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Synopsis of Neurology, Psychiatry and Related Systemic Disorders
by Alan B. Ettinger Deborah M. Weisbrot Casey E. GallimoreSymptoms and signs in neurology and psychiatry typically present in the clinical context of other underlying conditions. When evaluating a patient, a physician may choose to review a diverse list of potential underlying diagnoses with the aid of the editor team's existing text: Neurological Differential Diagnosis: A Case-Based Approach. However, if the patient has a known pre-existing condition, the physician will need to consider a reverse approach - considering what complications of that condition may be associated with current symptoms. This book provides quick-reference, comprehensive, concise summaries of neurologic, psychiatric and medical diagnoses with a focus on neurologic and psychiatric implications of systemic disorders. A separate pharmacology section provides a consolidated review of potential neurologic and psychiatric adverse effects of medications. This book is an invaluable resource for a broad medical audience, from the medical student to the experienced consultant.
Synopsis of Pathophysiology in Nuclear Medicine
by Abdelhamid H. ElgazzarThis Synopsis of Nuclear Medicine Pathophysiology arose from the recognition that there is a need for a compact, readable account of this complex and important subject. The book concisely describes relevant anatomic and physiologic considerations for each organ system and the pathophysiologic features of different relevant diseases and relates them to the scintigraphy of each system. It thereby provides an informative synopsis of the pathophysiologic basis of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. The volume will serve as a quick reference that will help the reader to understand different diagnostic scintigraphic patterns and to select appropriate treatment modalities based on functional imaging. It will prove useful to undergraduates and postgraduates as well as to practitioners in clinical and research fields.
Synopsis of Pathophysiology in Nuclear Medicine
by Abdelhamid H. ElgazzarThis book, now in its second edition, will serve as a quick reference that will help the reader to understand different diagnostic scintigraphic patterns and to select appropriate treatment modalities based on functional imaging. The book concisely describes relevant anatomic and physiologic considerations for each organ system and the pathophysiologic features of different relevant diseases and relates them to the scintigraphy of each system. It thereby provides an informative synopsis of the pathophysiologic basis of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. The volume is divided into 13 chapters that feature basic pathophysiology, cell biology and biologic effects of ionizing radiation, radiopharmaceutical uptake and relevant anatomic and physiologic considerations for each organ system and the pathophysiologic features of different relevant diseases. The objective of this volume is to provide a brief, easy to-use but nonetheless comprehensive companion guide to “The Pathophysiology Basis of Nuclear Medicine” that will prove useful to undergraduates and postgraduates as well as to practitioners in clinical and research fields.
Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry (Tenth Edition)
by Benjamin J. Sadock Virginia A. SadockThe best-selling general psychiatry text since 1972, Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry is now in its thoroughly updated Tenth Edition. This complete, concise overview of the entire field of psychiatry is a staple board review text for psychiatry residents and is popular with a broad range of students in medicine, clinical psychology, social work, nursing, and occupational therapy, as well as practitioners in all these areas. The book is DSM-IV-TR compatible and replete with case studies and tables, including ICD-10 diagnostic coding tables. You will also receive access to the complete, fully searchable online text, an online test bank of approximately 100 multiple-choice questions and full answers, and an online image bank.
Synovial Fluid Analysis and The Evaluation of Patients With Arthritis
by Brian F. MandellThis book reviews the major components of synovial fluid analysis, with an emphasis on crystal recognition. Synovial fluid analysis is the required gold standard test for the definitive diagnosis of septic and crystal induced arthritis, the most frequent causes of acute inflammatory arthritis. Synovial fluid is obtained routinely from patients with acute arthritis by clinicians in many specialties. Fluids are sent to the clinical pathology and microbiology laboratories for analysis, but are also frequently examined directly by rheumatologists and others for the presence of crystals. Competency in synovial fluid crystal analysis is a requirement for all graduating rheumatology fellows in the United States, and is an expectation for musculoskeletal disease physicians internationally – although competency is assumed with a variable degree of rigor. This book comprehensively provides practical knowledge presented by skilled and experienced clinicians and pathologists, fulfilling an educational niche for teaching programs and a reference need for academic and community hospital clinical pathology laboratories. This is an ideal introductory guide for rheumatology trainees, as well as a reference text for rheumatologists, infectious disease consultants, orthopedists, cytotechnologists, and advanced nurse practitioners.
Synthesis and Vaccine Evaluation of the Tumor Associated Carbohydrate Antigen RM2 from Prostate Cancer
by Hong-Yang ChuangThis thesis focuses on the synthesis and vaccine evaluation of the prostate tumor- associated carbohydrate antigen RM2. The author first presents the use of the [1+2+3] one-pot sequential strategy to successfully synthesise the RM2 antigen and its analogues as single stereoisomers in every glycosylation step, producing good yields and stereoselectivity. He then introduces the conjugation of the synthetic RM2 antigen to the carrier protein CRM197 in an average number of 1-10 to create the prostate cancer vaccine candidate, which is combined with α-galactosylceramide C1, its analogue C34, or Alu. The results of the vaccination studies in mice are also described and indicate that the strongest anti-RM2 antigen titer is exhibited when one molecule of diphtheria toxin (DT) is conjugated with an average of 4. 7 molecules of RM2 antigen (DT-RM4. 7) and adjuvanted with the glycolipid C34. More importantly, the induced mouse antibodies mediate the effective complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against the prostate cancer cell line LNCap. The study presented in this thesis is the first ever to successfully synthesize this complex glycan molecule. Owing to the steric hindrance of the adjacent sialyl moiety, the introduction of two sialic acid units to the compact and rigid 3,4 di branched galactoside unit is very challenging and the β-selective and efficient glycosylation of the galactosamine moiety at the 4-position of di branched galactose is also problematic.
Synthesis of Medium-Sized Cycloalkenes via Fused-Cyclobutenes (Springer Theses)
by Tomohiro ItoThis book explains the existence of the intermediate using two approaches: computational chemistry and coordination chemistry. In this book, the author has developed new methods for synthesizing medium-sized cycloalkenes by utilizing the 4π-electrocyclic reaction of fused-cyclobutenes. The fundamental and most important strategy and feature of the work are as follows: first, cyclobutene is used as a readily available raw material with high-strain energy to generate more strained medium-sized cis,trans-cycloalkadiene molecules. Second, by judiciously selecting the reaction conditions, the short-lived intermediate (medium-sized cis,trans-cycloalkadiene) can be converted to medium-sized cis- or trans-cycloalkenes. For the former, the generation of the medium-sized cis,trans-cycloalkadiene intermediate is greatly affected by the substituent on the cyclobutene, and there are few examples of its generation confirmed at room temperature. Regarding the latter, the synthesis of trans-cycloalkenes is noteworthy in terms of establishing a new synthetic methodology and providing one of the few asymmetric synthesis methods, which has not been achieved before. Readers of this book can gain novel insights into strained molecules involved not only in small-sized cycloalkenes but also in medium-sized ones.
Synthesis of Optically Active Oxymethylenehelicene Oligomers and Self-assembly Phenomena at a Liquid–Solid Interface (Springer Theses)
by Tsukasa SawatoIn this book, the author demonstrates that double-helix formation and fibril film formation occur on solid surfaces as a result of the catalytic effect of the liquid–solid interface of the newly synthesized helicene oligomer. In addition, he shows that the double helix produced at the liquid–solid interface can be diffused into a solution to form a self-assembling material by means of mechanical stirring. Both types of formation are new chemical phenomena unique to liquid–solid interfaces not found in solutions. Detailed results are provided for new chemical reactions at liquid–solid interfaces, and gleaned from experiments performed using synthetic organic molecules. The book offers a useful reference guide to elucidating reaction mechanisms for researchers whose work involves chemical phenomena at a liquid–solid interface.
Synthesis of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides
by Satoshi Obika Mitsuo SekineThis book presents the latest knowledge on a broad range of topics relating to the synthesis of natural and artificial oligonucleotides with therapeutic potential. Nucleic acid-based therapeutics are attracting much attention, and numerous therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, splice-switching oligonucleotides, and nucleic acid aptamers, are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Synthesis of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides covers a broad range of topics in the field that are of high relevance to researchers, including the synthesis of natural and chemically modified oligonucleotides, the development of novel nucleic acid analogs, industrial scale synthesis and purification of oligonucleotides, and important aspects of chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC). The aim is to provide new insights and inspire fresh ideas in nucleic acid chemistry that may ultimately lead to novel concepts and techniques and the discovery of more effective nucleic acid drugs. The book will be of high value for both established researchers in the field and students intending to specialize in nucleic acid chemistry research.
Synthesizing Hope: Matter, Knowledge, and Place in South African Drug Discovery
by Anne PollockSynthesizing Hope opens up the material and social world of pharmaceuticals by focusing on an unexpected place: iThemba Pharmaceuticals. Founded in 2009 with a name taken from the Zulu word for hope, the small South African startup with an elite international scientific board was tasked with drug discovery for tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. Anne Pollock uses this company as an entry point for exploring how the location of scientific knowledge production matters, not only for the raw materials, manufacture, licensing, and distribution of pharmaceuticals but also for the making of basic scientific knowledge. Consideration of this case exposes the limitations of global health frameworks that implicitly posit rich countries as the only sites of knowledge production. Analysis of iThemba identifies the problems inherent in global north/south divides at the same time as it highlights what is at stake in who makes knowledge and where. It also provides a concrete example for consideration of the contexts and practices of postcolonial science, its constraints, and its promise. Synthesizing Hope explores the many legacies that create conditions of possibility for South African drug discovery, especially the specific form of settler colonialism characterized by apartheid and resource extraction. Paying attention to the infrastructures and laboratory processes of drug discovery underscores the materiality of pharmaceuticals from the perspective of their makers, and tracing the intellectual and material infrastructures of South African drug discovery contributes new insights about larger social, political, and economic orders.
Synthesizing Qualitative Research: Choosing the Right Approach
by Karin Hannes Craig LockwoodA considerable number of journal publications using a range of qualitative synthesis approaches has been published. Mary Dixon-Woods and colleagues (Mary Dixon-Woods, Booth, & Sutton, 2007) identified 42 qualitative evidence synthesis papers published in health care literature between 1990 and 2004. An ongoing update by Hannes and Macaitis (2010)identified around 100 additional qualitative or mixed methods syntheses. Yet these generally lack a clear, detailed description of what was done and why (Greenhalgh et al, 2007; McInnes & Wimpenny, 2008). Choices are most commonly influenced by what others have successfully used in the past or by a particular school of thought (Atkins et al, 2008; Britten et al, 2002). This is a substantive limitation. This book brings balance to the options available to researchers, including approaches that have not had a substantial uptake among researchers. It provides arguments for when and why researchers or other parties of interest should opt for a certain approach to synthesis, which challenges they might face in adopting it and what the potential strengths and weaknesses are compared with other approaches. This book acts as a resource for readers who would otherwise have to piece together the methodology from a range of journal articles. In addition, it should stimulate further development and documentation of synthesis methodology in a field that is characterized by diversity.
Synthetic: How Life Got Made
by Sophia RoosthIn the final years of the twentieth century, émigrés from engineering and computer science devoted themselves to biology and resolved that if the aim of biology is to understand life, then making life would yield better theories than experimentation. Armed with the latest biotechnology techniques, these scientists treated biological media as elements for design and manufacture: viruses named for computers, bacterial genomes encoding passages from James Joyce, chimeric yeast buckling under the metabolic strain of genes harvested from wormwood, petunias, and microbes from Icelandic thermal pools. In Synthetic: How Life Got Made, cultural anthropologist Sophia Roosth reveals how synthetic biologists make new living things in order to understand better how life works. The first book-length ethnographic study of this discipline, Synthetic documents the social, cultural, rhetorical, economic, and imaginative transformations biology has undergone in the post-genomic age. Roosth traces this new science from its origins at MIT to start-ups, laboratories, conferences, and hackers’ garages across the United States—even to contemporary efforts to resurrect extinct species. Her careful research reveals that rather than opening up a limitless new field, these biologists’ own experimental tactics circularly determine the biological features, theories, and limits they fasten upon. Exploring the life sciences emblematic of our time, Synthetic tells the origin story of the astonishing claim that biological making fosters biological knowing.
Synthetic Antibodies
by Thomas TillerThis detailed volume presents a set of protocols useful for researchers in the field of recombinant immunoglobulin and alternative scaffold engineering, aptamer development, and generation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Part I includes methods that deal with amino-acid based synthetic antibodies. Brief protocols about the generation of antibody libraries are detailed, as well as techniques for antibody selection, characterization, and validation. This section is completed by a brief description of a bioinformatics platform that supports antibody engineering during research and development. Part II contains basic procedures about the selection and characterization of aptamer molecules, and Part III describes fundamental processes of MIP generation and application. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Synthetic Antibodies: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for scientists seeking to propel the vital study of antibody research.
Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
by Andreas Künkel Robert Reichardt Bernhard Rieger Geoffrey W. Coates Eckhard Dinjus Thomas A. ZevacoSalen Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Synthesis of Polycarbonates from Cyclic Ethers and Carbon Dioxide, by Donald J. Darensbourg.- Material Properties of Poly(Propylene Carbonates), by Gerrit. A. Luinstra and Endres Borchardt.- Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) from Carbon Monoxide, by Robert Reichardt and Bernhard Rieger. - Ecoflex® and Ecovio®: Biodegradable, Performance-Enabling Plastics, by K. O. Siegenthaler, A. Künkel, G. Skupin and M. Yamamoto.- Biodegradability of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) and Related Polymers, by Manfred Amann and Oliver Minge.- Recent Developments in Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones, by P. Lecomte and C. Jérôme.- Recent Developments in Metal-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides and Glycolides: Preparation of Polylactides, Polyglycolide, and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide), by Saikat Dutta, Wen-Chou Hung, Bor-Hunn Huang and Chu-Chieh Lin.- Bionolle (Polybutylenesuccinate), by Yasushi Ichikawa, Tatsuya Mizukoshi.- Polyurethanes from Renewable Resources, by David A. Babb.-
Synthetic Biology
by Bernd Giese Christian Pade Henning Wigger Arnim Von GleichSynthetic Biology is already an object of intensive debate. However, to a great extent the discussion to date has been concerned with fundamental ethical, religious and philosophical questions. By contrast, based on an investigation of the field's scientific and technological character, this book focuses on new functionalities provided by synthetic biology and explores the associated opportunities and risks. Following an introduction to the subject and a discussion of the most central paradigms and methodologies, the book provides an overview of the structure of this field of science and technology. It informs the reader about the current stage of development, as well as topical problems and potential opportunities in important fields of application. But not only the science itself is in focus. In order to investigate its broader impact, ecological as well as ethical implications will be considered, paving the way for a discussion of responsibilities in the context of a field at a transitional crossroads between basic and applied science. In closing, the requirements for a suitable regulatory framework are discussed. The book is intended as a source of information and orientation for researchers, students and practitioners in the natural sciences and technology assessment; for members of scientific and technological, governmental and funding institutions; and for members of the general public interested in essential information on the current status, prospects and implications of synthetic biology.
Synthetic Biology
by Alexander Kelle Markus Schmidt Agomoni Ganguli-Mitra Huib De VriendSynthetic biology is becoming one of the most dynamic new fields of biology, with the potential to revolutionize the way we do biotechnology today. By applying the toolbox of engineering disciplines to biology, a whole set of potential applications become possible ranging very widely across scientific and engineering disciplines. Some of the potential benefits of synthetic biology, such as the development of low-cost drugs or the production of chemicals and energy by engineered bacteria are enormous. There are, however, also potential and perceived risks due to deliberate or accidental damage. Also, ethical issues of synthetic biology just start being explored, with hardly any ethicists specifically focusing on the area of synthetic biology. This book will be the first of its kind focusing particularly on the safety, security and ethical concerns and other relevant societal aspects of this new emerging field. The foreseen impact of this book will be to stimulate a debate on these societal issues at an early stage. Past experiences, especially in the field of GM-crops and stem cells, have shown the importance of an early societal debate. The community and informed stakeholders recognize this need, but up to now discussions are fragmentary. This book will be the first comprehensive overview on relevant societal issues of synthetic biology, setting the scene for further important discussions within the scientific community and with civil society.
Synthetic Biology: Parts, Devices and Applications (Advanced Biotechnology)
by Jens Nielsen Gregory Stephanopoulos Sang Yup Lee Christina Smolkeneed new text The inaugural volume of this new reference work in biotechnology is the most comprehensive of its kind on the market, covering everything from DNA synthesis to RNA interference and biosensors. Edited by the renowned scientists Sven Panke of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and Christina Smolke from Stanford University.
Synthetic Biology 2020: Frontiers in Risk Analysis and Governance (Risk, Systems and Decisions)
by Igor Linkov Benjamin D. Trump Christopher L. Cummings Jennifer KuzmaSynthetic biology offers powerful remedies for some of the world’s most intractable problems, but these solutions are clouded by uncertainty and risk that few strategies are available to address. The incentives for continued development of this emerging technology are prodigious and obvious, and the public deserves assurances that all potential downsides are duly considered and minimized accordingly. Incorporating social science analysis within the innovation process may impose constraints, but its simultaneous support in making the end products more acceptable to society at large should be considered a worthy trade-off.Contributing authors in this volume represent diverse perspectives related to synthetic biology’s social sciences, and reflect on different areas of risk analysis and governance that have developed for the field. Such perspectives include leading scholarly discussion pertaining to risk assessment, governance, ethics, and communication. The chapters of this volume note that while the first twenty years of synthetic biology development have focused strongly on technological innovation and product development, the next twenty should emphasize the synergy between developers, policymakers, and publics to generate the most beneficial, well governed, and transparent technologies and products possible. Many chapters in this volume provide new data and approaches that demonstrate the feasibility for multi-stakeholder efforts involving policymakers, regulators, industrial developers, workers, experts, and societal representatives to share responsibilities in the production of effective and acceptable governance in the face of uncertain risk probabilities. A full consideration of such perspectives may prevent a world of draconian regulations based on an insufficient or incomplete understanding of the science that underpins synthetic biology, as well as any hesitancy or fear by the public to adopt its eventual products.
Synthetic Biology Handbook
by Darren N. NesbethThe Synthetic Biology Handbook explains the major goals of the field of synthetic biology and presents the technical details of the latest advances made in achieving those goals. Offering a comprehensive overview of the current areas of focus in synthetic biology, this handbook:Explores the standardisation of classic molecular bioscience approaches
Synthetic Biology of Cyanobacteria (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1080)
by Weiwen Zhang Xinyu SongThis volume highlights recent breakthroughs in the interdisciplinary areas of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering and bioprocess engineering for the production of green chemicals. It also presents practical experimental and computational tools for the design, construction and manipulation of cyanobacteria cell factories. The respective contributions cover new technologies in the field, such as novel genetic transformation techniques and bioinformatics analysis methods and address various aspects of cyanobacterial synthetic biology, offering a valuable resource for students and researchers in the fields of industry microbiology and biomedical engineering.
Synthetic Cathinones
by Jolanta B. ZawilskaOver the last decade, and particularly during the recent five years, a rapidly increasing number of novel psychoactive substance (NPSs), often marketed as “designer drugs”, “legal highs”, “herbal highs”, “research or intermediate chemicals” and “laboratory reagents”, has appeared on the drug market in an effort to bypass controlled substance legislation. NPSs encompass a wide range of different compounds and drug classes but had been dominated by synthetic cannabinomimetics and psychostimulatory synthetic cathinones, so-called β-keto amphetamines. Compounds from the later class were first detected in Europe in 2004, and since then 103 new cathinones have been identified and reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, with 57 during the last two years. Synthetic cathinones – novel addictive and stimulatory psychoactive substances is the first publication of this kind that provides readers with background on chemical structures, detection, prevalence and motivation of use of the very popular group of NPSs. This book also presents comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of action, pharmacological activity, and main metabolic pathways of synthetic cathinones, followed by a detailed discussion of the acute and chronic toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Written by international experts in the field, this multi-authored book is a valuable reference not only for scientists, clinicians and academics, but also for readers representing different professional background who are involved in educational-prophylactic activities directed to harm reduction of psychoactive compounds.
Synthetic Chemistry of Stable Nitroxides (CRC Press Revivals)
by L. B. Volodarsky V.A. Reznikov V.I. OvcharenkoThis important book is devoted to covering the synthetic aspects of nitroxide chemistry. The problems of application and physicochemical properties of nitroxides are considered in the context of the choice of necessary radical structures, convenient precursors, and strategy of the synthesis. The book offers comparisons of the concrete classes of nitroxides to help reveal the structural peculiarities and synthetic abilities of compounds of different classes. It also summarizes data on the magneto-structural correlation for the metal complexes with 3-imidazoline nitroxides and considers the ways in which the molecular design of 2- and 3-dimensional heterospin compounds is capable of magnetic phase transfer in a ferromagnetic state. The book will be a significant reference for chemists, biochemists, spectroscopists, and other users of nitroxides, spin labels, probes, and paramagnetic ligands.
Synthetic DNA
by Randall A. HughesThis volume presents state-of-the art methods for the synthesis, design, assembly, post synthesis processing, and application of synthetic DNA to modern biotechnology. Chapters are divided into three general sections focusing on protocols for the computational design of synthetic DNA sequences, the synthesis, assembly and cloning of synthetic DNA, and post-synthesis error reduction strategies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Synthetic DNA: Methods and Protocols aims to help researchers further their research on manipulate DNA sequences.
Synthetic Gene Circuits: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2229)
by Filippo MenolascinaThis volume provides clear and direct protocols to implement automated Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) into synthetic biology research. Chapters detail techniques to model and simulate biological systems, redesign biological systems, setting up of an automated biolaboratory, step-by-step guide on how to perform computer aided design, RNA sequencing, microfluidics -using bacterial cell free extracts, live mammalian cells, computational and experimental procedures, metabolic burden, computational techniques to predict such burden from models, and how DNA parts can be engineered in mammalian cells to sense, and respond to, and intracellular signals in general. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Synthetic Gene Circuits: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.
Synthetic Immunology
by Takeshi Watanabe Yousuke TakahamaThis book reviews the emerging studies of synthetic immunology, including the development and regeneration of immune cells, immune organ development and artificial regeneration, and the synthetic approach towards understanding human immune system. Immunology has developed rapidly over the last 50 years through the incorporation of new methods and concepts in cell and molecular biology, genetics, genomics and proteomics. This progress is the result of works by many excellent researchers all over the world. Currently, immunological research has accumulated detailed knowledge on basic mechanisms of immunity and is in the process to change medical practices. Yet, due to the enormous complexity of the immune system, many aspects on the regulation and function of this system remain unknown. Synthetic biology uses gain-of-function rather than loss-of-function approaches. The goals of synthetic biology can be described in a simple phrase "rebuild, alter, and understand," namely, to rebuild minimal functional systems using well-defined parts from nature and then to perturb the system to understand its working principles. Given the richness of accumulated knowledge in molecular and cellular mechanisms of the immune system, we now begin adapting the concepts of synthetic biology to immunology. An immune response is a spatiotemporal phenomenon occurring at a given time and at a specialized place in the body. One goal of synthetic immunology is to reconstruct artificial microenvironments for better understanding of an immune response. We hope this yet-to-be-experimental approach of synthetic immunology and the compilation of this book will aid our further understanding of the immune system and future devising the tools to manipulate the immune system for therapy and prevention of the diseases.