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The Absence Of Grand Strategy: The United States In The Persian Gulf, 1972-2005
by Steve A. YetivGreat powers and grand strategies. It is easy to assume that the most powerful nations pursue and employ consistent, cohesive, and decisive policies in trying to promote their interests in regions of the world. Popular theory emphasizes two such grand strategies that great powers may pursue: balance of power policy or hegemonic domination. But, as Steve A. Yetiv contends, things may not always be that cut and dried. <p><p> Analyzing the evolution of the United States' foreign policy in the Persian Gulf from 1972 to 2005, Yetiv offers a provocative and panoramic view of American strategies in a region critical to the functioning of the entire global economy. Ten cases—from the policies of the Nixon administration to George W. Bush's war in Iraq—reveal shifting, improvised, and reactive policies that were responses to unanticipated and unpredictable events and threats. In fact, the distinguishing feature of the U.S. experience in the Gulf has been the absence of grand strategy. <p> Yetiv introduces the concept of "reactive engagement" as an alternative approach to understanding the behavior of great powers in unstable regions. At a time when the effects of U.S. foreign policy are rippling across the globe, The Absence of Grand Strategy offers key insight into the nature and evolution of American foreign policy in the Gulf.
The Absence of Grand Strategy: The United States in the Persian Gulf, 1972–2005
by Steve A. YetivGreat powers and grand strategies. It is easy to assume that the most powerful nations pursue and employ consistent, cohesive, and decisive policies in trying to promote their interests in regions of the world. Popular theory emphasizes two such grand strategies that great powers may pursue: balance of power policy or hegemonic domination. But, as Steve A. Yetiv contends, things may not always be that cut and dried. Analyzing the evolution of the United States' foreign policy in the Persian Gulf from 1972 to 2005, Yetiv offers a provocative and panoramic view of American strategies in a region critical to the functioning of the entire global economy. Ten cases—from the policies of the Nixon administration to George W. Bush's war in Iraq—reveal shifting, improvised, and reactive policies that were responses to unanticipated and unpredictable events and threats. In fact, the distinguishing feature of the U.S. experience in the Gulf has been the absence of grand strategy.Yetiv introduces the concept of "reactive engagement" as an alternative approach to understanding the behavior of great powers in unstable regions. At a time when the effects of U.S. foreign policy are rippling across the globe, The Absence of Grand Strategy offers key insight into the nature and evolution of American foreign policy in the Gulf.
Absent-Minded Beggars: Yeomanry and Volunteers in the Boer War
by Will BennettThe British Army suffered one of its greatest crises when in December 1899 the Boer irregulars inflicted three reverses in South Africa in 'Black Week'. A nation grown accustomed to success was stunned. Part of the answer was a very British blend of patriotism and pragmatism. For the first time civilian volunteers and part-time soldiers were allowed to fight overseas to the horror of traditionalist professional soldiers. Yet, by the end of the Boer War, almost 90,000 men had volunteered to serve the Colours. Much of sporting high society joined the newly formed Imperial Yeomanry. The Volunteers sent infantrymen to serve alongside the regulars and the City of London financed the raising of the City Imperial Volunteers. Men also came forward from the colonies. This book tells the story of these volunteer units.
Absolute Heart (Infernal Instruments of the Dragon #1)
by Michael Vance GurleyInfernal Instruments of the DragonAs the British Empire builds power based on new clockwork and steam technology, Ireland draws its might from its potent magical traditions. Only two boys with little in common can end the fighting between the two nations and prevent a terrible worldwide war. Gavin Haveland’s dreams are in the sky with the airships, while his reality as a High Councilman’s son means hiding secrets that will get him executed if revealed. Orion of Oberon is not just a powerful mage, he’s the nephew of the Irish queen, and the one she’s sent him on a quest for the ancient Dragon Stones that will bolster her fading power. In the process, he might restore his family to their rightful place in society. With enemies determined to stop them by any means necessary and war or peace hinging on their success, Gavin and Orion must find a way to work together, despite the centuries of mistrust between their nations.
Absolute Trust (True Heroes #3)
by Piper J. DrakeLOVE IS THE GREATEST RISK OF ALLAfter multiple tours of duty, Brandon Forte returns to his hometown on a personal mission: to open a facility for military service dogs like Haydn, a German shepherd who's seen his share of combat and loss. It also brings him back to Sophie Kim, a beacon of light in his life . . . and the one woman he can't have. But Forte's success means he's made enemies in high places. Enemies who are now after Sophie . . . When Forte enlisted and left without saying goodbye, Sophie did her best to move on. But with her first love back in town, looking sexier than ever, she's constantly reminded of what they could have had. Then after he risks himself for her, Sophie realizes she'll have to put her life in the hands of the man who broke her heart, knowing the danger -and the sparks between them- could consume them both.
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
by Chris BellamyIn Absolute War, acclaimed historian and journalist Chris Bellamy crafts the first full account since the fall of the Soviet Union of World War II's battle on the Eastern Front, one of the deadliest conflicts in history. The conflict on the Eastern Front, fought between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1945, was the greatest, most costly, and most brutal conflict on land in human history. It was arguably the single most decisive factor of the war, and shaped the postwar world as we know it. In this magisterial work, Bellamy outlines the lead-up to the war, in which the fragile alliance between the two dictators was unceremoniously broken, and examines its far-reaching consequences, arguing that the cost of victory was ultimately too much for the Soviet Union to bear. With breadth of scope and a surfeit of new information, this is the definitive history of a conflict whose reverberations are still felt today.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point
by David LipskyNew York Times Bestseller: A &“fascinating, funny and tremendously well written&” chronicle of daily life at the US Military Academy (Time). In 1998, West Point made an unprecedented offer to Rolling Stone writer David Lipsky: Stay at the Academy as long as you like, go wherever you wish, talk to whomever you want, to discover why some of America&’s most promising young people sacrifice so much to become cadets. Lipsky followed one cadet class into mess halls, barracks, classrooms, bars, and training exercises, from arrival through graduation. By telling their stories, he also examines the Academy as a reflection of our society: Are its principles of equality, patriotism, and honor quaint anachronisms or is it still, as Theodore Roosevelt called it, the most &“absolutely American&” institution? During an eventful four years in West Point&’s history, Lipsky witnesses the arrival of TVs and phones in dorm rooms, the end of hazing, and innumerable other shifts in policy and practice. He uncovers previously unreported scandals and poignantly evokes the aftermath of September 11, when cadets must prepare to become officers in wartime. Lipsky also meets some extraordinary people: a former Eagle Scout who struggles with every facet of the program, from classwork to marching; a foul-mouthed party animal who hates the military and came to West Point to play football; a farm-raised kid who seems to be the perfect soldier, despite his affection for the early work of Georgia O&’Keeffe; and an exquisitely turned-out female cadet who aspires to &“a career in hair and nails&” after the Army. The result is, in the words of David Brooks in the New York Times Book Review, &“a superb description of modern military culture, and one of the most gripping accounts of university life I have read. . . . How teenagers get turned into leaders is not a simple story, but it is wonderfully told in this book.&”
Absolution
by Patrick FlaneryA bold and exciting literary novel set in South Africa that contemplates the elusive line between truth and self-perception. Ambitious and assured, Absolution propels the reader to the final page in a drive to discover the secrets and truths at its core. How or why did a young antiapartheid activist disappear twenty years earlier? How does that event link the present-day characters? And how does it explain the choices they have made or the lies they may tell themselves? Absolution is a big-idea novel about the pitfalls of memory, the ramifications of censorship, and the ways we are silently complicit in the problems around us. It's also a devastating, intimate, and stunningly woven story. Told in shifting perspectives, it centers on the mysterious character of Clare Wald, a controversial South African writer of great fame, haunted by the memories of a sister she fears she betrayed to her death and a daughter she fears she abandoned. Clare comes to learn that in this conflict the dead do not stay buried, and the missing return in other forms--such as the child witness of her daughter's last days who has reappeared twenty years later as Clare's official biographer, prompting an unraveling of history and a search for forgiveness. Part literary thriller, part meditation on the responsibility of the individual under totalitarianism, this is a masterpiece of rich, complicated characters and narration that captures the reader and does not let go.
Absolution
by Edie Jo GibsonNolan Foster fell in love with Brenda Sue Banks the moment he saw her. Her kind innocence filled his dark life with light. Until he crossed paths with Burrows, who would like to use Nolan's skills for illegal ventures and threatens Brenda Sue and her son for motivation. Nolan has to find a way to take down Burrows' empire while keeping her and her son safe, even if it means showing her his darkness and possibly losing her forever.Brenda Sue is intimately aware of what Nolan does for a living. She might be a kindergarten teacher, but she is more than aware of evil out in the world and understands it takes men like Nolan to get rid of it. He might be determined to keep her away from him for her safety, but she's got other things in mind. Love like theirs comes once in a lifetime, and he has been alone for too long. He needs her, and she's not about to walk away.
Absolution Gap (Revelation Space #4)
by Alastair ReynoldsThey are ancient killing machines, designed to locate and destroy any life form reaching a certain level of intelligence. Now, stirred from eons of sleep, the Inhibitors have descended on their latest target: Humanity." "The first wave of Inhibitors has sent war veteran Clavain and a ragtag group of refugees into hiding. Their leadership is faltering, and their situation is growing more desperate. But their little colony has just received an unexpected visitor: an avenging angel with the power to lead mankind to safety - or draw down its darkest enemy." As she leads them to an apparently insignificant moon light-years away, it begins to dawn on Clavain and his companions that to beat one enemy, it may be necessary to forge an alliance with something much worse.
Abundance of Valor: Resistance, Survival, and Liberation - 1944–45
by Will IrwinThe operation known as “Market Garden”—made famous in the book and film A Bridge Too Far—was the largest airborne assault in history up to that time, a high-risk Allied invasion of enemy territory that has become a legend of World War II, even as it still invites criticism from historians. Now a thrilling and revelatory new book re-creates the operation as never before, revealing for the first time the full adventures of the bold “Jedburgh” paratroopers whose exploits were almost unimaginably risky and heroic. Kicked off on September 17, 1944, Market Garden was intended to secure crucial bridges in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands by a parachute assault conducted by three Allied airborne divisions. Capture of the bridges would allow a swift advance and crossing of the Rhine by British ground forces. Jedburgh teams—Allied Special Forces—were dropped into the Netherlands to train and use the Dutch resistance in support of the larger operation. Based on new firsthand testimony of survivors and declassified documents, Abundance of Valor concentrates on the three teams that operated farthest behind enemy lines, the nine men whose treacherous missions resulted in deaths, captures, and hair-breadth escapes. Here in unprecedented detail are the heat and stench of fuel, oil, and sweat in the troop carriers going over, the remarkable (and misleading) initial success of the daylight parachute landings, and the deadly, brutally effective German response, particularly by crack SS armored units in the blood-soaked town of Arnhem. Abundance of Valor portrays with stunning verisimilitude the experiences of Lt. Harvey Allan Todd, who fought from a surrounded position against overwhelming numbers of the enemy before surviving capture, near-starvation, interrogation, and solitary confinement in German POW camps, and Maj. John “Pappy” Olmsted, who made a hazardous journey, in disguise, from safe house to safe house through enemy territory until finally reaching friendly lines.
The Abyss
by Niall FergusonExcerpted from Niall Ferguson’s sprawling bestseller The War of the World, The Abyss now stands on its own as one of the most thrilling short histories of World War I ever written. This is not a conventional military history about battles and generals. Rather, The Abyss examines how World War I saw the birth of total war—fought between societies as much as armies—and must therefore be understood in terms of the financial crises it unleashed, the multinational empires it destroyed, and the hateful ideas it propagated. The most remarkable thing about the war, Ferguson shows us, is how shockingly unexpected it was. At a time when economic integration and technology seemed to be rendering war between great powers impossible, World War I was the moment when that process went into reverse and the lethal forces of ethnic disintegration took over. Now, on the cusp of the 100th anniversary of its outbreak, we can see World War I as much more than just four years of industrialized slaughter. Weaving together the economics of empire and the ideology of race—and featuring an original preface by the author as well a teaser from his new paperback Civilization—The Abyss is world history at its finest.
Abyss (Kirk McGarvey Series #15)
by David HagbergIt's a pleasant summer afternoon in the Gulf Stream, twenty-five miles off Hutchinson Island on Florida's east coast, when NOAA scientist Dr. Eve Larsen is about to prove she has the answers not only to global warming but the solution to stopping killer storms across the planet. She is part of a multitrillion-dollar, multinational project to farm clean, endless energy from the ocean currents—and alter the planet's weather for the better. At that very moment, contract killer Brian DeCamp walks into the Hutchinson Island Nuclear Power Station aiming to cause a meltdown so catastrophic it'll make Chernobyl seem like nothing. Security cam footage leads to an intervention by legendary former CIA director Kirk McGarvey,, who manages to thwart the catastrophe … but the failed sabotage sets off a chain of events more terrifying than McGarvey could ever have imagined. The incident sets McGarvey on a trail of assassinations and dirty money that finally leads him to a charismatic preacher... controlled by a vicious derivative fund manager... who in turn is controlled not only by her own greed but by power brokers with enormous fortunes they will stop at nothing to protect.,... In Abyss, New York Times bestselling author David Hagberg pits The Expediter's Kirk McGarvey against the people who mean to destroy our future. With Big Oil ruthlessly hunting for profit after the BP disaster in the Gulf... the fate of the world hangs in the balance.
The Abyss: Nuclear Crisis Cuba 1962
by Max HastingsBestselling author Max Hastings offers a welcome re-evaluation of one of the most gripping and tense international events in modern history—the Cuban Missile Crisis—providing a people-focused narrative that explores the attitudes and conduct of Russians, Cubans, Americans, and a terrified world that followed each moment as it unfolded.In The Abyss, Max Hastings turns his focus to one of the most terrifying events of the mid-twentieth century—the thirteen days in October 1962 when the world stood on the brink of nuclear war. Hastings looks at the conflict with fresh eyes, focusing on the people at the heart of the crisis—America President John F. Kennedy, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro, and a host of their advisors.Combining in-depth research with Hasting’s well-honed insights, The Abyss is a human history that unfolds on a wide, colorful canvas. As the action moves back and forth from Moscow to Washington, DC, to Havana, Hastings seeks to explain, as much as to describe, the attitudes and conduct of the Soviets, Cubans, and Americans, and to recreate the tension and heightened fears of countless innocent bystanders whose lives hung in the balance. Reflecting on the outcome of these events, he reveals how the aftermath of this momentous crisis continues to reverberate today.Powerful, and riveting, filled with compelling detail and told with narrative flair, The Abyss is history at its finest.
Abyss: Abyss (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
by Dean WeddleNO LAW. NO CONSCIENCE. NO STOPPING THEM.They are the self-appointed protectors of the Federation. Amoral, shrouded in secrecy, answerable to no one, Section 31 is the mysterious covert operations division of Starfleet, a rogue shadow group commited to safeguarding the Federation at any cost. Mere days after the startling events of AVATAR, Dr. Julian Bashir faces his darkest nightmare when Section 31 compels him to undertake amission to stop one of their own. But this renegade is no ordinary agent. Like Bashir, Dr. Ethan Locken is genetically enhanced, a human superior in body and mind. But Locken dreams of remaking the galaxy in his own image—and creating a new human empire based on the example of the infamous Khan Noonien Singh. And as he begins to understand the terrifying truth about his opposite number, Bashir will learn more about himself than he ever wanted.
Academic Writing for Military Personnel
by Adam Chapnick Craig StoneAcademic Writing for Military Personnel is written for members of the military who are either new to or re-entering the academic community and who need to familiarize themselves with academic writing. The authors, an experienced writing instructor and a retired military officer, show how persuasive academic writing enhances officers’ effectiveness in their regular duties, especially as they reach more senior levels of service. They explain the differences between staff writing and academic writing, and outline some of the common errors military personnel make when transitioning from one to the other. The book’s chapters outline the value of strong written communication skills, the research process, the writing process, academic referencing, and frequent grammatical and syntactical errors. Specific examples chosen with a military audience in mind are integrated throughout the book to provide the reader with relevant and practical guidance. The book concludes with a discussion on how officers can use the knowledge they have acquired through their professional experiences in their academic work. As the only comprehensive guide to effective academic writing designed specifically for military personnel, this book will be a crucial addition to the libraries of junior and senior officers in militaries worldwide.
Academic Writing for Military Personnel, revised edition: Revised Edition (Standalone titles)
by Adam Chapnick Craig StoneAcademic Writing: A Guide for Military Personnel est un manuel de rédaction conçu pour aider le personnel militaire à rédiger des travaux savants dans un style clair et efficace. Fruit de la collaboration entre un professeur d’écriture chevronné et un officier militaire à la retraite, le manuel s’adresse aux membres des forces armées qui rejoignent le monde universitaire et qui ont déjà rédigé dans un contexte professionnel militaire ou qui n’ont aucune expérience de la rédaction. En plus d’enseigner aux officiers comment rédiger efficacement, cet ouvrage explique en quoi la maîtrise des techniques de rédaction est utile au personnel des forces armées dans leurs tâches régulières, en particulier aux échelons supérieurs. L’ouvrage traite de l’importance de savoir communiquer par écrit, de ce qui distingue la rédaction savante de la rédaction professionnelle, des processus de recherche et de rédaction proprement dite, du professionnalisme dans la sphère universitaire ainsi que des problèmes et défis fréquemment rencontrés par les rédactrices et les rédacteurs. Un dernier chapitre novateur traite de la manière dont les officiers peuvent mettre à profit les connaissances qu’ils ont acquises par leurs expériences professionnelles dans le contexte universitaire. Des exemples concrets — à l’usage particulier des militaires — sont présentés tout au long du texte pour guider la lectrice et le lecteur de manière pratique et pertinente.Cette édition révisée comprend de nouveaux exemples provenant d’une plus grande variété d’auteurs. Elle prend en compte l’évolution récente des technologies de communication et reflète les nouvelles avancées dans les domaines de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage.Cet ouvrage, qui est le seul guide exhaustif sur la rédaction à l’usage du personnel militaire, est un ajout incontournable à la bibliothèque de tout officier militaire où qu’il se trouve et quel que soit son rang.Ce livre est publié en anglais. Note : Une version française de ce livre sera disponible en 2023.Formats disponibles : couverture souple, PDF accessible et ePub accessible
The Academy: A Dan Lenson Novel (Dan Lenson Novels #22)
by David PoyerWith high ethical stakes and a suspenseful past-and-present narrative, The Academy is David Poyer's capstone novel in the Dan Lenson series.In his final tour of duty after a remarkable career at sea, Dan Lenson is appointed Superintendent of the US Naval Academy at Annapolis. He begins at a difficult time: Congress is cutting military budgets in the wake of the devastating world war with China, calls for radical reform are upending traditions, and Dan himself faces legal jeopardy for his actions during the war. And when a Category 5 hurricane threatens to overwhelm the coast, Dan must fight to rescue the Academy itself. Parallel to this narrative runs the dramatic story of Dan's years as a first class midshipman, 40 years ago. An Academy classmate commits suicide, and Dan is drawn into the investigation. The decisions he makes will affect his entire career and shape how he comes to lead troops in battle and at peace.
Acadissima (Essais et fiction)
by Jean-Louis GrosmaireAcadie, 1917. Dans un village acadien de bord de mer, où la vie se déploie au fil de ses saisons et de ses luttes, dans sa beauté et son âpreté, Jean-Baptiste, à peine un homme, et la jolie Angelaine s’aiment éperdument. Du jour au lendemain, leur monde bascule du tout au tout. Devenu orphelin en temps de guerre, désemparé, le jeune homme s’enrôle dans l’Armée canadienne et quitte les rivages de son Acadie natale et sa bien-aimée. Il pense partir au front, mais il se retrouve dans les magnifiques montagnes de la Franche-Comté, à y bûcher rudement le bois à coeur de jour. Avec, comme toile de fond, le gigantesque et méconnu travail des soldats canadiens et acadiens durant la Première Guerre mondiale dans le Jura, en Franche- Comté, Acadissima révèle la force de l’amour qui unit deux jeunes Acadiens, malgré la guerre, l’éloignement et la difficulté de vivre. Publié en français.
Acceptable Loss: An Infantry Soldier's Perspective
by Kregg P. J. JorgensonThe true-to-life story of a Ranger who volunteered to serve on a Blue Team in the Air Cavalry, racing to the aid of soldiers who faced the same dangers he had barely survived in the jungles of Vietnam. Whether enduring NVA sniper attacks, surviving "friendly" fire, or landing in hot LZs, Jorgenson discovered that in Vietnam you never knew whether you were paranoid or just painfully aware of the possibilities.From the Paperback edition.
Access to Behavioral Health Care for Geographically Remote Service Members and Dependents in the U.S.
by Ryan Andrew Brown Grant N. Marshall Joshua Breslau Coreen Farris Karen Chan Osilla Harold Alan Pincus Teague Ruder Phoenix Voorhies Dionne Barnes-Proby Katherine Pfrommer Lisa Miyashiro Yashodhara Rana David M. AdamsonConcerns about access to behavioral health care for military service members and their dependents living in geographically remote locations prompted research into how many in this population are remote and the effects of this distance on their use of behavioral health care. The authors conducted geospatial and longitudinal analyses to answer these questions and reviewed current policies and programs to determine barriers and possible solutions.
Access to History: The Third Reich 1933-1945 for AQA 3rd Edition
by Geoff LaytonThe third edition of this best-selling title has been revised to reflect the needs of the current specifications. The title charts the emergence of Nazism to Hitler's consolidation of power in 1933-4. It analyses the economic and foreign policies of the Third Reich as well as providing an in-depth look at the Nazi system and how that impacted on various social and cultural groups. The issue of support and opposition to the regime is examined and the appeal of Nazism discussed. The book concludes by assessing the legacy of the Third Reich and how different historical interpretations of this period have developed over time. Throughout the book, key dates, terms and issues are highlighted, and historical interpretations of key debates are outlined. Summary diagrams are included to consolidate knowledge and understanding of the period, and exam-style questions and tips for each examination board provide the opportunity to develop exam skills.The third edition of this best-selling title has been revised to reflect the needs of the current specifications. The title charts the emergence of Nazism to Hitler's consolidation of power in 1933-4. It analyses the economic and foreign policies of the Third Reich as well as providing an in-depth look at the Nazi system and how that impacted on various social and cultural groups. The issue of support and opposition to the regime is examined and the appeal of Nazism discussed. The book concludes by assessing the legacy of the Third Reich and how different historical interpretations of this period have developed over time. Throughout the book, key dates, terms and issues are highlighted, and historical interpretations of key debates are outlined. Summary diagrams are included to consolidate knowledge and understanding of the period, and exam-style questions and tips for each examination board provide the opportunity to develop exam skills.
Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars
by Andy Dailey Sarah WebbThis series has taken the clarity, accessibility, reliability and in-depth analysis of our best-selling Access to History series and tailor-made it for the History IB Diploma. Each title in the series supports a specific topic in the IB History guide through thorough content coverage and examination guidance - helping students develop a good knowledge and understanding of the required content alongside the skills they need to do well.Causes, practices and effects of wars has been written specifically to support 20th century world history: Topic 1 and includes:- authoritative, clear and engaging narrative which combines depth of content with accessibility of approach- up-to-date historiography with clear analysis and associated TOK activities- comparative chapters which allow students to compare and contrast wars- guidance on answering exam-style questions with model answers and practice questions.
Access to History for the IB Diploma: The Move To Global War
by Kenneth A DaileyA new book for Paper 1, Prescribed Subject 3: The Move to Global WarThe renowned IB Diploma History series, combining compelling narratives with academic rigor.An authoritative and engaging narrative, with the widest variety of sources at this level, helping students to develop their knowledge and analytical skills. Provides:- Reliable, clear and in-depth content from topic experts - Analysis of the historiography surrounding key debates- Dedicated exam practice with model answers and practice questions- TOK support and Historical Investigation questions to help with all aspects of the Diploma
Access to History for the IB Diploma: The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981
by Vivienne SandersThis series has taken the clarity, accessibility, reliability and in-depth analysis of our best-selling Access to History series and tailor-made it for the History IB Diploma. Each title in the series supports a specific topic in the IB History guide through thorough content coverage and examination guidance - helping students develop a good knowledge and understanding of the required content alongside the skills they need to do well.The Cold War and the Americas 1945-81 has been written to fully support the section of the same name in HL option 3: Aspects of the History of the Americas and includes:- authoritative, clear and engaging narrative which combines depth of content with accessibility of approach- up-to-date historiography with clear analysis and associated TOK activities- guidance on answering exam-style questions with model answers and practice questions.