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The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development (AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series #36)
by Nigel Langley Bozena Michniak-Kohn David W. OsborneFollowing the Semi-solid Microstructure Workshop sponsored by BASF and hosted by the Rutgers Center for Dermal Research, a pharmaceutical product development working group was formed. The group, known as the Q3 Working Group, selected the following five areas of focus: Particle/Globule Size and Distribution, Viscosity/Rheology/Spreadability, In Vitro Testing, State of API, State of Excipients. A committee was appointed for each of these five areas. The committees were tasked to review the literature, identify best practices, list experimental details required for an independent lab to duplicate the test, and propose scientific studies that may meaningfully advance this specific area of focus. Each committee has a chair (or co-chairs) that are the lead author(s) of the chapter. The Q3 Working Group members serve as the critical reviewers of each chapter, making suggestions that improve the quality of the document and that make each of the five chapters uniform in scope and content.Pharmaceutical development scientists that formulate topical products (creams, lotions, gels suspensions, foams, etc) and all the allied raw material suppliers, packaging suppliers, contract laboratories including CROs, CMOs and regulators need access to this book. Overall, the topic of semisolid microstructure is of equal importance to the generic pharmaceutical companies (filing Abbreviated New Drug Applications or ANDAs) and pharmaceutical companies filing New Drug Applications (NDAs). In addition to products applied to the skin, hair, and nails, The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development’ crosses over and is essential reading to developers of oral suspensions, ophthalmic ointments and gels, otic suspension, vaginal semisolids and retention enemas.
The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Brain Disorders (Food Bioactive Ingredients)
by Ghulam Hussain Ali ImranOxidative stress and neuroinflammation are considered causative factors in various neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Antioxidants are chemicals that bind with oxidative species and nullify their effect from causing damage to biological molecules. Endogenous antioxidants are produced by our body, however most of them are obtained from external sources, primarily through diet, called dietary antioxidants. Major sources of antioxidants are brightly colored fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, and herbs. Other very effective sources are berries, green tea, and dark chocolate. These compounds have the potential to hinder neurodegeneration, reduce neuronal death and improve memory as well as cognitive functions. Based on the complex nature of antioxidants and oxidative stress, particular antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C or β-carotene are beneficial in protecting cells, organs and tissues against oxidative damage.The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Brain Disorders describes various neuroprotective effects and their physiological phenomenon mediated by antioxidants to maintain and regulate the general health biomarkers against brain disorders. The important role of antioxidants, diet and lifestyle in managing brain disorders is covered, as is their use in conjunction with conventional therapies against oxidative stress. Both exogenous and endogenous antioxidants are explored in full. By focusing on the role of oxidative stress as a triggering mechanism for various brain disorders and the use of antioxidant foods in conjunction with traditional therapies in combating and preventing them, this is a valuable source for researchers in food science, nutrition, health science and physiology.
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Long-Term Human Recovery After Disaster
by Anita Chandra Joie D. AcostaHuman recovery is the process of rebuilding social and daily routines and support networks that foster physical and mental health and well-being. RAND researchers conducted a facilitated discussion with Louisiana NGO leaders to capture lessons learned and challenges faced by these organizations in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The subsequent lessons also serve to inform potential policy changes and future research directions.
The Role of Nurses in Disaster Management in Asia Pacific
by Sheila Bonito Hiroko MinamiThis book documents how nurses have shown their dedication, courage, expertise and compassion in helping communities prepare for, respond to and recover from disastrous events. It aims to inspire and equip nurses and other health professionals to help people in disaster-affected areas and contribute to community resilience. The last decade (2005-2015) has been characterized by a number of overwhelming natural disasters - tropical storms, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis; and threats of emerging infectious diseases - SARS, MERSCoV and Ebola around the world. Countries from the Asia Pacific region, such as Australia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, India, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand and Vanuatu, have borne the brunt of the devastation caused by these catastrophic events. Nurses from these countries have stepped in providing emergency care in hospitals and in the field, addressing public health needs in evacuation centers, supporting epidemiologic surveillance and conducting health education, training and research, to help save lives and support communities build back better.
The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly: Evaluating Coverage of Nutrition Services for the Medicare Population
by Institute of MedicineMalnutrition and obesity are both common among Americans over age 65. There are also a host of other medical conditions from which older people and other Medicare beneficiaries suffer that could be improved with appropriate nutritional intervention. Despite that, access to a nutrition professional is very limited. Do nutrition services benefit older people in terms of morbidity, mortality, or quality of life?Which health professionals are best qualified to provide such services?What would be the cost to Medicare of such services? Would the cost be offset by reduced illness in this population?This book addresses these questions, provides recommendations for nutrition services for the elderly, and considers how the coverage policy should be approached and practiced. The book discusses the role of nutrition therapy in the management of a number of diseases. It also examines what the elderly receive in the way of nutrition services along the continuum of care settings and addresses the areas of expertise needed by health professionals to provide appropriate nutrition services and therapy.
The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence
by Institute of Medicine Board on Health Care Services Sharyl J. Nass Margie Patlak National Cancer Policy ForumRecent research suggests that obesity and excess weight can play a prominent role in the incidence and progression of various cancers. Obesity results from an energy imbalance - that is, energy intake that is higher than energy expenditure - could also influence the growth of cancers. Recognizing the impact that current findings on obesity and cancer could have on future cancer prevention and care, the National Cancer policy Forum (NCPF) of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) help a 2-day workshop on "The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence," in Washington, DC, on October 31 and November 1, 2011. The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence: Workshop Summary reviews each presenter's latest clinical evidence on the obesity-cancer link and the molecular mechanisms that might explain that link. Clinicians, researchers, cancer survivors, and policy makers also discussed potential interventions to counter the effects of obesity on cancer, and research and policy measures needed to stem the rising tide of cancer mortality predicted by an increasingly overweight and older population worldwide. The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence: Workshop Summary explores the complex web of molecular mechanisms that underlie the obesity-cancer link, the ways to design future studies to acquire the information needed to guide patient care, what to advise cancer patients about weight loss, diet, exercise, and other measures to reduce their risk of cancer progression or recurrence and policy suggestions related to research, education, and dissemination of the findings on obesity and cancer.
The Role of Pendrin in Health and Disease
by Silvia Dossena Markus PaulmichlThis book reviews the current stat of knowledge on the genetics, molecular biology and physiology of pendrin, with a particular focus on pendrin dysfunction and the consequences for human health. Pendrin is a membrane transport protein expressed in the thyroid, inner ear, kidney and airways, and was recently found in a variety of other tissues and organs. Pendrin malfunction may cause a genetic disease called Pendred syndrome or non-syndromic deafness. The book provides a thorough description of the multifaceted role of pendrin in human health and disease. As such, it offers an invaluable tool for physiology and pathology researchers, while also providing essential guidance for otorhinolaryngologists and endocrinologists in the diagnosis of Pendred syndrome and pendrin-related deafness.
The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems
by HilderbrandThroughout the last three decades, a large amount of information on phosphonates has accumulated, but has not been compiled. At this time of the increasing importance of phosphonate class of molecules, this information needs to be drawn together to make a manageable volume for use as a reference text and as learning text for interested persons.
The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Health Systems Strengthening: Workshop Summary
by Engineering Medicine National Academies of SciencesOver the past several decades, the public and private sectors made significant investments in global health, leading to meaningful changes for many of the world's poor. These investments and the resulting progress are often concentrated in vertical health programs, such as child and maternal health, malaria, and HIV, where donors may have a strategic interest. Frequently, partnerships between donors and other stakeholders can coalesce on a specific topical area of expertise and interest. However, to sustain these successes and continue progress, there is a growing recognition of the need to strengthen health systems more broadly and build functional administrative and technical infrastructure that can support health services for all, improve the health of populations, increase the purchasing and earning power of consumers and workers, and advance global security. In June 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in health systems strengthening. Participants examined a range of incentives, innovations, and opportunities for relevant sectors and stakeholders in strengthening health systems through partnerships; to explore lessons learned from pervious and ongoing efforts with the goal of illuminating how to improve performance and outcomes going forward; and to discuss measuring the value and outcomes of investments and documenting success in partnerships focused on health systems strengthening. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
The Role of Purchasers and Payers in the Clinical Research Enterprise: Workshop Summary
by Sean Tunis Allan Korn Alex OmmayaIn a workshop organized by the Clinical Research roundtable, representatives from purchaser organizations (employers), payer organizations (health plans and insurance companies), and other stakeholder organizations (voluntary health associations, clinical researchers, research organizations, and the technology community) came together to explore: What do purchasers and payers need from the Clinical Research Enterprise? How have current efforts in clinical research met their needs? What are purchasers, payers, and other stakeholders willing to contribute to the enterprise?This book documents these discussions and summarizes what employers and insurers need from and are willing to contribute to clinical research from both a business and a national health care perspective.
The Role of Surface Modification on Bacterial Adhesion of Bio-implant Materials: Machining, Characterization, and Applications
by Somashekhar S. Hiremath Santhosh Kumar S.The Role of Surface Modification on Bacterial Adhesion of Bio-implant Materials: Machining, Characterization, and Applications, explores the relationship between the surface roughness of artificial implants used for hard tissue replacement and their bacterial adhesion. It summarizes the reason for the failure of implants, the mechanisms of bacterial formation on implant surfaces, and the fundamental and established methods of implant surface modification techniques. It provides readers with an organized and rational representation about implant manufacturing and mechanical surface modification. It also explores the use of developed unidirectional abrasive flow finishing processes to finish biomaterials at the nano-level. It is an invaluable guide for academics, graduate students, biomaterial scientists, and manufacturing engineers researching implants, related infections, and implant manufacturing. Key Features: Explores implant related infections Discusses surface modification techniques Contains information on the mechanical finishing processes and complete guide on developed cutting edge unidirectional abrasive flow finishing technology
The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment
by Institute of Medicine Board on Health Care Services Tracy A. LustigIn 1996, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released its report Telemedicine: A Guide to Assessing Telecommunications for Health Care. In that report, the IOM Committee on Evaluating Clinical Applications of Telemedicine found telemedicine is similar in most respects to other technologies for which better evidence of effectiveness is also being demanded. Telemedicine, however, has some special characteristics-shared with information technologies generally-that warrant particular notice from evaluators and decision makers. Since that time, attention to telehealth has continued to grow in both the public and private sectors. Peer-reviewed journals and professional societies are devoted to telehealth, the federal government provides grant funding to promote the use of telehealth, and the private technology industry continues to develop new applications for telehealth. However, barriers remain to the use of telehealth modalities, including issues related to reimbursement, licensure, workforce, and costs. Also, some areas of telehealth have developed a stronger evidence base than others. The Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) sponsored the IOM in holding a workshop in Washington, DC, on August 8-9 2012, to examine how the use of telehealth technology can fit into the U.S. health care system. HRSA asked the IOM to focus on the potential for telehealth to serve geographically isolated individuals and extend the reach of scarce resources while also emphasizing the quality and value in the delivery of health care services. This workshop summary discusses the evolution of telehealth since 1996, including the increasing role of the private sector, policies that have promoted or delayed the use of telehealth, and consumer acceptance of telehealth. The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment: Workshop Summary discusses the current evidence base for telehealth, including available data and gaps in data; discuss how technological developments, including mobile telehealth, electronic intensive care units, remote monitoring, social networking, and wearable devices, in conjunction with the push for electronic health records, is changing the delivery of health care in rural and urban environments. This report also summarizes actions that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) can undertake to further the use of telehealth to improve health care outcomes while controlling costs in the current health care environment.
The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Non Infectious Inflammation (Progress in Inflammation Research #87)
by Carlo Rossetti Francesco PeriTLR4 is one of the most important innate immunity receptors, its function mainly consisting in the activation of inflammatory pathways in response to stimulation by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage Associated Molecular Pattern molecules (DAMPs). This volume critically reviews the different types of TLR4 activators and inhibitors, discusses the role of molecular aggregates in agonism/antagonism as well as the pivotal role of the CD14 receptor in the modulation of TLR4 signal and the molecular details and actors of the intracellular cascade. The book presents the role of TLR4 in several pathologies, such as sepsis and septic shock caused by receptor activation by gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer’s diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). It reviews the role of TLR4 in neural stem cell-mediated neurogenesis and neuroinflammation and in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Cerebral Organoids and discusses the emerging role of micro-RNA (miRNA) regulation by TLR4.
The Role of Trust in Mental Health: Vulnerability and Trust-Building in Theory and Practice
by Gerard LeaveyThis book offers a comprehensive examination of trust and its relationship with mental illness and wellbeing.Engaging with a broad range of mental health research, theory, and practice through various transdisciplinary theoretical models of trust, this book highlights the social and family contexts surrounding the making and breaking of trust and mental health. It examines various sociological conceptual and theoretical frameworks of risk and trust while also engaging with evolutionary perspectives on the human need for cooperation and trust. The author describes how, in a world of constant connectivity, the drawing of boundaries assigns some people as strangers, using stigma as a form of power. The book concludes by considering the future of mental health and where trust-building may be possible. Each chapter is interspersed with observations and insights from the author’s personal research covering many populations, communities and issues over several decades.Drawing on a wide range of interdisciplinary literature, the book will be of interest to mental health practitioners, researchers, and scholars interested in the psychosocial aspects of mental illness and stigma.
The Role of Vitamins in Combating Infectious Viral Diseases
by Aditya Arya Rakesh KaushikThis book highlights the role of vitamins in preventing or reducing the pathogenesis or treatment of infectious viral diseases based on current ongoing research and past work. Using clinical evidence and trials that suggest the potential benefits of vitamin supplementation as prophylactic and therapeutic in infectious viral diseases, each individual vitamin is described in this context in separate chapters. It will be a valuable reference aid to researchers, clinicians, and medical bodies to develop improved therapeutic regimens.Key Features: Acts as a one-stop resource on the relevance of vitamins in infectious viral diseases. Provides a clinical focus on disease prevention and therapy using vitamins for clinicians and researchers. Discusses the molecular mechanisms of vitamins in COVID-19 and other viral diseases.
The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care
by Dr Helen KerrThe Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care Gain a fresh and insightful perspective on the evolving role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in the delivery of cancer services. The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care explores the dynamic and essential world of the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) in cancer care, covering both foundational and advanced topics and rooted in robust research and evidence-based practice. Trace the historical development of the CNS role while gaining invaluable patient and carer perspectives that provide essential guidance for professionals in this field Examine key aspects such as symptom management and non-medical prescribing, gaining a deeper understanding of the multifaceted responsibilities of Clinical Nurse Specialists Find vital subjects like leadership and multidisciplinary teamwork supplemented with practical tools to excel in your role Explore comprehensive coverage of specialised areas within clinical nursing, including the unique challenges of caring for young adults with cancer, navigating the complexities of COVID-19, and utilising digital tools for enhanced patient care Whether you are a registered nurse aspiring to become a clinical nurse specialist or an established CNS seeking professional growth, The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care provides invaluable insights and development opportunities. This engaging resource is also an excellent companion for advanced practitioners specialising in cancer care, ensuring they stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in this vital field.
The Role of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Gustatory Processing
by Robert M. BradleyProviding an essential brainstem relay for three cranial nerves, the NST coordinates highly complex sensory information. While other functions of the NST have received attention, its role in gustatory processing has received little. The first reference devoted exclusively to gustatory processing, The Role of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Gus
The Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging
by Susan RodiekDiscover the physical and mental benefits of outdoor spaces for the elderlyThe Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging presents new insights on the positive role nature and the outdoors can play in the lives of older adults, whether they live in the community, in an assisted-living environment, or in a skilled nursing
The Role of the Pharmacist in Patient Care: Achieving High Quality, Cost-Effective and Accessible Healthcare Through a Team-Based, Patient-Centered Approach
by Abdul Kader MohiuddinThe goal of a high quality, cost-effective and accessible health care for patients is achieved through constructing a team-based and patient-centered health care delivery system. The expanded role of pharmacists uplifts them to patient care from dispensin
The Role of the Study Director in Nonclinical Studies
by William J. Brock Barbara Mounho Lijie FuA single-source reference with a broad and holistic overview of nonclinical studies, this book offers critical training material and describes regulations of nonclinical testing through guidelines, models, case studies, practical examples, and worldwide perspectives. The book:Provides a complete overview of nonclinical study organization, conduct, and reporting and describes the roles and responsibilities of a Study Director to manage an effective studyCovers regulatory and scientific concepts, including international testing and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), compliance with guidelines, and animal modelsFeatures a concluding chapter that compiles case studies / lessons learned from those that have served as a Study Director for many yearsAddresses the entire spectrum of nonclinical testing, making it applicable to those in the government, laboratories and those actively involved in in all sectors of industry
The Ronald J. Glasser Collection: 365 Days; Another War, Another Peace; and Ward 402
by Ronald J. GlasserAn army doctor’s classic Vietnam War memoir—a National Book Award Finalist and “a book of great emotional impact”—plus two powerful novels (The New York Times). Published in 1971 with the Vietnam War still raging, Ronald Glasser’s unflinching memoir of one doctor’s experience with the human cost of the devastating conflict was hailed by William Styron as “a moving account about tremendous courage and often immeasurable suffering . . . [A] valuable and redemptive work.” 365 Days quickly became a powerful anti-war statement of the time that still resonates today, selling over two hundred thousand copies. Turning to fiction, Glasser continued to draw on his own experience as a doctor in the Vietnam War and as an intern in a pediatric ward to craft novels of gripping drama and heartfelt poignancy. 365 Days: In 1968, as a serviceman in the Vietnam War, Ronald Glasser, a pediatrician, was sent to Japan to work at the US Army hospital tending to children of officers and government officials. But he was soon caught up in the waves of casualties that poured in from every Vietnam front. In 365 Days, Glasser reveals a candid and shocking account of that harrowing experience, giving voice to the wounded, the maimed, the dead, with unflinching candor and compassionate humanity. “The most convincing, most moving account I have yet to read about what it was like to be an American soldier in Vietnam.” —Newsweek Another War, Another Peace: Assigned to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, an idealistic young doctor forms an unlikely bond with his driver, a battle-hardened soldier, as they struggle to bring medical aid to Vietnamese villagers. “The author of the remarkable classic 365 Days has in this small novel written with such power about a young American doctor in the war zone that surely he has added another memorable book to the literature of those ghastly years.” —Gloria Emerson, author of Winners & Losers Ward 402: In this gripping, authentic, and impassioned novel, an intern on pediatric Ward 402 fights to save an eleven-year-old girl with advanced leukemia, which her parents believe to be terminal. “[Dr. Glasser] can describe a medical emergency in a way that makes the entire scene spring to life. . . . This is good and exciting writing.” —The New York Times Book Review
The Root Canal Anatomy in Permanent Dentition
by Bettina Basrani Marco A. Versiani Manoel D. Sousa-NetoThis book describes the most commonly methods used for the study of the internal anatomy of teeth and provides a complete review of the literature concerning the current state of research employing contemporary imaging tools such as micro-CT and CBCT, which offer greater accuracy whether using qualitative or quantitative approaches. In order to facilitate the management of complex anatomic anomalies, specific clinical protocols and valuable practical tips are suggested. In addition, supplementary material consisting in high-quality videos and images of different anatomies obtained using micro-CT technology is made available to the reader. The book was planned and developed in collaboration with an international team comprising world-recognized researchers and experienced clinicians with expertise in the field. It will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of canal morphology and its variations in all groups of teeth, which is a basic prerequisite for the success of endodontic therapy.
The Root Canal Biofilm
by Anil Kishen Luis E. Chávez de Paz Christine M. SedgleyThis book presents the current state of research on the basic scientific aspects of root canal biofilm biology within a clinically applicable context. Root canal biofilms are complex polymicrobial structures adhering to the root canal surface that are formed by microorganisms invading the pulpal space of teeth, and are associated with persistent root canal infections. Concerted efforts to study root canal biofilms have been made in the past decade, resulting in the publication of observational and experimental studies that detail the morphology and biology of these structures in infected root canals. In addition to confirming that bacteria in root canals do not exist in free-floating planktonic states as previously assumed, this new information on root canal biofilm infections has provided an opportunity to re-evaluate conventional clinical protocols and improve endodontic therapeutic measures.
The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings
by Dominik WujastykAyurveda, the ancient art of healing, has been practiced in India for more than two thousand years and survives today as a living medical tradition whose principles are at the heart of many "alternative" therapies now used in the West. This "science of longevity" has parallels with Buddhist thought, and advocates a life of moderation through which the three humors of the body will be brought into balance. The writings selected for this volume are taken from Sanskrit medical texts written by the first Ayurvedic physicians, who lived between the fifth century b. c. and the fourteenth century a. d. Here readers will find wide-ranging and fascinating advice on the benefits of garlic therapy, prayers for protection against malevolent disease deities, surgical techniques, exercise regimens, the treatment of poisons, the interpretation of dreams, and more.
The Roots of the Recovery Movement in Psychiatry
by Larry Davidson John Strauss Jaak RakfeldtAs the global psychiatric community enters a new era of transformation, this book explores lessons learned from previous efforts with the goal of "getting it right" this time. In response to the common refrain that we know about and 'do' recovery already, the authors set the recovery movement within the conceptual framework of major thinkers and achievers in the history of psychiatry, such as Philippe Pinel, Dorothea Dix, Adolf Meyer, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Franco Basaglia.The book reaches beyond the usual boundaries of psychiatry to incorporate lessons from related fields, such as psychology, sociology, social welfare, philosophy, political economic theory, and civil rights. From Jane Addams and the Settlement House movement to Martin Luther King, Jr., and Gilles Deleuze, this book identifies the less well-known and less visible dimensions of the recovery concept and movement that underlie concrete clinical practice.In addition, the authors highlight the limitations of previous efforts to reform and transform mental health practice, such as the de-institutionalization movement begun in the 1950s, in the hope that the field will not have to repeat these same mistakes. Their thoughtful analysis and valuable advice will benefit people in recovery, their loved ones, the practitioners who serve them, and society at large.Foreword by Fred Frese, Founder of the Community and State Hospital Section of the American Psychological Association and past president of the National Mental Health Consumers' Association