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Boundary Value Problems for Engineers: with MATLAB Solutions
by Ali Ümit KeskinThis book is designed to supplement standard texts and teaching material in the areas of differential equations in engineering such as in Electrical ,Mechanical and Biomedical engineering. Emphasis is placed on the Boundary Value Problems that are often met in these fields.This keeps the the spectrum of the book rather focussed .The book has basically emerged from the need in the authors lectures on “Advanced Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering” at Yeditepe University and it is aimed to assist the students in solving general and application specific problems in Science and Engineering at upper-undergraduate and graduate level.Majority of the problems given in this book are self-contained and have varying levels of difficulty to encourage the student. Problems that deal with MATLAB simulations are particularly intended to guide the student to understand the nature and demystify theoretical aspects of these problems. Relevant references are included at the end of each chapter. Here one will also find large number of software that supplements this book in the form of MATLAB script (.m files). The name of the files used for the solution of a problem are indicated at the end of each corresponding problem statement.There are also some exercises left to students as homework assignments in the book. An outstanding feature of the book is the large number and variety of the solved problems that are included in it. Some of these problems can be found relatively simple, while others are more challenging and used for research projects. All solutions to the problems and script files included in the book have been tested using recent MATLAB software.The features and the content of this book will be most useful to the students studying in Engineering fields, at different levels of their education (upper undergraduate-graduate).
Boundary Value Problems for Linear Partial Differential Equations
by Manuel Mañas Luis Martínez AlonsoBoundary value problems play a significant role in modeling systems characterized by established conditions at their boundaries. On the other hand, initial value problems hold paramount importance in comprehending dynamic processes and foreseeing future behaviors. The fusion of these two types of problems yields profound insights into the intricacies of the conduct exhibited by many physical and mathematical systems regulated by linear partial differential equations.Boundary Value Problems for Linear Partial Differential Equations provides students with the opportunity to understand and exercise the benefits of this fusion, equipping them with realistic, practical tools to study solvable linear models of electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, geophysics, optics, thermodynamics and specifically, quantum mechanics. Emphasis is devoted to motivating the use of these methods by means of concrete examples taken from physical models. Features No prerequisites apart from knowledge of differential and integral calculus and ordinary differential equations. Provides students with practical tools and applications Contains numerous examples and exercises to help readers understand the concepts discussed in the book.
Boundary Value Problems of Heat Conduction (Dover Books on Engineering)
by M. Necati OzisikIntended for first-year graduate courses in heat transfer, this volume includes topics relevant to chemical and nuclear engineering and aerospace engineering. The systematic and comprehensive treatment employs modern mathematical methods of solving problems in heat conduction and diffusion. Starting with precise coverage of heat flux as a vector, derivation of the conduction equations, integral-transform technique, and coordinate transformations, the text advances to problem characteristics peculiar to Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates; application of Duhamel's method; solution of heat-conduction problems; and the integral method of solution of nonlinear conduction problems. Additional topics include useful transformations in the solution of nonlinear boundary value problems of heat conduction; numerical techniques such as the finite differences and the Monte Carlo method; and anisotropic solids in relation to resistivity and conductivity tensors. Illustrative examples and problems amplify the text, which is supplemented by helpful appendixes.
Boundary Value Problems on Time Scales, Volume I (Advances in Applied Mathematics)
by Svetlin G. Georgiev Khaled ZennirBoundary Value Problems on Time Scales, Volume I is devoted to the qualitative theory of boundary value problems on time scales. Summarizing the most recent contributions in this area, it addresses a wide audience of specialists such as mathematicians, physicists, engineers and biologists. It can be used as a textbook at the graduate level and as a reference book for several disciplines. The text contains two volumes, both published by Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. Volume I presents boundary value problems for first- and second-order dynamic equations on time scales. Volume II investigates boundary value problems for three, four, and higher-order dynamic equations on time scales. Many results to differential equations carry over easily to corresponding results for difference equations, while other results seem to be totally different in nature. Because of these reasons, the theory of dynamic equations is an active area of research. The time-scale calculus can be applied to any field in which dynamic processes are described by discrete or continuous time models. The calculus of time scales has various applications involving noncontinuous domains such as certain bug populations, phytoremediation of metals, wound healing, maximization problems in economics, and traffic problems. Boundary value problems on time scales have been extensively investigated in simulating processes and the phenomena subject to short-time perturbations during their evolution. The material in this book is presented in highly readable, mathematically solid format. Many practical problems are illustrated displaying a wide variety of solution techniques. AUTHORS Svetlin G. Georgiev is a mathematician who has worked in various areas of the study. He currently focuses on harmonic analysis, functional analysis, partial differential equations, ordinary differential equations, Clifford and quaternion analysis, integral equations, and dynamic calculus on time scales. Khaled Zennir earned his PhD in mathematics in 2013 from Sidi Bel Abbès University, Algeria. In 2015, he received his highest diploma in Habilitation in mathematics from Constantine University, Algeria. He is currently assistant professor at Qassim University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. His research interests lie in the subjects of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations: global existence, blowup, and long-time behavior.
Boundary Value Problems on Time Scales, Volume II (Advances in Applied Mathematics)
by Svetlin G. Georgiev Khaled ZennirBoundary Value Problems on Time Scales, Volume II is devoted to the qualitative theory of boundary value problems on time scales. Summarizing the most recent contributions in this area, it addresses a wide audience of specialists such as mathematicians, physicists, engineers and biologists. It can be used as a textbook at the graduate level and as a reference book for several disciplines. The text contains two volumes, both published by Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. Volume I presents boundary value problems for first- and second-order dynamic equations on time scales. Volume II investigates boundary value problems for three, four, and higher-order dynamic equations on time scales. Many results to differential equations carry over easily to corresponding results for difference equations, while other results seem to be totally different in nature. Because of these reasons, the theory of dynamic equations is an active area of research. The time-scale calculus can be applied to any field in which dynamic processes are described by discrete or continuous time models. The calculus of time scales has various applications involving noncontinuous domains such as certain bug populations, phytoremediation of metals, wound healing, maximization problems in economics, and traffic problems. Boundary value problems on time scales have been extensively investigated in simulating processes and the phenomena subject to short-time perturbations during their evolution. The material in this book is presented in highly readable, mathematically solid format. Many practical problems are illustrated displaying a wide variety of solution techniques. AUTHORS Svetlin G. Georgiev is a mathematician who has worked in various areas of the study. He currently focuses on harmonic analysis, functional analysis, partial differential equations, ordinary differential equations, Clifford and quaternion analysis, integral equations, and dynamic calculus on time scales. Khaled Zennir earned his PhD in mathematics in 2013 from Sidi Bel Abbès University, Algeria. In 2015, he received his highest diploma in Habilitation in mathematics from Constantine University, Algeria. He is currently assistant professor at Qassim University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. His research interests lie in the subjects of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations: global existence, blowup, and long-time behavior.
Boundary Waters Canoe Area: Western Region
by Louis Dzierzak Robert BeymerWith thousands of lakes and streams, over 1200 miles of canoe routes, 160 miles of portage trails, and 2000 campsites, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness is a true paddler's paradise. Extending nearly 150 miles in northern Minnesota along the Canadian border, the wilderness area encompasses more than 1 million acres. This Western Region edition of the classic two-volume guide has been fully updated by area journalist Louis Dzierzak, with full coverage of 50-plus entry points and routes. Trip descriptions include day-by-day paddling distances, portage tips, and difficulty ratings, and identify the appropriate water-resistant, topographic maps W.A. Fisher maps for each trip. Together, these books deliver everything a visitor needs for the experience of a lifetime.
Boundary Waters Canoe Area: Eastern Region
by Louis Dzierzak Robert BeymerWith thousands of lakes and streams, over 1200 miles of canoe routes, 160 miles of portage trails, and 2000 campsites, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness is a true paddler's paradise. Extending nearly 150 miles in northern Minnesota along the Canadian border, the wilderness area encompasses more than 1 million acres. This Eastern Region edition of the classic two-volume guide has been fully updated by area journalist Louis Dzierzak, with full coverage of 50-plus entry points and routes. Trip descriptions include day-by-day paddling distances, portage tips, and difficulty ratings, and identify the appropriate water-resistant, topographic maps W.A. Fisher maps for each trip. Together, these books deliver everything a visitor needs for the experience of a lifetime.
A Boundary Waters History: Canoeing Across Time (Sports History Ser.)
by Stephen Wilbers Bill HansenTeasing out the history of a place celebrated for timelessness--where countless paddle strokes have disappeared into clear waters--requires a sure and attentive hand. Stephen Wilbers's account reaches back to the glaciers that first carved out the Boundary Waters and to the original inhabitants, as well as to generations of wilderness explorers, both past and present. He does so without losing the personal relationship built through a lifetime of pilgrimages (anchored by almost three decades of trips with his father). This story captures the untold broader narrative of the region, as well as a thousand different details sure to be recognized by fellow pilgrims, like the grinding rhythm of a long portage or the loon call that slips into that last moment before sleep.
The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle For A New Organizational Era
by Michael B. Arthur Denise M. RousseauThis text explores the ways in which people's work careers are changing as the organizations in which they work are changing. The old concept of the firm as a self contained entity interacting mainly with its customers has been replaced by the reality of firms whose boundaries have given way to new alliances with suppliers, sometimes competitors, and other outside organizations, in ways that require a redefinition of what a firm can expect from lifetime employment. At the same time, the workers in these careers are interrupted by layoffs, or changed by new technologies, and over their work life will be expected to maintain a habit of continuous learning to remain in the work force.
Boundaryless Careers and Occupational Well-Being
by Michela Cortini<p>The relationship between the so called boundaryless careers and the occupational wellbeing is a fascinating issue. <p>The themes of boundaryless and protean careers are noteworthy if we consider the challenges posed by a transition to more temporary employment arrangements from an industrial to a knowledge-based economy we are facing today. <p>The book is enriched by empirical data analysis and case studies, which on one hand allow an in-depth view of the relation between new careers and wellbeing for specialists and, on the other one, become a fertile benchmark for professionals to look at. <p>The novelty is represented by the effort of giving such construct an interdisciplinary approach, moving from law to organizational psychology, to economy, and to occupational health.</p>
The Boundaryless Enterprise: Information, Organization & Leadership
by Arnold Picot Ralf Reichwald Rolf T. Wigand Kathrin M. Möslein Rahild Neuburger Anne-Katrin Neyer" ... Hier wird ein theoriegeleitetes und dennoch spannendes Lehrbuch vorgelegt, das das Veränderungspotential der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik für die Struktur und für das Management der Unternehmen umfassend darlegt. In hohem Maße auch für Praktiker lesenswert..." Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Die 5. Aufl. wurde aktualisiert. Insbesondere wurden die zahlreichen Praxisbeispiele in allen Kapiteln überarbeitet.
Boundaryless Hospital: Rethink and Redefine Health Care Management
by Horst Albach Heribert Meffert Andreas Pinkwart Ralf Reichwald Wilfried Von EiffThisbook discusses current health care challenges and new strategies for innovativesolutions in this area from an interdisciplinary perspective of health caremanagement, business economics, and medicine. It presents the idea of a "boundarylesshospital", a conceptual model of a patient-centric, value-based health network thatovercomes typical sectorial, organizational, and geographical boundaries andoffers greater efficiency and better quality outcomes for patients. Effectivehealth care for a growing and aging population is a major challenge foreconomies all over the world. New breakthroughs in medical technology andpharmaceuticals as well as digitization provide scope for more efficiency andfor a better quality of health care. Novel organization forms and managementconcepts are key for coping with the increasing cost pressure observed in most health caresystems. The contributions in this volume present innovative strategies fordeveloping and implementing the concept of a boundaryless hospital. Theyhighlight experiences from various countries and with different treatments. The book project was initiated and carried out by theCenter for Advanced Studies in Management (CASiM), the interdisciplinary researchcenter of HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management for business administrationin the 21st century.
The Boundaryless Organization
by Ron Ashkenas Steve Kerr Todd Jick Dave UlrichIn 1995 The Boundaryless Organization showed companies how to sweep away the artificial obstacles-such as hierarchy, turf, and geography-that get in the way of outstanding business performance. Now, in this completely revised edition of their groundbreaking work, management experts Ron Ashkenas, Dave Ulrich, Todd Jick, and Steve Kerr offer an up-to-date version of their comprehensive guide to help any organization go "boundaryless"-and become a company with the ability to quickly, proactively, and creatively adjust to changes in the environment. With new examples, a new commentary on the developments of the last five years, and illuminating first-hand accounts from pioneering senior executives, the authors once again show why "boundaryless" is a prerequisite for any organization trying to succeed in the economy of the twenty-first century.
Bounded Bureaucracy and the Budgetary Process in the United States
by Jay RyuBureaucracies have been criticized from various perspectives and blamed for a variety of failings. Critics have claimed that bureaucracies are too focused on conforming to rules rather than achieving an organization's core mission. Bureaucracies are said to oppress human freedom because of their orientation toward hierarchical control. Bureaucratic organizations are also said to be unable to deal effectively with public problems that span multiple administrative jurisdictions; they do not reach beyond their own organizational boundaries. This book provides solid data on how bureaucracies can expedite information processing and reduce organizational conflicts. Jay Eungha Ryu finds that the functions of bureaucracies are highly dependent upon external political conditions. Whether the executive and legislative branches are dominated by the same party significantly influences the ability of bureaucracies to function effectively. Ryu notes that the merits of bureaucratic centralization are worth close attention. Numerous attempts, including performance budgeting systems, have been made to improve bureaucratic malfunctions. However, such reform initiatives are doomed to failure, he argues, unless they employ a core feature of bureaucracy itself, centralization. Ryu defines bureaucratic centralization at its best as bounded bureaucracy. If well managed, bounded bureaucracy can substantially improve the rational behavior of organizations and reduce institutional frictions.
Bounded Gaps Between Primes: The Epic Breakthroughs of the Early Twenty-First Century
by Kevin BroughanSearching for small gaps between consecutive primes is one way to approach the twin primes conjecture, one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in number theory. This book documents the remarkable developments of recent decades, whereby an upper bound on the known gap length between infinite numbers of consecutive primes has been reduced to a tractable finite size. The text is both introductory and complete: the detailed way in which results are proved is fully set out and plenty of background material is included. The reader journeys from selected historical theorems to the latest best result, exploring the contributions of a vast array of mathematicians, including Bombieri, Goldston, Motohashi, Pintz, Yildirim, Zhang, Maynard, Tao and Polymath8. The book is supported by a linked and freely-available package of computer programs. The material is suitable for graduate students and of interest to any mathematician curious about recent breakthroughs in the field.
Bounded Integration: The Religion-State Relationship and Democratic Performance in Turkey and Israel (SUNY series in Comparative Politics)
by Aviad RubinIn this comparative study of the religion-state relationship in Turkey and Israel in the modern era, Bounded Integration reveals the influence this dynamic interaction has had on democratic performance in both countries. In societies where a dominant religion serves as an important component of individual and collective identity, the imposition of secular policies from above may not facilitate democratization but may rather impede the embedding of democracy in society. Moreover, the inclusion or exclusion of religion following statehood may facilitate a certain type of path-dependent political culture, one with long-term political consequences. Aviad Rubin's refreshing analytical approach comparing and contrasting the region's only two longstanding democratic entities and the dynamics of religion and the state in two different religions, Islam and Judaism, facilitates generalizable lessons for emergent political regimes in the post–Arab Spring Middle East.
Bounded Lives, Bounded Places: Free Black Society in Colonial New Orleans, 1769-1803
by Kimberly S. HangerDuring Louisiana's Spanish colonial period, economic, political, and military conditions combined with local cultural and legal traditions to favor the growth and development of a substantial group of free blacks. In Bounded Lives, Bounded Places, Kimberly S. Hanger explores the origin of antebellum New Orleans' large, influential, and propertied free black--or libre--population, one that was unique in the South. Hanger examines the issues libres confronted as they individually and collectively contested their ambiguous status in a complexly stratified society. Drawing on rare archives in Louisiana and Spain, Hanger reconstructs the world of late-eighteenth-century New Orleans from the perspective of its free black residents, and documents the common experiences and enterprises that helped solidify libres' sense of group identity. Over the course of three and a half decades of Spanish rule, free people of African descent in New Orleans made their greatest advances in terms of legal rights and privileges, demographic expansion, vocational responsibilities, and social standing. Although not all blacks in Spanish New Orleans yearned for expanded opportunity, Hanger shows that those who did were more likely to succeed under Spain's dominion than under the governance of France, Great Britain, or the United States. The advent of U. S. rule brought restrictions to both manumission and free black activities in New Orleans. Nonetheless, the colonial libre population became the foundation for the city's prosperous and much acclaimed Creoles of Color during the antebellum era.
Bounded Noises in Physics, Biology, and Engineering (Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology)
by Alberto D'OnofrioSince the parameters in dynamical systems of biological interest are inherently positive and bounded, bounded noises are a natural way to model the realistic stochastic fluctuations of a biological system that are caused by its interaction with the external world. Bounded Noises in Physics, Biology, and Engineering is the first contributed volume devoted to the modeling of bounded noises in theoretical and applied statistical mechanics, quantitative biology, and mathematical physics. It gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art and is intended to stimulate further research. The volume is organized in four parts. The first part presents the main kinds of bounded noises and their applications in theoretical physics. The theory of bounded stochastic processes is intimately linked to its applications to mathematical and statistical physics, and it would be difficult and unnatural to separate the theory from its physical applications. The second is devoted to framing bounded noises in the theory of random dynamical systems and random bifurcations, while the third is devoted to applications of bounded stochastic processes in biology, one of the major areas of potential applications of this subject. The final part concerns the application of bounded stochastic processes in mechanical and structural engineering, the area where the renewed interest for non-Gaussian bounded noises started. Pure mathematicians working on stochastic calculus will find here a rich source of problems that are challenging from the point of view of contemporary nonlinear analysis. Bounded Noises in Physics, Biology, and Engineering is intended for scientists working on stochastic processes with an interest in both fundamental issues and applications. It will appeal to a broad range of applied mathematicians, mathematical biologists, physicists, engineers, and researchers in other fields interested in complexity theory. It is accessible to anyone with a working knowledge of stochastic modeling, from advanced undergraduates to senior researchers.
Bounded Rationality: Heuristics, Judgment, and Public Policy
by Sanjit Dhami Cass R. SunsteinTwo leaders in the field explore the foundations of bounded rationality and its effects on choices by individuals, firms, and the government.Bounded rationality recognizes that human behavior departs from the perfect rationality assumed by neoclassical economics. In this book, Sanjit Dhami and Cass R. Sunstein explore the foundations of bounded rationality and consider the implications of this approach for public policy and law, in particular for questions about choice, welfare, and freedom. The authors, both recognized as experts in the field, cover a wide range of empirical findings and assess theoretical work that attempts to explain those findings. Their presentation is comprehensive, coherent, and lucid, with even the most technical material explained accessibly. They not only offer observations and commentary on the existing literature but also explore new insights, ideas, and connections. After examining the traditional neoclassical framework, which they refer to as the Bayesian rationality approach (BRA), and its empirical issues, Dhami and Sunstein offer a detailed account of bounded rationality and how it can be incorporated into the social and behavioral sciences. They also discuss a set of models of heuristics-based choice and the philosophical foundations of behavioral economics. Finally, they examine libertarian paternalism and its strategies of &“nudges.&”
Bounded Rationality and Behavioural Economics (Routledge Advances in Behavioural Economics and Finance)
by Graham MallardEconomics Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon developed the concept of bounded rationality in the 1950s. This asserts that the cognitive abilities of human decision-makers are not always sufficient to find optimal solutions to complex real-life problems, leading decision-makers to find satisfactory, sub-optimal outcomes. This was a foundational component of the development of Behavioural Economics but in recent years the two fields have diverged, each with its own literature, its own approach and its own proponents. Behavioural Economics explores the areas of commonality between Economics and Psychology, in terms of its focus and its approach, whereas the bounded rationality literature largely analyses the implications of sub-optimal decision‐making through the mathematically sophisticated methodology of mainstream Economics. This book examines the nature and consequences of this divergence and questions whether this is a case of beneficial specialisation or whether it is unhelpful, potentially stunting the development of some aspects of Economics. It has been suggested that the major deficiency of Behavioural Economics is that it has failed to produce a single, widely applicable alternative to constrained optimisation. This book evaluates the extent to which this is the true and, if it is, the extent to which it is a product of the divergence between the two literatures. It also seeks to identify commonalities between the two subjects and suggests avenues of research in Economics that would benefit from a re-fusion of these two fields.
Bounded Rationality and Economic Diplomacy
by Skovgaard Poulsen, Lauge N.Modern investment treaties give private arbitrators power to determine whether governments should pay compensation to foreign investors for a wide range of sovereign acts. In recent years, particularly developing countries have incurred significant liabilities from investment treaty arbitration, which begs the question why they signed the treaties in the first place. Through a comprehensive and timely analysis, this book shows that governments in developing countries typically overestimated the economic benefits of investment treaties and practically ignored their risks. Rooted in insights on bounded rationality from behavioural psychology and economics, the analysis highlights how policy-makers often relied on inferential shortcuts when assessing the implications of the treaties, which resulted in systematic deviations from fully rational behaviour. This not only sheds new light on one of the most controversial legal regimes underwriting economic globalization but also provides a novel theoretical account of the often irrational, yet predictable, nature of economic diplomacy.
Bounded Rationality and Policy Diffusion: Social Sector Reform in Latin America
by Kurt WeylandWhy do very different countries often emulate the same policy model? Two years after Ronald Reagan's income-tax simplification of 1986, Brazil adopted a similar reform even though it threatened to exacerbate income disparity and jeopardize state revenues. And Chile's pension privatization of the early 1980s has spread throughout Latin America and beyond even though many poor countries that have privatized their social security systems, including Bolivia and El Salvador, lack some of the preconditions necessary to do so successfully. In a major step beyond conventional rational-choice accounts of policy decision-making, this book demonstrates that bounded--not full--rationality drives the spread of innovations across countries. When seeking solutions to domestic problems, decision-makers often consider foreign models, sometimes promoted by development institutions like the World Bank. But, as Kurt Weyland argues, policymakers apply inferential shortcuts at the risk of distortions and biases. Through an in-depth analysis of pension and health reform in Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Peru, Weyland demonstrates that decision-makers are captivated by neat, bold, cognitively available models. And rather than thoroughly assessing the costs and benefits of external models, they draw excessively firm conclusions from limited data and overextrapolate from spurts of success or failure. Indications of initial success can thus trigger an upsurge of policy diffusion.
Bounded Rationality and Politics
by Jonathan BendorBendor considers two schools of behavioral economics: the first guided by Tversky and Kahneman's work on heuristics and biases, which focuses on the mistakes people make in judgment and choice; the second described by Gerd Gigerenzer's program on fast and frugal heuristics, which emphasizes the effectiveness of simple rules of thumb.
Bounded Rationality and Politics (Wildavsky Forum Series #6)
by Jonathan BendorIn Bounded Rationality and Politics, Jonathan Bendor considers two schools of behavioral economics—the first guided by Tversky and Kahneman’s work on heuristics and biases, which focuses on the mistakes people make in judgment and choice; the second as described by Gerd Gigerenzer’s program on fast and frugal heuristics, which emphasizes the effectiveness of simple rules of thumb. Finding each of these radically incomplete, Bendor’s illuminating analysis proposes Herbert Simon’s pathbreaking work on bounded rationality as a way to reconcile the inconsistencies between the two camps. Bendor shows that Simon’s theory turns on the interplay between the cognitive constraints of decision makers and the complexity of their tasks.
Bounded Rationality in Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Towards Optimal Granularity (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #99)
by Vladik Kreinovich Joe LorkowskiThis book addresses an intriguing question: are our decisions rational? It explains seemingly irrational human decision-making behavior by taking into account our limited ability to process information. It also shows with several examples that optimization under granularity restriction leads to observed human decision-making. Drawing on the Nobel-prize-winning studies by Kahneman and Tversky, researchers have found many examples of seemingly irrational decisions: e. g. , we overestimate the probability of rare events. Our explanation is that since human abilities to process information are limited, we operate not with the exact values of relevant quantities, but with "granules" that contain these values. We show that optimization under such granularity indeed leads to observed human behavior. In particular, for the first time, we explain the mysterious empirical dependence of betting odds on actual probabilities. This book can be recommended to all students interested in human decision-making, to researchers whose work involves human decisions, and to practitioners who design and employ systems involving human decision-making --so that they can better utilize our ability to make decisions under uncertainty.