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The Truth in Small Doses
by Clifton LeafA provocative, eye-opening history of the war on cancer, The Truth in Small Doses asks why we are losing this essential fight and charts a path forward. OVER THE PAST HALF CENTURY, deaths from heart disease, stroke, and so many other killers have fallen dramatically. But cancer continues to kill with abandon. In 2013, despite a four-decade "war" against the disease that has cost hundreds of billions of dollars, more than 1.6 million Americans will be diagnosed with cancer and nearly six hundred thousand will die from it. A decade ago, Clifton Leaf, a celebrated journalist and a cancer survivor himself, began to investigate why we had made such limited progress fighting this terrifying disease. The result is a gripping narrative that reveals why the public's immense investment in research has been badly misspent, why scientists seldom collaborate and share their data, why new drugs are so expensive yet routinely fail, and why our best hope for progress--brilliant young scientists-- are now abandoning the search for a cure. The Truth in Small Doses is that rare tale that will both outrage readers and inspire conversation and change.
The Truth Pill: The Myth of Drug Regulation in India
by Dinesh Singh Thakur Prashant Reddy ThikkavarapuSince 2004, when the fraud at Ranbaxy, the largest Indian pharmaceutical company at the time first came to light, the Indian pharmaceutical industry and clinical research organizations have been rocked by a series of scandals after investigations by American and European drug regulators. While the West has responded to concerns about quality of &“Made in India&” medicine by blocking exports from many Indian pharmaceutical companies, the Indian government responded not with regulatory reform but conspiracy theories about &“vested interests&” working against India. More worryingly, the Indian state has also turned a blind eye to a far more serious quality crisis in its domestic pharmaceutical market. At times, these quality issues manifest themselves in the deaths of Indian citizens as happened in early 2020 when 11 children died in Jammu because of adulterated cough syrup. On other occasions, a dodgy drug approval process has led to the Indian regulator approving sales of drugs that have never been approved by regulators in the developed markets. The result is not just poor health outcomes but outsize profits for pharmaceutical companies manufacturing medicines that have never been validated through scientifically rigorous clinical trials for therapeutic evidence. These twin crises, in both the domestic and export markets, is because India has either outdated regulations or no regulations in some areas. Even the outdated regulations are enforced with kids gloves by drug inspectors and judicial magistrates who are ready to forgive even those whose drugs are found to contain barely any active ingredient or dangerously high levels of bacterial endotoxins. In a race for growth of the pharmaceutical industry, the Indian state has sacrificed scientific rigour and ignored the basic principles of public health. Given India&’s position as the pharmacy of the developing world, the failure of the Indian state is a problem for not just India but most of the developing world. This timely, important and compelling book based on deep research, questions and analyzes the actions of the institutions that are responsible for the safety and efficacy of the Indian drug supply in the context of the historical evolution of the Drugs Act 1940 from pre-Independence India to the present day. The future of Indian public health lies in responding to the issues raised in this book.
Trypanosoma cruzi as a Foodborne Pathogen
by Belkisyolé De Noya Oscar González Lucy J. RobertsonThis Brief provides a comprehensive overview of Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite that is traditionally considered as exclusively vectorborne, but can be foodborne, and may lead to outbreaks of Chagas disease in consumers. The characteristics of Trypanosoma cruzi and the clinical effects of the disease are covered, including documented outbreaks, regional patterns, and epidemiology. The various transmission routes are outlined, but with specific focus on foodborne transmission. A major emphasis of this text is contamination of fruit juices with Trypanosoma cruzi in, a transmission vehicle with increasing significance in the spread of this parasite. Also outlined is the difficulty of establishing a protocol for detection in food samples. Results on survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in food matrices is considered, as well as current risk assessment procedures and regulations. Different approaches to preventing transmission, including inactivation and decontamination are introduced, but also the importance of targeted educational initiatives, and also with a focus on future detection, prevention, and prevention of contamination of foods with this parasite.
Trypanosomatid Diseases
by Timo Jäger Paul M. Selzer Oliver Koch Leopold FlohéThis is the first resource to provide researchers in academia and industry with an urgently needed update on drug intervention against trypanosomatides. As such, itcovers every aspect of the topic from basic research findings, via current treatments to translational approaches in drug development and includes both human and livestock diseases. The outstanding editor and contributor team reads like a Who?s Who of the field, thus guaranteeing the outstanding quality of this ready reference.
Trypanosomatids: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2116)
by Paul A. M. Michels Michael L. Ginger Dan ZilbersteinThis volume explores the latest methods used by researchers to study different trypanosomatid parasites. These methods cover numerous disciplines, from organismal biology to molecular mechanism. The chapters in this book cover topics such as high-throughput sequencing; next-generation analysis of trypanosomatid genome stability and instability; DNA repair in cell extracts; ribosome profiling; and the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for gene editing. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and practical, Trypanosomatids: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for any researcher working with trypanosomatids and trypanosomatid-borne diseases. Chapters 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 30, and 48 are open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis
by Stefan Magez Magdalena RadwanskaThis new volume written by experts in the field of trypanosome research covers every aspect of trypanosome-vector-host biology. It is a must read for basic researchers working with trypanosomes and related organisms, infection and drug development as well as parasitology in a broader sense.
Tryptophan: Biochemical and Health Implications (Modern Nutrition)
by Herschel SidranskyHistorically, the amino acid tryptophan has been considered to play a role in cancer development and the aging process. In recent times, this nutrient has been associated with eosinophila myalgia syndrome - a new human disease that attacks the muscular system. This detailed book examines the implications of the large measure of fresh information ga
Tryptophan in Animal Nutrition and Human Health
by Yulong Yin Sung Woo Kim Xiongzhuo TangThis book integrates the research progress of Tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolites in animal nutrition and human health. It recapitulates the effects of Trp nutrition on the regulation of various physiological functions in farmed animals as well as the clinical connections between Trp metabolism and human diseases. Furthermore, this book includes detailed information about the manufacturing process of industrial Trp production and methodologies to study Trp metabolism. This book not only brings numerous benefits to academic communities worldwide but also provides practical values for industrial professionals/companies. Both of these two aspects will expand our understanding of how amino acid metabolism contributes to the maintenance of host health.
Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease
by Atilla Engin Ayse Basak EnginThis book discusses the relationship between cellular immunity and tryptophan metabolism, as well as its products, serotonin and melatonin, in the development of several diseases and reappraises the common signal transduction pathways of the neurodegenerative diseases, carcinogenesis, immune tolerance, inflammation, hypersensitivity reactions, neuropsychiatric disorders, in addition to bacterial tryptophan biosynthesis and novel antimicrobials. Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease presents fundamental information on tryptophan related metabolic pathways and metabolites, implications of these products for specific biological processes, diseases and conditions. This book focuses on effects of tryptophan metabolites on human health and will appeal to researchers, clinicians and students within this field.
Tscherne Unfallchirurgie
by Norbert P. Haas Christian KrettekDer Band zum Bereich Hüfte und Oberschenkel innerhalb der Reihe Tscherne Unfallchirurgie bietet eine präzise Darstellung aller wichtigen chirurgischen Herausforderungen: von der Ätiologie über effiziente Diagnostik, State-of-the-art-Versorgungskonzepte mit Zugang und Implantatauswahl bis zur Nachbehandlung. Text und Bild sind präzise strukturiert und orientieren sich an der Praxis, so dass die Inhalte schnell erfassbar und umsetzbar sind. Auch aktuelle Entwicklungen wie beispielsweise die Applikation von Wachstumsfaktoren wurden berücksichtigt.
Tubercular Drug Delivery Systems: Advances in Treatment of Infectious Diseases
by Yashwant Pathak Ranjita ShegokarThe book targets new advances in areas of treatment and drug delivery sciences for tuberculosis. It covers advances in drug therapy and drug targeting that focus on innovative trend defining technologies and drug delivery platforms in the understanding of host-pathogens relationship for providing better therapy. A wide variety of novel and nano-formulations using promising technologies are being explored to deliver the drug via different administration routes. This book It addresses the gap between new approaches and old treatment modalities and how they are superior in pharmacological performance when tested in in-vitro and in-vivo. Audience from wide range group like from researchers to regulatory bodies can benefit from the compiled information to find out patient needs and current research advances in the field of tuberculosis research..
Tuberculosis: Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies (Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology)
by Andrew Ramsay Clare Ling Leonor Amaral Leonid Heifits Ajit Lalvani Marc Lipman Pablo Bifani Ruth McNerney Dick Van Soolingen Mike Barer Isobel Honeyborne Simon Waddell Gerry Davies Paul Van Helden Stephen Gillespie Helen McShane Michael Hoelscher M Boeree Geoff CoxonTuberculosis is a global health threat and the unique features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the challenge it presents. Covering a wealth of state-of-the-art knowledge from active international experts, this book captures the latest developments in the advent of bacteriological, immunological and molecular tools for diagnosis and the development of new drugs. It shows how the challenge of tuberculosis is currently being met, providing insight into the evidence base underlying new developments in diagnosis, drug development and treatment.
Tuberculosis: The Essentials, Fourth Edition (Lung Biology in Health and Disease)
by Mario C. RaviglioneEvery second a new person is exposed to tuberculosis (TB). Each untreated TB-infected person will infect 10-15 people every year. Following the success of its predecessor, this new edition of Tuberculosis: The Essentials scrutinizes the new discoveries and observations of the key aspects of the disease. Recognized world experts provide a concise, state-of-the-art review of the 15 essential elements of TBsupply an international, current view of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment methodsdiscuss the emerging threat of XDR-TB and the HIV/AIDS factorassess advances in TB research such as new drugs and vaccinesreflect on the progress of the "Stop TB" strategy.
Tuberculosis: Integrated Studies for a Complex Disease (Integrated Science #11)
by Nima RezaeiTuberculosis have been documented since antiquity and the search of the microbes that cause this disease started more than three hundred years ago. Nevertheless, tuberculosis remains an important global health issue, with millions of people affected per year in addition to millions that remain undiagnosed and untreated. Patients with tuberculosis face the full range of recurrence, reinfection, and resistance due to diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic procedures that are not as effective as they should be. In addition, variability in susceptibility to tuberculosis pose a complex problem with numerous interrelated variables. This volume is devoted to the understanding of Tuberculosis focusing on its heterogeneity, its transmission, manifestations, related conditions, diagnosis, treatments, drug resistance and prevention.
Tuberculosis
by Dick Van Soolingen Leonid Heifits Michael Hoelscher Ajit Lalvani Simon Waddell Timothy Mchugh Mike Barer Leonor Amaral Helen Mcshane Isobel Honeyborne Pablo Bifani M Boeree Gerry Davies Andrew Ramsay Paul Van Helden Clare Ling Ruth Mcnerney Stephen Gillespie Geoff Coxon Marc LipmanTuberculosis is a global health threat and the unique features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the challenge it presents. Covering a wealth of state-of-the-art knowledge from active international experts, this book captures the latest developments in the advent of bacteriological, immunological and molecular tools for diagnosis and the development of new drugs. It shows how the challenge of tuberculosis is currently being met, providing insight into the evidence base underlying new developments in diagnosis, drug development and treatment.
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: And Non Tuberculous Myobacterial Infections (ASM Books #36)
by David SchlossbergFor Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Dr. Schlossberg assembled an international team of experts to write about nearly every facet of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. In addition to presenting the latest clinical data, epidemiological findings, and policy and strategy recommendations of the World Health Organization, four new chapters cover topics of critical importance: The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in mycobacterial infections The public health issues of refugees and migrants, and their exposure and transmission of tuberculosis resulting from humanitarian crises Diabetes mellitus as a significant risk factor for tuberculosis The increased risk of tuberculosis reactivation in people taking tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors and other biopharmaceuticals Other chapters provide detailed information on the clinical, public health, and policy aspects of tracking and treating tuberculosis, including: The many presentations of tuberculosis, from pulmonary to ocular and cardiovascular to urogenital The complications that tuberculosis and antituberculosis therapy cause to the hematologic and endocrine systems Tuberculosis during pregnancy and in infants and children Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis Development of new vaccines Nontuberculous infections caused by mycobacteria found throughout our environment The seventh edition of Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections is an essential resource for anyone working to prevent and treat tuberculosis and associated infections, from infectious disease specialists to scientists, policymakers, and epidemiologists.
Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus (ASM Books #37)
by Jr. Et Al. Helen McShane William R. Jacobs Valerie MizrahiCan today's innovative practices and molecular tools tame this ancient disease? One third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis (TB), with about 10 million new cases annually. To combat TB and its agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the World Health Organization launched The End TB Strategy, which aims to slash the suffering and cost of TB by 2035. This makes the second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus, edited by Jacobs, McShane, Mizrahi, and Orme, an extremely valuable resource for scientists and clinicians. The editors have gathered their colleagues from around the world to present the latest on the molecular biology of M. tuberculosis and related species, the host-pathogen interactions that enable invasion, and the host's immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. The basic, clinical, and translational research presented in this book supports the goals of WHO's End TB Strategy by driving toward the development of effective vaccines, rapid molecular diagnostics, and anti-TB drugs. Creating an effective tuberculosis vaccine. Understand the innate and adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis infection, its study in established animal models, and how this information is being used to develop new vaccines against TB. Formulating new antituberculosis drugs. Learn the challenges and methods for evaluating new drugs in preclinical trials with a focus on drugs that work against "persisters" and those that act on the electron transport complex and ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis. Overcoming the challenges of diagnosing tuberculosis. Review new diagnostic tools that are simple, rapid, affordable, specific, sensitive, and safe, including molecular-based diagnostic methods such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Using molecular, genomic, and bioinformatics tools to understand the biology and evolution of Mycobacterium. Explore current research on the molecular mechanisms that M. tuberculosis uses to evade the immune system, enter a state of nonreplicating persistence, and become reactivated. The second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus presents the latest research on a microorganism that is exquisitely well adapted to its human host. This pathogen continues to confound scientists, clinicians, and public health specialists, who will all find much valuable information in this comprehensive set of reviews.
Tuberculosis Control in Migrating Population
by Wei-Ye Yu Pu-Xuan Lu Wei-Guo TanWith the rapid development of economy and international communication, world population mobility increase significantly. As migrating population is one of vulnerable populations to infectious diseases, strengthening monitoring system and intervention approaches will be a key factor in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. This book is intended to provide valuable information on creating effective prevention and intervention strategies of tuberculosis, taking Shenzhen, one of typical immigrant cities, as an example. Followed by overview of tuberculosis, the control strategy, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, drug resistant tuberculosis, and HIV-associated tuberculosis in migrating population is introduced. In addition, application of innovative technologies, for example, internet, molecular biology, and artificial intelligence in tuberculosis control is presented. It will be a useful reference for practitioners in centers for infectious disease control and prevention, hospitals, academic institutions, as well as staff in government agencies and non-government organizations with interests in tuberculosis prevention and control.
Tuberculosis Host-Pathogen Interactions
by Jeffrey D. Cirillo Ying KongThis book summarizes the progress in studies of tuberculosis host-pathogen interactions from several perspectives: molecular microbiology, immunology, animal models, clinical studies, epidemiology, and drug discovery. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a severe global public health problem. Complex interactions between environmental, microbial and host factors lead to clinically relevant infections. Studies on bacterial virulence, host-genetic, and immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility to TB provide an ever-growing foundation of knowledge that is critical to finding new interventions. Studies of immune mechanisms against M. tuberculosis infection have identified immunological markers associated with specific phenotypes in the host, providing insight into how they may be used to augment current treatment strategies. Recent advances in diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines, as well as basic-research oriented studies have shed light on the development of new directions for prevention, treatment and control of TB. Improved understanding of the interplay between the bacterium and host is a key component of reducing incidence worldwide.
Tuberculosis in Adults and Children
by Dorothee Heemskerk Maxine Caws Ben Marais Jeremy FarrarThis work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases.
Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective
by Asseged B. Dibaba Nicolaas P. J. Kriek Charles O. ThoenThis book recounts the biology of M. bovis, followed by the status of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in African countries, primarily based on zoonotic and epidemiological field reports. Since the accumulation of data is valueless unless it led to practicable control measures, emphasis is put on locally adapted protocols for future control of the disease. In order to systematically evaluate the knowledge base of bTB, Epidemiologic Problem Oriented Approach (EPOA) methodology was used. The methodology is composed of two triads: i) the problem identification/characterization triad, which is mainly descriptive in nature, and ii) the problem management/solution/mitigation triad, which is mainly geared toward problem management/solution (see figure). The first triad comprises three pillars: i) agent ii) host, and iii) environment and the second one: i) therapeutics/treatment, ii) prevention/control, and iii) health maintenance/promotion. The two triads are linked together by the diagnostic procedure linkage. The systematic and detailed studies of the ‘Host-Agent-Environment’ interactions are the building blocks to the understanding of agent transmission pathways and disease spread. These may include data about the disease status of the country, the nature of the disease agent and its hosts, the modes of transmission, the wildlife reservoirs in nature, persistence of infection, and agent survival in animal products and the environment. The problem identification and characterization triad identifies these interactions. Once a problem has been identified and well understood, the next step is to minimize the risk of transmission and spread of a disease. This area, referred to as problem solution/management triad, consists of problem management alternatives that rely upon prevention/control, and health maintenance/promotion of the disease in livestock, wildlife, and humans with the emphasis on resource-poor, developing countries in Africa.
Tuberculosis in Clinical Practice
by Onn Min KonThis book is targeted at ensuring frontline clinical staff including seniors, trainees and specialist nurses can easily reference the optimum investigation and management of potential TB cases. This will mirror the annual London Advanced TB course which aims to equip all of the team delivering care to have a working knowledge of the entire spectrum of the real life aspects of TB management ranging from investigation of active TB to latent screening in pre biologic therapy. It includes an update of MDR TB management and also the approaches needed to ensure the entire medico-social spectrum of TB care is addressed.
Tuberculosis in the Workplace
by Institute of MedicineThis National Institute of Medicine committee report on the resurgence of tuberculosis in the US focuses on the risks of occupational exposure for health- care workers. It reviews responses to resurgent TB and proposed strategies for its elimination in the US and worldwide; provides an overview of TB transmission, infection, and disease; discusses established and proposed federal standards to protect workers from occupational exposure to TB; and considers the effects of existing guidelines for preventing TB exposure in health-care facilities as well as the likely effects of standards proposed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Annotation c. Book News, Inc. , Portland, OR (booknews. com)
Tuberculosis, Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases of Man and Animals
by Michelle Larsen Mark Chambers Harshini Mukundan Ray WatersMycobacteria are bacterial pathogens which cause diseases in humans and non-human animals. This monograph will primarily cover the most important and widely researched groups of mycobacteria: members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and Mycobacterium leprae, across a wide range of host species. M. tuberculosis and M. bovis are particularly relevant with the increasing drug resistance and co-infection with HIV associated with M. tuberculosis and the possible cross-infection of badgers and cattle associated with M. bovis. This book will provide a reference for researchers working in different fields creating a work which draws together information on different pathogens, and by considering the diseases in a zoonotic context provides a One Health approach to these important groups of diseases.
Tuberculosis, Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases of Man and Animals: The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria
by Harshini Mukundan Mark A. Chambers W. Ray Waters Michelle H. LarsenMycobacteria are bacterial pathogens which cause diseases in humans and non-human animals. This monograph primarily covers the most important and widely researched groups of mycobacteria: members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and Mycobacterium leprae, across a wide range of host species. M. tuberculosis and M. bovis are particularly relevant with the increasing drug resistance and co-infection with HIV associated with M. tuberculosis and the possible cross-infection of badgers and cattle associated with M. bovis. This book provides a reference for researchers working in different fields, creating a work which draws together information on different pathogens, and by considering the diseases in a zoonotic context, provides a One Health approach to these important groups of diseases.