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Advances in Artificial Life, Evolutionary Computation and Systems Chemistry: 10th Italian Workshop, WIVACE 2015, Bari, Italy, September 22-25, 2015, Revised Selected Papers (Communications in Computer and Information Science #587)
by Pasquale Stano Federico Rossi Fabio Mavelli Danilo CaivanoThis book constitutes the revised selected papers of the 10th Italian Workshop on Advances in Artificial Life, Evolutionary Computation and Systems Chemistry, WIVACE 2015, held at Bari, Italy, in September 2015. The 18 papers presented have been thoroughly reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. They cover the following topics: evolutionary computation, bioinspired algorithms, genetic algorithms, bioinformatics and computational biology, modeling and simulation of artificial and biological systems, complex systems, synthetic and systems biology, systems chemistry.
Advances in Artificial Life, Evolutionary Computation, and Systems Chemistry: 11th Italian Workshop, WIVACE 2016, Fisciano, Italy, October 4-6, 2016, Revised Selected Papers (Communications in Computer and Information Science #708)
by Federico Rossi Stefano Piotto Simona ConcilioThis book constitutes the revised selected papers of the 11th Italian Workshop on Advances in Artificial Life, Evolutionary Computation and Systems Chemistry, WIVACE 2016, held at Fisciano, Italy, in October 2016. The 16 full papers together with 1 short papers presented have been thoroughly reviewed and selected from 54 submissions. They cover the following topics: evolutionary computation, bioinspired algorithms, genetic algorithms, bioinformatics and computational biology, modelling and simulation of artificial and biological systems, complex systems, synthetic and systems biology, systems chemistry.
Advances in Artificial Pancreas Systems: Adaptive And Multivariable Predictive Control (Springerbriefs In Bioengineering Series)
by Ali Cinar Kamuran TurksoyThis brief introduces recursive modeling techniques that take account of variations in blood glucose concentration within and between individuals. It describes their use in developing multivariable models in early-warning systems for hypo- and hyperglycemia; these models are more accurate than those solely reliant on glucose and insulin concentrations because they can accommodate other relevant influences like physical activity, stress and sleep. <P><P> Such factors also contribute to the accuracy of the adaptive control systems present in the artificial pancreas which is the focus of the brief, as their presence is indicated before they have an apparent effect on the glucose concentration and so can be more easily compensated. The adaptive controller is based on generalized predictive control techniques and also includes rules for changing controller parameters or structure based on the values of physiological variables. Simulation studies and clinical studies are reported to illustrate the performance of the techniques presented.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Logistics Engineering (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #135)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Zhengbing Hu Qingying ZhangThe book comprises high-quality refereed research papers presented at the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Logistics Engineering (ICAILE2022), held in Kyiv, Ukraine, on February 20–22, 2022, organized jointly by the National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute," Wuhan University of Technology, Nanning University, National Aviation University, and the International Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science. The topics discussed in the book include state-of-the-art papers in artificial intelligence and logistics engineering. It is an excellent source of references for researchers, graduate students, engineers, management practitioners, and undergraduate students interested in artificial intelligence and its applications in logistics engineering.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Logistics Engineering (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #82)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Zhengbing Hu Qingying ZhangThis book comprises high-quality refereed research papers presented at the 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Logistics Engineering (ICAILE2021), held in Kyiv, Ukraine, on 22–24 January 2021, organized jointly by Wuhan University of Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” and the International Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science. The topics discussed in the book include state-of-the-art papers in artificial intelligence and logistics engineering. It is an excellent source of references for researchers, graduate students, engineers, management practitioners and undergraduate students interested in artificial intelligence and their applications in logistics engineering.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Logistics Engineering III (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #180)
by Matthew He Zhengbing Hu Qingying ZhangThis book comprises high-quality refereed research papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Logistics Engineering (ICAILE2023), held in Wuhan, China, on March 11–12, 2023, organized jointly by Wuhan University of Technology, Nanning University, the National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the Polish Operational and Systems Society, Wuhan Technology and Business University, and the International Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science. The topics discussed in the book include state-of-the-art papers in artificial intelligence and logistics engineering. It is an excellent source of references for researchers, graduate students, engineers, management practitioners, and undergraduate students interested in artificial intelligence and its applications in logistics engineering.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Logistics Engineering IV (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #223)
by Matthew He Zhengbing Hu Qingying ZhangThe book comprises high-quality refereed research papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Logistics Engineering (ICAILE2024), held in Guiyang, China, on April 16–17, 2024, was organized jointly by Wuhan University of Technology, the National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", the Polish Operational and Systems Society, Wuhan Technology and Business University, Guizhou Vocational and Technical College of Transportation, and the International Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science. The topics discussed in the book include state-of-the-art papers in artificial intelligence and logistics engineering. It is an excellent source of references for researchers, graduate students, engineers, management practitioners, and undergraduate students interested in artificial intelligence and its applications in logistics engineering.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Medicine and Education II (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #902)
by Matthew He Zhengbing Hu Sergey V. PetoukhovThis book includes the proceedings of the Second International Conference of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Engineering, Education (AIMEE2018), held in Moscow, Russia, on 6–8 October 2018. The conference covered advances in the development of artificial intelligence systems and their applications in various fields, from medicine and technology to education. The papers presented in the book discuss topics in mathematics and biomathematics; medical approaches; and technological and educational approaches. Given the rapid development of artificial intelligence systems, the book highlights the need for more intensive training for a growing number of specialists, particularly in medical engineering, to increase the effectiveness of medical diagnosis and treatment. The book is intended for specialists, students and other readers who would like to know where artificial intelligence systems can beneficially be applied in the future.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Medicine and Education III (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1126)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Zhengbing HuThis book discusses the latest advances in the development of artificial intelligence systems and their applications in various fields, from medicine and technology to education. It comprises papers presented at the Third International Conference of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Engineering, Education (AIMEE2019), held at the Mechanical Engineering Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, on 1–3 October 2019. Covering topics such as mathematics and biomathematics; medical approaches; and technological and educational approaches, it is intended for the growing number of specialists and students in this field, as well as other readers interested in discovering where artificial intelligence systems can be applied in the future.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Medicine and Education IV (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1315)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Zhengbing HuThis book covers the latest advances for the development of artificial intelligence systems and their applications in various fields from medicine and technology to education. The proceedings comprise refereed papers presented at the Fourth International Conference of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Engineering, Education (AIMEE2020), held at the Mechanical Engineering Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, in 3–4 October 2020. Given the rapid development of artificial intelligence systems, the book emphasizes the need for the intensification of training of a growing number of relevant specialists, in particular, in medical engineering to increase the effectiveness of medical diagnosing and treatment. In digital artificial intelligence systems, scientists endeavor to reproduce the innate intellectual abilities of human and other organisms, and the in-depth study of genetic systems and inherited biological processes can provide new approaches to create more and more effective artificial intelligence methods. Topics of the included papers concern thematic materials in the following spheres: mathematics and biomathematics; medical approaches; technological and educational approaches. The book is a compilation of state-of-the-art papers in the field, covering a comprehensive range of subjects that is relevant to business managers and engineering professionals alike. The breadth and depth of these proceedings make them an excellent resource for asset management practitioners, researchers, and academics, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in artificial intelligence and bioinformatics systems as well as their growing applications. Intended readership includes specialists, students, and other circles of readers who would like to know where artificial intelligence systems can be applied in the future with great benefit.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Medicine and Education V (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #107)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Zhengbing HuThis book broadly covers a scope of the latest advances for the development of artificial intelligence systems and their applications in various fields from medicine and technology to education. The proceedings comprise refereed papers presented at the Fifth International Conference of Artificial Intelligence, Medical Engineering, and Education (AIMEE2021), which took place at the Mechanical Engineering Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, on 1–3 October 2021. Given the rapid development of artificial intelligence systems, the book emphasizes the need for the intensification of training of a growing number of relevant specialists, in particular, in medical engineering to increase the effectiveness of medical diagnosing and treatment. In digital artificial intelligence systems, scientists endeavour to reproduce the innate intellectual abilities of humans and other organisms, and the in-depth study of genetic systems and inherited biological processes can provide new approaches to create more and more effective artificial intelligence methods. Topics of the included papers concern thematic materials in the following spheres: mathematics and biomathematics; medical approaches; technological and educational approaches. The book is a compilation of cutting-edge research papers in the field, covering a comprehensive range of subjects that are relevant to business managers and engineering professionals alike. The breadth and depth of these proceedings make them an excellent resource for asset management practitioners, researchers, and academics, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students who are interested in artificial intelligence, bioinformatics systems, also their expanding applications. The intended readership includes specialists, students, and other circles of readers who would like to know where artificial intelligence systems can be applied in the future with great benefit.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Medicine and Education VI (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #159)
by Matthew He Zhengbing Hu Zhiwei YeThe book provides a thorough overview of recent developments in the design of AI systems and their uses in a range of industries, including education, technology, and bioinformatics. The papers in the proceedings were presented at the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Medical Engineering, and Education (AIMEE2022), which took place in Wuhan, China, from August 19 to 21, 2022. The book underlines the need for the intensification of training of an increasing number of appropriate specialists given the rapid growth of AI systems. In order to replicate human and other species' natural intelligence in digital AI systems, the researchers have been studying genetics and inherited biological processes in-depth. These studies offer fresh ideas for developing ever more powerful AI techniques. The featured articles cover a variety of themes in the fields of mathematics and biomathematics, medical approaches, technical and educational approaches, and medical approaches. The book is a compilation of recent academic papers in the discipline, covering a wide range of topics that are important to both business managers and engineers. This proceedings is a fantastic resource for asset management practitioners, researchers, and academics, as well as undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in AI, bioinformatics systems, and their developing applications. This is due to the breadth and depth of the proceedings. Experts, students, and other people who are interested in learning about how AI systems might be used in the future are the target audience.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Power Engineering (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1403)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Bo Wang Zhengbing HuThis book comprises refereed papers presented at The International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Power Engineering (AIPE2020), held in Moscow, Russia, on December 25–27, 2020. The book's/conference's general scope covers the latest advances for the development of artificial intelligence systems and their applications in various fields from power engineering to biology and education. Given the rapid development of artificial intelligence systems, the book emphasizes the need for the intensification of training of a growing number of relevant specialists, in particular, in energy and power engineering to increase the effectiveness of creation and diagnosing of appropriate technical solutions. In digital artificial intelligence systems, scientists endeavor to reproduce the innate intellectual abilities of humans and other organisms. The in-depth study of biological and self-organizing systems provides new approaches to create more and more effective artificial intelligence methods. Topics of the included papers concern thematic materials in the following spheres: mathematics and computer algorithms; analysis of some technical solutions; technological and educational approaches. The book is a compilation of state-of-the-art papers in the field, covering a comprehensive range of subjects that are relevant to business managers and engineering professionals alike. The breadth and depth of these proceedings make them an excellent resource for asset management practitioners, researchers, and academics, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in artificial intelligence systems and their growing applications. The intended readership includes specialists, students, and other circles of readers who would like to know where artificial intelligence systems can be applied in the future with great benefit.
Advances in Artificial Systems for Power Engineering II (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #119)
by Sergey Petoukhov Matthew He Bo Wang Zhengbing HuThis book includes refereed papers presented at the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Power Engineering (AIPE2021), which was held in Moscow, Russia, on December 17–19, 2021. The general scope of the book includes the most recent advances in the development of artificial intelligence systems and their applications in a variety of fields, ranging from power engineering to biology and education. Given the rapid development of artificial intelligence systems, the book emphasizes the importance of intensifying training for a growing number of relevant specialists, particularly in energy and power engineering, in order to improve the effectiveness of the creation and diagnosis of appropriate technical solutions. Scientists are attempting to replicate the innate intellectual abilities of humans and other organisms in digital artificial intelligence systems. In-depth research into biological and self-organizing systems can provide new approaches for developing more and more effective artificial intelligence methods. The papers included in this volume cover thematic materials in the following areas: mathematics and computer algorithms; analysis of some technical solutions; and technological and educational approaches. The book is a collection of cutting-edge papers in the field, covering a wide range of topics relevant to both business managers and engineering professionals. These proceedings are an excellent resource for asset management practitioners, researchers, and academics, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in artificial intelligence systems and their expanding applications, due to their breadth and depth. The intended readership includes specialists, students, and other groups of readers who want to know where artificial intelligence systems can be used to great advantage in the future.
Advances in Artificial-Business Analytics and Quantum Machine Learning: Select Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Com-IT-Con 2023, Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1191)
by Hari Mohan Pandey Kc Santosh Sandeep Kumar Sood Charu VirmaniThis book presents select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on “Artificial-Business Analytics, Quantum and Machine Learning: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects” (Com-IT-Con 2023) held at the Manav Rachna University in July 2023. It covers topics such as artificial intelligence and business analytics, virtual/augmented reality, quantum information systems, cyber security, data science, and machine learning. The book is useful for researchers and professionals interested in the broad field of communication engineering.
Advances in Artificial-Business Analytics and Quantum Machine Learning: Select Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Com-IT-Con 2023, Volume 2 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1053)
by Hari Mohan Pandey Kc Santosh Sandeep Kumar Sood Poonam NandalThe book presents select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on “Artificial-Business Analytics, Quantum and Machine Learning: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects” (Com-IT-Con 2023) held at the Manav Rachna University in July 2023. It covers the topics such as artificial intelligence and business analytics, virtual/augmented reality, quantum information systems, cybersecurity, data science, and machine learning. The book is useful for researchers and professionals interested in the broad field of artificial intelligence engineering.
Advances in Asian Mechanism and Machine Science: Proceedings of IFToMM Asian MMS 2021 (Mechanisms and Machine Science #113)
by Marco Ceccarelli Nguyen Van Khang Nguyen Quang HoangThis book presents the proceedings of the 6th IFToMM Asian Mechanisms and Machine Science Conference (Asian MMS), held in Hanoi, Vietnam on December 15-18, 2021. It includes peer-reviewed papers on the latest advances in mechanism and machine science, discussing topics such as biomechanical engineering, computational kinematics, the history of mechanism and machine science, gearing and transmissions, multi-body dynamics, robotics and mechatronics, the dynamics of machinery, tribology, vibrations, rotor dynamics and vehicle dynamics. A valuable, up-to-date resource, it offers an essential overview of the subject for scientists and practitioners alike, and will inspire further investigations and research.
Advances in Asian Mechanism and Machine Science: Proceedings of IFToMM Asian MMS 2024 (Mechanisms and Machine Science #167)
by Marco Ceccarelli Amandyk Tuleshov Assylbek JomartovThis book presents the proceedings of the 7th IFToMM Asian Mechanisms and Machine Science Conference (Asian MMS), held in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on August 28–30, 2024. It includes peer-reviewed papers on the latest advances in mechanism and machine science, discussing topics such as biomechanical engineering, computational kinematics, the history of mechanism and machine science, gearing and transmissions, multi-body dynamics, robotics and mechatronics, the dynamics of machinery, tribology, vibrations, rotor dynamics, and vehicle dynamics. A valuable, up-to-date resource, it offers an essential overview of the subject for scientists and practitioners alike and will inspire further investigations and research.
Advances in Assessment and Modeling of Earthquake Loss (Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering)
by Sinan Akkar Alper Ilki Caglar Goksu Mustafa ErdikThis open access book originates from an international workshop organized by Turkish Natural Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) in November 2019 that gathered renown researchers from academia, representatives of leading international reinsurance and modeling companies as well as government agencies responsible of insurance pricing in Turkey. The book includes chapters related to post-earthquake damage assessment, the state-of-art and novel earthquake loss modeling, their implementation and implication in insurance pricing at national, regional and global levels, and the role of earthquake insurance in building resilient societies and fire following earthquakes. The rich context encompassed in the book makes it a valuable tool not only for professionals and researchers dealing with earthquake loss modeling but also for practitioners in the insurance and reinsurance industry.
Advances in Asset Management and Condition Monitoring: COMADEM 2019 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies #166)
by Len Gelman Andrew Ball B. K. N. RaoThis book gathers select contributions from the 32nd International Congress and Exhibition on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM 2019), held at the University of Huddersfield, UK in September 2019, and jointly organized by the University of Huddersfield and COMADEM International. The aim of the Congress was to promote awareness of the rapidly emerging interdisciplinary areas of condition monitoring and diagnostic engineering management. The contents discuss the latest tools and techniques in the multidisciplinary field of performance monitoring, root cause failure modes analysis, failure diagnosis, prognosis, and proactive management of industrial systems. There is a special focus on digitally enabled asset management and covers several topics such as condition monitoring, maintenance, structural health monitoring, non-destructive testing and other allied areas. Bringing together expert contributions from academia and industry, this book will be a valuable resource for those interested in latest condition monitoring and asset management techniques.
Advances in Asset Management: Strategies, Technologies, and Industry Applications (Engineering Asset Management Review #3)
by Adolfo Crespo Márquez Joe Amadi-Echendu Georges Abdul-Nour Turuna S. SeecharanThis book discusses asset life-cycle management, especially, human dimensions on the management of infrastructure and industry-sector assets. The book explores advances decision support systems based on the applications of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), machine learning, and digital twinning for monitoring, diagnostics, prognostics. It includes methodologies and cases applied to different operational contexts. The book also considers the implications of the applications of international standards, local regulations and industry guidelines to risk and resilience engineering asset operations.
Advances in Assistive Technologies
by Vijay C. Verma Ravinder SinghThis book covers different aspects of assistive technologies. It sets up the plan for clarifying the definition and the precise role of assistive technologies in other disabilities and functional impairments. It expands the scope of assistive technologies from disabilities to functional impairments caused due to old age, various injuries, chronic diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, and mental health conditions. Its comprehensive literature review describes current and emerging devices and presents evidence-based guidelines for matching promising technologies to individuals. Program outcomes are assessed, as are their potential impact on the future of the field. It also covers social, educational, training, manufacturing, and policy-making aspects of assistive technologies. It also describes assistive technologies based on the 5Ps, i.e., people, policy, products, provision, and personnel. It also elaborates on the assistive technologies on the aspects of awareness, availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, adaptability, quality, and use. It is a valuable read for therapists, medical professionals, trainees, students of allied health systems, public health specialists, policymakers, and assistive technology manufacturers.
Advances in Assistive Technologies: Selected Papers in Honour of Professor Nikolaos G. Bourbakis – Vol. 3 (Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems #28)
by Lakhmi C. Jain Maria Virvou George A. Tsihrintzis Anna EspositoThis book aims at exposing its readers to some of the most significant advances in assistive technologies. Assistive technologies develop devices to assist vulnerable people, including elderly people, people with cognitive disabilities such as memory problems or dementia, and people with functional disabilities such as those needing support in toileting, moving around, eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, and taking personal care. The ever-increasing life expectancy and world population, along with the emergence of new diseases and the regrettable continuation of armed conflicts, press for development and availability of assistive technologies that offer people in need the opportunity to live secure and controlled lives with more active participation in society and at a reduced assistive cost. This task can be accomplished only with more advanced devices than traditional-powered wheelchairs or eating/drinking devices, including prosthetics, exoskeletons, visual and hearing aids, cognitive aids, and devices enhanced with artificial intelligence.The book consists of an editorial note and an additional twelve (12) chapters, all of which have been written by authors who work on the corresponding chapter theme and are recognized for their significant research contributions. In more detail, the chapters in the book are organized into four parts, namely (i) Advances in Assistive Technologies in Healthcare, (ii) Advances in Assistive Technologies in Medical Diagnosis, (iii) Advances in Assistive Technologies in Mobility and Navigation, and (iv) Advances in Privacy and Explainability in Assistive Technologies.This research book is directed towards professors, researchers, scientists, engineers, and students in assistive technologies. It is also directed towards readers who come from other disciplines and is interested in becoming versed in some of the most recent assistive technologies. An extensive list of bibliographic references at the end of each chapter guides its readers to probe further into the application areas of interest to them.
Advances in Asthma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis And Treatment (Respiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools And Disease Managements Ser.)
by Akihito YokoyamaThis book provides discussions on bronchial asthma from a clinical perspective, focusing on the recent studies on its pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. It also explores the lastest findings regarding the phenotypes and endotypes of asthmatic patients, making it of particular interest to those involved with non-eosinophilic asthma and eosinophilic asthma. Further, it discusses the importance of ILC 2 in eosinophilic asthma, and the accumulated results from the forced oscilliation technique and periostin that are actively practiced in Japan. As some aspects of diagnosis and treatment are different in Western and Asian countries, it is important that the data is disseminated around the globe. The clinical questions addressed by the authors are critical and thought provoking, while the questions raised by the editors are instructive, informative and provide new perspectives on unresolved issues. This book appeals to wide readership from beginning learners to physicians in clinical practice and scholars engaging in basic research.
Advances in Atomic Molecular Collisions
by Lokesh C. TribediThis book highlights the advances made in the field of atomic and molecular collisions both in the experimental and theoretical fronts. The study of the collision of charged particles with neutral target atoms or molecules started many decades ago. The charged particles mostly include electrons and fast heavy ions. This book discusses basic research in atomic molecular collision physics along with some of the important applications in other branches of physics and peripheral fields, such as plasma physics, radiobiology, astrophysics, nanosciences, antimatter physics, and surface science. The complexity of the target systems led to the need for more sophisticated experimental tools as well as advanced theoretical models. Since the last decade, a major focus has been to investigate the behavior of biomolecules (such as nucleobases) and water when irradiated with protons and heavy ions due its applications toward hadron therapy for cancer and radiobiology in general. The collisions with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons find applications toward astrochemistry that take place in the interstellar medium, solar wind as well as UV plasmonic devices. It has been proposed that the collective excitation in these molecules plays a major role in these applications. This book presents details about the advances made and the challenges faced in both experimental and theoretical front for studying the atomic collisions including these aspects. The book can be used as a reference for researchers, professionals, and also students. The recent advances in the sophisticated experimental tools for various types of experiments as well as the progress in the experimental methodologies are addressed along with the advancement in the theoretical front.