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Toxicologic Assessment Of The Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests
by Subcommittee On Zinc Cadmium SulfideDuring the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.
Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8
by Subcommittee on Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD’s interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3
Toxicologic Biomarkers
by Anthony P. DeCaprioResponding to the explosion of advances in the use of biomarkers to efficiently, rapidly, and economically evaluate the health effects of chemical entities, this authoritative reference provides a detailed overview of the theory, development, and practical application of biomarkers in the toxicological, environmental, forensic, and pharmaceutical s
Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists (Springer Protocols Handbooks Ser.)
by Thomas J. Steinbach Daniel J. Patrick Mary Ellen CosenzaThis extensive volume began as a short course primarily geared toward toxicologists who want to expand their understanding of toxicologic pathology in order to be better study directors while also proving to be of great interest to other drug development scientists and regulatory reviewers. The overall goal is to help non-pathologists understand, contextualize, and communicate the pathology data and interpretations from the study pathologist in a practical and usable format. Within the book, readers will find an overview of general pathology concepts that include fundamental vocabulary and the basics of pathophysiological processes, along with numerous chapters devoted to pathology in specific organ systems as well as topics such as biomarkers, correlation of clinical pathology endpoints (chemistry and hematology) with microscopic changes, and well-known pathology findings for classes of toxic substances. Authoritative, practical, and comprehensive, Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists aims to help non-pathologists understand, converse in, and apply a basic understanding of pathology in their day-to-day careers.
Toxicologic Pathology: A Primer
by Gregory ArgentieriThere has been an enormous growth of interest in the field of toxicologic pathology and particularly on its impact on nonclinical safety assessment in global drug development and in the environment. Toxicologic pathologists play an important role in detecting test article-related adverse effects by characterizing morphologic changes in animal tissues and/or body fluids under prescribed study conditions or less clearly defined conditions in the environment and in the interpretation of these findings relative to human risk. In fact, pathology evaluation is often the single most important decision-making factor in nonclinical safety assessments as 80% of drug candidate attrition has been attributed to pathology findings in toxicity studies. There are currently no primers or basic overviews covering the field of toxicologic pathology, whereas there are at least several basic books that cover the sister field of toxicology.Toxicologic Pathology: A Primer is a practical, easy-to-use reference designed to contain core information provided by board-certified veterinary pathologists, all experts in the field. The Primer contains the basic, underlying principles of toxicologic pathology at the introductory level; thus it will be valuable to the veterinary pathology student who may be considering a career in the field as well as a companion to the seasoned toxicologic pathologist who wants a succinct refresher. The Primer is arranged as chapters presenting each major organ system preceded by an overview chapter covering the field of toxicologic pathology followed by a “concept” chapter describing the role of toxicologic pathology in drug development. Photomicrographs and illustrations provide visual context.The organ system chapters provide histopathologic descriptions of lesions observed in toxicity studies of test articles in drug development and testing of chemicals that may negatively impact the environment. Each organ system chapter provides additional information related to a particular lesion to aid the reader in better understanding its toxicologic significance relative to human risk.Each organ system chapter contains: A brief introduction A succinct description of the anatomy and physiology of the system Descriptions of the most important pathological lesions Differential diagnoses Biological consequences, pathogenesis, and/or mechanism of lesion formation Associated clinical pathology correlates Nonclinical safety scientists such as study directors, non-pathology-oriented contributing scientists such as senior toxicology report reviewers, scientific management of Contract Research Organizations (CROs), and students should find the Primer useful in helping them understand the fundamentals of toxicologic pathology.
Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Safety Assessment
by Pritam S. Sahota Zbigniew W. Wojcinski Page R. Bouchard Shannon Wallace Vanessa L. Schumacher David. A. SabioThe new edition provides practical and timely information for toxicologic pathologists working in drug discovery and development. The introductory concept chapters are consolidated into two more concise and better-organized introductory chapters. The two concept chapters introduce the reader to pharmaceutical R&D, the role of the pathologist in the process, and critical partner scientific disciplines with whom the pathologist will collaborate. In this revision, the organ system chapters incorporate more consistent commentary and guidance on the molecular mechanism of action, human translational relevance, and regulatory impact of pathological findings as they are described in these chapters.Key Features: Aids scientists in understanding spontaneously occurring and compound-related pathological findings Features three new well-respected scientists on the editorial team Includes more consistent commentary and guidance in the organ system chapters
Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Second Edition
by Chirukandath Gopinath Pritam S. Sahota James A. Popp Jerry F. Hardisty Page BouchardFollowing the success of the first edition, this book is designed to provide practical and timely information for toxicologic pathologists working in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. The majority of the book (Organ Systems) will provide detailed descriptions of histopathological lesions observed in drug development. In addition, it will provide information to assist the pathologist in making determinations of the origin of lesions as well as its relevance to human risk. Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Second Edition includes 2 new concept chapters. The first of the new chapters address approaches for the evaluation of unique therapeutic modalities such as cell therapies, gene therapies, and gene expression knockdown therapies. While these still represent new developing therapeutic approaches, there has been significant experience with the therapeutic modalities in the last 5 years. The second new chapter addresses the nonclinical safety assessment of medical devices, a topic of increasing importance that was not addressed in a unique chapter in the first edition. The other concept chapters have been updated and cover important topics including the overview of drug development; principles of nonclinical safety assessment; an introduction to toxicologic pathology; techniques used in toxicologic pathology, clinical pathology, toxicokinetics, and drug development toxicogenomics; and spontaneous lesions. The 13 organ system chapters provide the specifics related to pathologic characteristics, differential diagnosis, and interpretation of toxic responses in each organ system. These chapters are specifically important for the bench pathologist but also for the toxicologist who interacts with pathologists and function as study toxicologists and project team representatives in the drug development arena.
Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury
by National Research CouncilMercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk.Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants.Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury.This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience.
Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners
by José A. Torres Sol BobstThis book serves as a comprehensive introductory guide to the practical aspects of risk assessment. Chapters include clearly defined objectives and summaries. The book includes: hazard identification, dose-response, exposure assessment, risk characterization, chemical mixtures, epidemiology, emerging issues and global perspectives with accessible language. The book concludes with a set of hypothetical case studies. Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners aims not to create an expert, but rather to provide readers with their first understanding of the risk assessment topic. This book was designed with the student in mind. We simplify a complex process for beginners and balance theory with practical aspects, but remain fluid enough to increase difficulty with case studies. By incorporating an action based, step by step approach to learning the risk assessment process, this book provides its readers with an elementary understanding of how the risk assessment process is initiated, developed and finished, making it a valuable guide for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and early career scientists in industry.
Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals: A Practical Guide
by Elsa Nielsen Grete Ostergaard John Christian LarsenUnlike many existing books on toxicology that cover either toxicity of a particular substance or toxicity of chemicals on particular organ systems, Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals: A Practical Guide lays out the principle activities of conducting a toxicological risk assessment, including international approaches and methods for the risk
Toxicological Risk Assessment: Biological and Statistical Criteria (Routledge Revivals #1)
by David B. Clayson Daniel R. Krewski Ian C. MunroFirst Published in 1986, this two-volume set explores the methods of toxicological risk assessment. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for toxicologists and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Toxicological Testing Handbook: Principles, Applications and Data Interpretation
by David Jacobson-Kram Kit A. KellerFurnishing essential data on all areas of toxicity testing, this Second Edition provides guidance on the design and evaluation of product safety studies to help ensure regulatory acceptance. Every chapter highlights regulatory requirements specific to the United States, Europe, and Japan, and in addition to expanded information on da
Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure & Medical Monitoring Index
by Robert RyanA source of medical, legal and regulatory information on the toxicology of human exposure to metals and chemicals, this three-volume set is designed to be the first resource professionals turn to when formulating an opinion and developing a programme. It is annually updated to provide the latest information on over 150 chemical agents in a standar
Toxicology and Human Health: Environmental Exposures and Biomarkers
by Md. Irshad Ahmad Mohammad Mahamood Mehjbeen Javed Saleh S. AlhewairiniThis contributed volume brings out a comprehensive collection of information on environmental toxicology, its impact on living organisms in general and human health in particular. The main focus of this book is to address human health issues and risk assessment. Toxicological studies help in understanding the impact of harmful substances including both natural and synthetic chemicals on organisms and their environment. Contributions in the title include both laboratory and field based studies with a focus on human health. Moreover, day by day, there is an increase in the range of chemicals from pharmaceutical and other industries, agricultural runoffs, medicine, and many other sources which continuously contribute to the earth's chemical load. Almost all the countries are facing great difficulties in responding to the crucial and immediate need for effective management of such contaminants. The title compiles studies in regards to environmental toxicology and its effect on human health. This book provides critical information and knowledge that can be used by regulatory agencies, decision-makers, policy makers, graduate and post-graduate students, researchers, environmental toxicologists, etc, and others to put programs and policies in place to limit our exposures to these substances thereby preventing or reducing the likelihood that a disease or other negative health outcomes would occur.
Toxicology and Regulatory Process
by Sidney GreenProviding detailed examples and valuable discussions of the development of specific methods, approaches, and legislation, this reference presents the latest information on the impact of toxicology on the regulatory process and illustrates the interrelationship between toxicology and the regulation of chemicals, pharmaceutical compounds, and food su
Toxicology at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans
by Dayong Wang“This book uses Caenorhabditis elegans as model animal to introduce the toxicity induction of toxicants at environmentally relevant concentrations under different conditions. It also discusses the systematic introduction of different molecular signaling pathways, as well as G protein coupled receptors and ion channels, in regulating the toxicity of toxicants at environmentally relevant concentrations. The intestinal, neuronal, and germline molecular networks required for the regulation of toxicity of toxicants at environmentally relevant concentrations is further introduced and discussed. This book aims at providing a systematic understanding of the knowledge system on toxicology at environmentally relevant concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans. ”
Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences
by Mark D. Evans Marcus S. Cooke Antonio Peña-FernándezThere is an increasing need for knowledge of toxicology to safeguard the use of chemicals in industry and in the public and private sectors. The study of toxicology is becoming increasingly relevant in human health sciences, as future health and clinical professionals will be pivotal in addressing and managing emerging chemical threats and hazards related to modern anthropogenic activities and technological development. Comprising a series of chapters from leading toxicology, pharmacy and public health academics and experts across Europe, the United States and beyond, Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences provides a concise yet comprehensive volume that can be used as a relevant textbook on toxicology for the clinical, healthcare, educational and professional sectors. Key Features: Includes cutting edge information regarding the very lastest environmental threats to public health Provides a detailed case study based on a real-world scenario that allows the reader to practice human health risk assessment Describes innovative guidance and tools to respond to chemical incidents and attacks, which enables the reader to tailor an effective protection and remediation response This book covers the fundamentals and recent developments in toxicology, to respond to local and global chemical, pharmaceutical and environmental threats. Thus, this volume has chapters specifically designed to support the understanding of the most current toxicology-related subjects for any undergraduate/postgraduate health programs as well as aid the delivery of continuing professional development training on up-to-date topics in toxicology for current practicing health professionals wishing to improve their background knowledge in toxicology. The book is also vital reading and reference for policy makers and others that influence and set regulations that have an impact on the environment and human health.
Toxicology of 1 - 3-Beta-Glucans: Glucans as a Marker for Fungal Exposure
by Shih-Houng Young Vincent CastranovaThe investigation of indoor air quality has shown that microbial contamination is often a problem in buildings. Recent evidence indicates that fungi are often a part of the picture. A component of the fungal cell wall, 1 3-glucans not only affect human health, they are a marker for the existence of fungi in environmental samples. Toxicology
Toxicology of Amphibian Tadpoles
by Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas Eduardo Alves de AlmeidaAnuran amphibians are among the animal groups with the highest rate of population decline on the planet. Among the factors driving this decline are environmental pollutants, whose negative effects on larvae and tadpoles are still relatively little studied. This is the first book devoted entirely to studying the effects of environmental pollutants on amphibian tadpoles. Throughout its 14 chapters, various aspects of the toxic effects of different classes of environmental contaminants are explored, such as the toxicokinetics of toxic compounds in tadpoles and their health effects, which may result in negative consequences at populations level.
Toxicology of Biological Communication: Lessons from Endocrine Disruptors and the Exposome
by Robert Barouki Xavier Coumoul Etienne BlancCommunication is vital for biological systems. This book covers how environmental stressors can disrupt these communications leading to adverse outcomes and goes beyond endocrine disruption. Since the endocrine system is primarily a communication system, endocrine disruption is the clearest example of communication toxicology. However, other physiological systems rely heavily on communication and therefore its disruption by toxicants can have considerable impacts. This is illustrated with the effects of toxicants on the nervous and the immune system. The exposome concept has considerably changed the field of toxicology as it tends to integrate different exposures and highlights their interactions. This book discusses how it has also fueled the relevance of communication between different systems to better understand the mechanisms of toxicity. The dialogue between chemicals and the dietary imbalance as well as between chemicals and psycho-social stress is further discussed and integrated into the global communication disruption concept. This book is intended for researchers, scientists, students, NGO experts, and all interested citizens with some biological background.
Toxicology of Cyanides and Cyanogens
by Gary A. Rockwood Alan H. Hall Gary E. IsomThe basic and applied toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens has widespread commercial, occupational, environmental, clinical, forensic, military, and public health implications. <P><P> This book provides a detailed and updated reference describing the properties, uses, general and human toxicology, clinical recognition, diagnosis and medical management, and countermeasures is therefore required in academic, medical, occupational, environmental, medico-legal, regulatory, emergency response, and military arenas. Edited by a world-renowned team of experts from academia, defense and industry, this book will be an invaluable reference for professionals, researchers and students in cyanide and cyanogens.
Toxicology of Essential and Xenobiotic Metals
by Michael Aschner João Batista Teixeira da Rocha Pablo Andrei NogaraThis book explores how metals like cadmium, mercury, lead, aluminium, manganese, and chromium can harm our health, whether through short-term or long-term exposure. It covers symptoms ranging from immediate nausea to long-term issues like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Understanding how these metals interact with our bodies is crucial for identifying their harmful effects. The book, divided into 11 chapters, provides straightforward explanations about how these metals affect our health, making it useful for anyone interested in understanding how metals can impact the environment as well as human and animal health.
Toxicology of Fishes
by Kristine L. Willett Neelakanteswar AluruThis up-to-date, comprehensive toxicology handbook is devoted to the effects of environmental pollution on fish. Fish species represent nearly half of all vertebrates and have become important sentinels for environmental contamination and model organisms for understanding adverse outcomes from exposures. This new edition is written by recognized experts, and it highlights the significant research progress in fish toxicology that has resulted from rapid technological developments in analytical, biochemical, and genomic sciences. The book: Discusses fundamental topics such as toxicokinetics in fishes, processes governing biotransformation within these organisms, and reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Explains key target organ systems for chemical impacts in fish, such as the nervous and immune systems, and how fishes can develop resistance to chemical toxicity. Covers multi-transgenerational effects on fishes, epigenetics, proteomics and metabolomics, and adverse outcome pathways. Replacing the case studies in the first edition, this update delves into the impacts of microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and oil spills in dedicated final chapters. With nearly 200 illustrations and tables, this comprehensive reference work presents concepts in a way that is useful for both novices to and experts in the field of fish toxicology.
Toxicology of Glutathione Transferases
by Yogesh C. AwasthiSince the discovery of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) or Glutathione transferase, studies have probed important questions about its pharmacological and physiological significance. Toxicology of Glutathione Transferases is the only text that details the methods used in GST research. With chapters written by experts who have been involved in
Toxicology of Herbal Products
by Olavi Pelkonen Pierre Duez Pia Maarit Vuorela Heikki VuorelaThis volume provides a comprehensive overview of the hazards inherent in herbal medicinal products, with systematic coverage of major toxicities. Topics include composition and quality control, toxicokinetics, interactions, safety pharmacology, approaches to studying complex mixtures including metabolomics and systems network pharmacology, and long-term toxicity. The volume also discusses various organ toxicities with a special emphasis on basic mechanisms of actions and the multicomponent and multi-target nature of herbal products. It concludes with a look to future challenges and opportunities. With contributions from noted experts, Toxicology of Herbal Products is a necessary resource for physicians, pharmacists, and toxicologists interested in complex plant-derived products.