing countries are disproportionally affected. There is thus an urgent need to develop economical solutions for the treatment of oral diseases. The trend of exploring plants or plant-derived compounds for the prevention and cure of death-causing diseases is on the rise. The use of traditional medicine for oral diseases is an ancient practice in which medicinal herbs play a major role. Medicinal plants have minimal side effects and no denigrating properties. Accordingly the use of medicinal plants to curtail oral pathogens has been reported by a number of studies.The present book updates the issues related to oral health, oral diseases and the role of medicinal plants in overcoming orally-derived health problems. We also highlight the knowledge gaps in oral health related problems with medicinal plants as one of the solutions. Our ultimate goal is to encourage future research and application of medicinal plants for economical and efficient treatment of oral diseases.
Oral Health for an Ageing Population: Evidence, Policy, Practice and Evaluation
by Kakuhiro FukaiEnables readers to understand practical solutions to reduce oral disease and improve oral health in a growing aging population Oral Health for an Ageing Population offers global evidence and practical solutions to enable dental clinicians and policymakers implement effective policies and practices compatible with local needs and resources. The text clearly interprets evidence into knowledge, knowledge into policy, and policy into practice in the context of dental and general health care provision, offering international perspectives and specific examples of implemented global policies. Specific sample topics covered in Oral Health for an Ageing Population include: Burden of global aging and how to achieve oral health among the elderly (including detailed recommendations for integrated clinical and community initiatives)Sustainable development goals, common risk factor approach, life course approach, non-communicable diseases, and frailty preventionImplementing effective health policy at the international and national level and improving attitudes and awareness among the general public regarding oral healthLearning from the experience of Japan, the UK, and other countries, plus recommendations for future research, policy, and practice Written by a leading expert in dental geriatrics, Oral Health for an Ageing Population is based on decades of experience dealing with oral health and general health issues arising in an aging society. It provides extensive reviews of the relevant empirical evidence and practical implementation proposals for dentists, dental hygienists, other healthcare professionals, and policymakers.
Oral Health in People with Disabilities (SpringerBriefs in Modern Perspectives on Disability Research)
by Vaibhav SahniThis book aims to collect and present the state of evidence in the field of oral health as it pertains to people living with disabilities. This aspect of dental/oral care has, in recent years, begun to garner the attention it deserves. This is evidenced by the recommendation of the General Dental Council (UK) that Special Care Dentistry, which seeks to improve the oral health of people and societal groups with disability, is to be recognized as a separate specialty in 2005. In light of such developments, it is necessary to build a scientific evidence base to support trainees and courses which attempt to impart education to practitioners and caregivers. A dedicated collection of the current state of evidence will be of help to students and practicing dentists as well as medical practitioners and caregivers to emphasize the importance and application of oral health maintenance in such individuals.
Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder
by Frauke Müller Michael I. MacEntee C. Peter Owen W. Murray ThomsonFully updated reference to clinical knowledge and strategies for effective oral healthcare in frail older adults Taking an evidence-based approach, with theoretical and clinical knowledge underpinned by the literature, Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder provides a comprehensive reference to management strategies for dental diseases as noncommunicable diseases in older populations. The book presents a global perspective with current guidance for clinicians, addressing the particular challenges of providing dental care for people who are confronting frailty in old age. Reflecting the numerous developments in the discipline since the previous edition was published, this Second Edition has been thoroughly updated throughout with 15 new chapters. The first section covers background information, including demographics, social considerations, and factors affecting oral health in this population. The second half of the book is devoted to clinical management strategies. Some of the new topics discussed in this edition of Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder include: Theories and significance of oral health in frailty and oral health-related quality of life, and the influence of the life-course on oral healthHow sugar, tobacco, and alcohol initiate and sustain oral diseases, as with other noncommunicable diseases, into old ageMitigation of dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, mucositis, and other non-communicable diseases of the mouthInfection control, communications and tele-dentistry, mobile dental services, and strategies to appraise the usefulness of community-based oral healthcare programs With an emphasis on population and public health in the context of non-communicable disease, the Second Edition of Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder is an important resource for clinicians dealing with the geriatric population, including dentists, dental hygienists, dental therapists, denturists and dental technicians, nurses, and geriatricians.
Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder: A Clinical Perspective
by Michael I. MacEnteeOral healthcare is an integral part of overall health and well-being, and it is a significant and increasing challenge as people grow frail. Incidence of caries and gingivitis among residents of long-term care facilities are on the rise, and daily oral hygiene is often difficult for patients who are frail or in need of assistance. Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder: A Clinical Perspective provides dentists, dental hygienists, and other healthcare professionals with comprehensive, practical instruction on managing the multifaceted oral healthcare needs of frail elders. By discussing background information and relevant literature, the book provides a holistic approach to clinical issues such as oral pain, dry mouth, and periodontal disease. Edited by experts in the field, Oral Healthcare and the Frail Elder enhances clinical application with thorough reviews of pertinent social and ethical issues, access to care issues, and the practicalities for overcoming these in order to provide high-quality oral healthcare to an aging population.
Oral Histology and Oral Histopathology: A Practical Guide for Dental Students and a Companion to Pathologists
by S R Prabhu Nagamani Narayana Norman A Firth David F WilsonThis textbook gives a comprehensive overview of oral histology and oral histopathology. It discusses the microscopic features of normal structures and the cellular changes that occur during the disease processes. Essential knowledge is provided on clinically diagnosed and biopsied samples of lesions and the mechanism involved in the pathological process. The book is divided into three parts: Part one, Oral Histology, serves as a foundation and explains the structure and development of different oral tissues. Part two, Oral Histopathology, presents a classification of diseases and discusses salient microscopic features. Part three, Investigative Oral Pathology, is designed to inform students and clinicians of the methodologies available and used to diagnose oral diseases microscopically. The book and its combined approach to oral histology and histopathology are useful for students and clinicians working in oral pathology, oral surgery, special needs dentistry, and oral health therapy. It also meets the needs of preclinical and clinical dentistry students.
Oral History for the Qualitative Researcher
by Ruthellen Josselson Valerie JanesickOral history is a particularly useful way to capture ordinary people's lived experiences. This innovative book introduces the full array of oral history research methods and invites students and qualitative researchers to try them out in their own work. Using choreography as an organizing metaphor, the author presents creative strategies for collecting, representing, analyzing, and interpreting oral history data. Instructive exercises and activities help readers develop specific skills, such as nonparticipant observation, interviewing, and writing, with a special section on creating found data poems from interview transcripts. Also covered are uses of journals, court transcripts, and other documents; Internet resources, such as social networking sites; and photography and video. Emphasizing a social justice perspective, the book includes excerpts of oral histories from 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, among other detailed case examples.
Oral Implantology: Assessment to Maintenance (BDJ Clinician’s Guides)
by Craig BarclayThis well-illustrated book is primarily designed as a practical guide to dental implantology for general dental practitioners who do not routinely place or restore dental implants but also for those who do. It explains the importance of appropriate case selection and treatment planning, examines the risks and benefits of implant care, and discusses immediate placement, immediate loading and delayed placement protocols. Basic surgical and restorative (fixed and removable) options including digital and CADCAM workstreams are outlined. Issues around implant maintenance implant superstructure repair and remakes and implant removal are also covered. This book, written by recognised experts on the subject, will enable dentists with limited implant knowledge to discuss implant procedures with patients and to carry out routine surveillance and repair of dental implants. It will also be of value as a learning aid for under- and postgraduate students.
Oral Infections and General Health
by Anne Marie Lynge PedersenThis book provides a wide-ranging update on the associations between oral infections and general health. Detailed consideration is given to the underlying mechanisms or pathways linking oral infections to general health, including metastatic spread of infection from the oral cavity as a result of transient bacteremia, metastatic injury from the effects of circulating oral microbial toxins, and metastatic inflammation caused by immunological dysfunction induced by oral microorganisms. The book also reviews the complex structure and development of oral biofilms in health and disease, and the molecular tools that are currently available for their analysis. The advantages and limitations of such techniques, as well as their impact on the future of diagnostics, prevention and patient management, are discussed.