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Toxicity and Risk: Context, Principles and Practice
by H Paul IllingThis book aims to set out the political, social, legal and scientific underpinning of risk assessment and risk management for toxic substances. It describes the principles and processes the practitioners undertake when looking at the regulatory risk implications of their work.
Toxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2240)
by Carlos Manuel Marques Palmeira Danielle Palma de Oliveira Daniel Junqueira DortaThis book collects protocols from different areas of knowledge to assist in the identification of toxic effects exerted by different xenobiotics. At the same time as classical techniques are presented, modern techniques with alternative models to the use of animals are also presented. Given the ever-increasing exposure to different compounds and their effects on population health, the assessment of multiple endpoints is of utmost importance for better risk assessment, and this collection addresses that need. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Toxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols aims to serve researchers in this vast field of science as they seek to better understand the mechanisms of action of different xenobiotics.
Toxicity Of Hormones In Perinatal Life (Routledge Revivals)
by Takao Mori Hiroshi NagasawaFirst Published in 1988, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the toxicity of hormones during childbirth. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of midwifery, and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Toxicity of Nanomaterials: Environmental and Healthcare Applications
by Suresh C. Pillai Yvonne LangThis comprehensive book, edited by two leading experts in nanotechnology and bioengineering with contributions from a global team of specialists, provides a detailed overview of the environmental and health impacts associated with the toxicology of nanomaterials. Special attention is given to nanomaterial toxicity during synthesis, production and application, and chapters throughout are focused on key areas that are important for future research and development of nanomaterials. This book will be of interest to advanced students studying biomedical engineering and materials science, PhD researchers, post-docs and academics working in the area of nanotechnology, medicine, manufacturing and regulatory bodies. Features: Collates and critically evaluates various aspects of the toxicology of nanomaterials in one comprehensive text Discusses the various effects of nanocrystals including the morphologies on cytotoxicity, in addition to the environmental and cytotoxicity risks of graphene and 2D nanomaterials Explores practical methods of detection and quantification, with applications in the environmental and healthcare fields
Toxicity Of Pesticides To Fish: Volume II
by MurtyThe present work is the first major attempt at reviewing comprehensively all the available information about the environmental fate and behaviour of the xenobiotic chemicals.
Toxicity Of Pesticides To Fish: Volume I
by A.S. MurtyThe present work is the first major attempt at reviewing comprehensively all the available information about the environmental fate and behaviour of the xenobiotic chemicals.
Toxicity Of Pure Foods (Routledge Revivals)
by E. M. BoydFirst Published in 1973, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the toxicology of certain foods. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of toxicology, and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment: Preparing for Paradigm Change - A Symposium Summary
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesIn 2007, the National Research Council envisioned a new paradigm in which biologically important perturbations in key toxicity pathways would be evaluated with new methods in molecular biology, bioinformatics, computational toxicology, and a comprehensive array of in vitro tests based primarily on human biology. Although some considered the vision too optimistic with respect to the promise of the new science, no one can deny that a revolution in toxicity testing is under way. New approaches are being developed, and data are being generated. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expects a large influx of data that will need to be evaluated. EPA also is faced with tens of thousands of chemicals on which toxicity information is incomplete and emerging chemicals and substances that will need risk assessment and possible regulation. Therefore, the agency asked the National Research Council to convene a symposium to stimulate discussion on the application of the new approaches and data in risk assessment. The symposium was held on May 11-13, 2009, in Washington, DC, and included presentations and discussion sessions on pathway-based approaches for hazard identification, applications of new approaches to mode-of-action analyses, the challenges to and opportunities for risk assessment in the changing paradigm, and future directions.
Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents: Interim Report
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesToxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants.
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesOnce dismissed by the medical profession as a purely cosmetic problem, obesity now ranks second only to smoking as a wholly preventable cause of death. Indeed, it's implicated in 300,000 deaths each year and is a major contributor to heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and depression. Even conservative estimates show that 15% of all children are now considered to be overweight--worldwide there are 22 million kids under five years old that are defined as fat. Supersized portions, unhealthy diets, and too little physical activity certainly contribute to what's making kids 'fat'. But that's not the whole story. Researchers are at a loss to explain why obesity rates have risen so suddenly and so steeply in the closing decades of the 20th century. But head out to the beaches, playgrounds, and amusement parks, and it's obvious that overweight children are more numerous and conspicuous. We see it in our neighborhoods and we read it in the headlines. Our nation--indeed the world--is in crisis. But knowledge is power and it's time to arm ourselves in the battle to win the war on obesity. Fed Up! is just what the doctor ordered. Based in part on the Institute of Medicine's ground-breaking report on childhood obesity, this new book from family physician and journalist Susan Okie provides in-depth background on the issue; shares heartrending but instructive case studies that illustrate just how serious and widespread the problem is; and gives honest, authoritative, science-based advice that constitute our best weapons in this critical battle.
Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms (Routledge Revivals #1)
by Gabriel Bitton Bermard J. DutkaFirst Published in 1986, this two-volume set offers comprehensive insight into the testing of toxic substances using microorganisms as reference. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of medicine and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms (Routledge Revivals #2)
by Bernard J. Dutka Gabriel BittonFirst Published in 1986, this two-volume set offers comprehensive insight into the testing of toxic substances using microorganisms as reference. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of medicine and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Toxicokinetics and Risk Assessment
by John C. Lipscomb Edward V. OhanianToxicokinetics in Risk Assessment discusses the noncancer risk assessment process and its reliance on uncertainty factors in order to facilitate the continued study and refinement of the scientific basis for health risk assessment. This text clearly demonstrates the application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling in human healt
Toxicologic Assessment Of The Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests
by Subcommittee On Zinc Cadmium SulfideDuring the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.
Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8
by Subcommittee on Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD’s interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3
Toxicologic Biomarkers
by Anthony P. DeCaprioResponding to the explosion of advances in the use of biomarkers to efficiently, rapidly, and economically evaluate the health effects of chemical entities, this authoritative reference provides a detailed overview of the theory, development, and practical application of biomarkers in the toxicological, environmental, forensic, and pharmaceutical s
Toxicologic Pathology: A Primer
by Gregory ArgentieriThere has been an enormous growth of interest in the field of toxicologic pathology and particularly on its impact on nonclinical safety assessment in global drug development and in the environment. Toxicologic pathologists play an important role in detecting test article-related adverse effects by characterizing morphologic changes in animal tissues and/or body fluids under prescribed study conditions or less clearly defined conditions in the environment and in the interpretation of these findings relative to human risk. In fact, pathology evaluation is often the single most important decision-making factor in nonclinical safety assessments as 80% of drug candidate attrition has been attributed to pathology findings in toxicity studies. There are currently no primers or basic overviews covering the field of toxicologic pathology, whereas there are at least several basic books that cover the sister field of toxicology.Toxicologic Pathology: A Primer is a practical, easy-to-use reference designed to contain core information provided by board-certified veterinary pathologists, all experts in the field. The Primer contains the basic, underlying principles of toxicologic pathology at the introductory level; thus it will be valuable to the veterinary pathology student who may be considering a career in the field as well as a companion to the seasoned toxicologic pathologist who wants a succinct refresher. The Primer is arranged as chapters presenting each major organ system preceded by an overview chapter covering the field of toxicologic pathology followed by a “concept” chapter describing the role of toxicologic pathology in drug development. Photomicrographs and illustrations provide visual context.The organ system chapters provide histopathologic descriptions of lesions observed in toxicity studies of test articles in drug development and testing of chemicals that may negatively impact the environment. Each organ system chapter provides additional information related to a particular lesion to aid the reader in better understanding its toxicologic significance relative to human risk.Each organ system chapter contains: A brief introduction A succinct description of the anatomy and physiology of the system Descriptions of the most important pathological lesions Differential diagnoses Biological consequences, pathogenesis, and/or mechanism of lesion formation Associated clinical pathology correlates Nonclinical safety scientists such as study directors, non-pathology-oriented contributing scientists such as senior toxicology report reviewers, scientific management of Contract Research Organizations (CROs), and students should find the Primer useful in helping them understand the fundamentals of toxicologic pathology.
Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Second Edition
by Pritam S. Sahota James A. Popp Jerry F. Hardisty Chirukandath Gopinath Page BouchardFollowing the success of the first edition, this book is designed to provide practical and timely information for toxicologic pathologists working in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. The majority of the book (Organ Systems) will provide detailed descriptions of histopathological lesions observed in drug development. In addition, it will provide information to assist the pathologist in making determinations of the origin of lesions as well as its relevance to human risk. Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Second Edition includes 2 new concept chapters. The first of the new chapters address approaches for the evaluation of unique therapeutic modalities such as cell therapies, gene therapies, and gene expression knockdown therapies. While these still represent new developing therapeutic approaches, there has been significant experience with the therapeutic modalities in the last 5 years. The second new chapter addresses the nonclinical safety assessment of medical devices, a topic of increasing importance that was not addressed in a unique chapter in the first edition. The other concept chapters have been updated and cover important topics including the overview of drug development; principles of nonclinical safety assessment; an introduction to toxicologic pathology; techniques used in toxicologic pathology, clinical pathology, toxicokinetics, and drug development toxicogenomics; and spontaneous lesions. The 13 organ system chapters provide the specifics related to pathologic characteristics, differential diagnosis, and interpretation of toxic responses in each organ system. These chapters are specifically important for the bench pathologist but also for the toxicologist who interacts with pathologists and function as study toxicologists and project team representatives in the drug development arena.
Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists (Springer Protocols Handbooks Ser.)
by Thomas J. Steinbach Daniel J. Patrick Mary Ellen CosenzaThis extensive volume began as a short course primarily geared toward toxicologists who want to expand their understanding of toxicologic pathology in order to be better study directors while also proving to be of great interest to other drug development scientists and regulatory reviewers. The overall goal is to help non-pathologists understand, contextualize, and communicate the pathology data and interpretations from the study pathologist in a practical and usable format. Within the book, readers will find an overview of general pathology concepts that include fundamental vocabulary and the basics of pathophysiological processes, along with numerous chapters devoted to pathology in specific organ systems as well as topics such as biomarkers, correlation of clinical pathology endpoints (chemistry and hematology) with microscopic changes, and well-known pathology findings for classes of toxic substances. Authoritative, practical, and comprehensive, Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists aims to help non-pathologists understand, converse in, and apply a basic understanding of pathology in their day-to-day careers.
Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury
by National Research CouncilMercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk.Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants.Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury.This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience.
Toxicological Risk Assessment: Biological and Statistical Criteria (Routledge Revivals #1)
by David B. Clayson Daniel R. Krewski Ian C. MunroFirst Published in 1986, this two-volume set explores the methods of toxicological risk assessment. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for toxicologists and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners
by José A. Torres Sol BobstThis book serves as a comprehensive introductory guide to the practical aspects of risk assessment. Chapters include clearly defined objectives and summaries. The book includes: hazard identification, dose-response, exposure assessment, risk characterization, chemical mixtures, epidemiology, emerging issues and global perspectives with accessible language. The book concludes with a set of hypothetical case studies. Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners aims not to create an expert, but rather to provide readers with their first understanding of the risk assessment topic. This book was designed with the student in mind. We simplify a complex process for beginners and balance theory with practical aspects, but remain fluid enough to increase difficulty with case studies. By incorporating an action based, step by step approach to learning the risk assessment process, this book provides its readers with an elementary understanding of how the risk assessment process is initiated, developed and finished, making it a valuable guide for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and early career scientists in industry.
Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals: A Practical Guide
by Elsa Nielsen Grete Ostergaard John Christian LarsenUnlike many existing books on toxicology that cover either toxicity of a particular substance or toxicity of chemicals on particular organ systems, Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals: A Practical Guide lays out the principle activities of conducting a toxicological risk assessment, including international approaches and methods for the risk
Toxicological Testing Handbook: Principles, Applications and Data Interpretation
by David Jacobson-Kram Kit A. KellerFurnishing essential data on all areas of toxicity testing, this Second Edition provides guidance on the design and evaluation of product safety studies to help ensure regulatory acceptance. Every chapter highlights regulatory requirements specific to the United States, Europe, and Japan, and in addition to expanded information on da
The Toxicologist as Expert Witness: A Hint Book for Courtroom Procedure
by Arthur FurstAs the world becomes more complex, a greater percentage of the present litigation is based upon very technical subjects. More and more chemicals are being introduced into our daily lives, without ever having been tested for possible side-effects. Consequently, product liability is increasing, and more and more often the toxicologist is being called