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Applying Logic in Chess
by Erik KislikChess is a hard game. Although that may sound like the most obvious statement ever, it is important not to downplay how complicated chess really is. Once you internally accept the difficulty of chess, it is much easier to aim for improvement in chess rather than perfection.
Applying Nonideal Theory to Bioethics: Living and Dying in a Nonideal World (Philosophy and Medicine #139)
by Elizabeth Victor Laura K. Guidry-GrimesThis book offers new essays exploring concepts and applications of nonideal theory in bioethics. Nonideal theory refers to an analytic approach to moral and political philosophy (especially in relation to justice), according to which we should not assume that there will be perfect compliance with principles, that there will be favorable circumstances for just institutions and right action, or that reasoners are capable of being impartial. Nonideal theory takes the world as it actually is, in all of its imperfections. Bioethicists have called for greater attention to how nonideal theory can serve as a guide in the messy realities they face daily. Although many bioethicists implicitly assume nonideal theory in their work, there is the need for more explicit engagement with this theoretical outlook. A nonideal approach to bioethics would start by examining the sociopolitical realities of healthcare and the embeddedness of moral actors in those realities. How are bioethicists to navigate systemic injustices when completing research, giving guidance for patient care, and contributing to medical and public health policies? When there are no good options and when moral agents are enmeshed in their sociopolitical viewpoints, how should moral theorizing proceed? What do bioethical issues and principles look like from the perspective of historically marginalized persons? These are just a few of the questions that motivate nonideal theory within bioethics. This book begins in Part I with an overview of the foundational tenets of nonideal theory, what nonideal theory can offer bioethics, and why it may be preferable to ideal theory in addressing moral dilemmas in the clinic and beyond. In Part II, authors discuss applications of nonideal theory in many areas of bioethics, including reflections on environmental harms, racism and minority health, healthcare injustices during incarceration and detention, and other vulnerabilities experienced by patients from clinical and public health perspectives. The chapters within each section demonstrate the breadth in scope that nonideal theory encompasses, bringing together diverse theorists and approaches into one collection.
Applying Rawls in the Twenty-First Century
by Martin D. CarcieriJohn Rawls is the most influential political thinker of the twentieth century. Most of the scholarly literature on Rawls defends, critiques, or elaborates on some aspect of his theory. These writings are often valuable, yet this book goes beyond them. Like a few scholars, rather than debating whether and how Rawls got things right or wrong, Martin Carcieri take his well-defended principles of justice - especially the equal liberty, fair equality of opportunity, and difference principles atthe core of his theory - as given and apply them to aspects of four major, enduring, concrete domestic policy, ethical, and constitutional issues. These applications yield counter-intuitive implications that will challenge the ideological left and right alike, contributing to our understanding both of Rawls and of these issues. At the core, this book deepens our understanding of these issues and points the way toward rational, just policy reform.
Applying Reflective Equilibrium: Towards the Justification of a Precautionary Principle (Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning #27)
by Tanja RechnitzerThis open access book provides the first explicit case study for an application of the method of reflective equilibrium (RE), using it to develop and defend a precautionary principle. It thereby makes an important and original contribution to questions of philosophical method and methodology. The book shows step-by-step how RE is applied, and develops a methodological framework which will be useful for everyone who wishes to use reflective equilibrium. With respect to precautionary principles, the book demonstrates how a rights-based precautionary principle can be constructed and defended. The case study succeeds in demonstrating that RE can be successfully applied and puts real constraints on the justification process. This is all the more remarkable as the case study was designed as an open-ended process, without presupposing any specific results. This book will be highly relevant both to people interested in philosophical methodology and epistemology, as well as to researchers who are interested in using philosophical methods and tools and applying them to practical problems.
Applying the Science of Learning to Education: An Insight into the Mechanisms that Shape Learning
by Wei Loong David Hung Azilawati Jamaludin Aishah Abdul RahmanThis book provides an overview of the various 'Science of Learning' (SoL) research projects led by researchers at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and international research collaborators. It presents the goals and rationale behind the Science of Learning in Education (SoLE) initiative and examines a spectrum of topics relevant to bolstering our understanding of the science underlying learning. The Science of Learning (SoL) is an advancing field, with proponents extolling its potential impact on educational practice. This book investigates the possible correlations or causal relationships between brain functioning and development, physiology, environment factors, and their impact on learning. It promotes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding biological to behavioural mechanisms of learning that are oriented toward optimizing and maximizing every learner’s potential.
Appräsentation, Zeichen und Symbol: Eine kulturphilosophisch-phänomenologische Grundlegung im Anschluss an Alfred Schütz und Edmund Husserl (Phaenomenologica #236)
by Benjamin StuckAppräsentation gehört zu den Schlüsselkonzepten im Werk des Philosophen und Begründers der Phänomenologie Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) und des ihm nachfolgenden Alfred Schütz (1899–1959). In dem Buch bringt der Autor die Ergebnisse ihrer lebenswelttheoretischen Forschung zusammen und systematisiert ihre Überlegungen zur Appräsentation – dem Mitgegebensein von etwas, das eigentlich nicht da ist. Dies nimmt er zum Ausgangspunkt, um sich mit der kulturphilosophischen These auseinanderzusetzen, nach der menschliche Erfahrung kulturell geprägt ist. Das Erklärungspotenzial der transzendentalphänomenologischen Tradition Husserls und der mundanphänomenologischen Tradition von Schütz demonstriert der Autor an zwei Beispielen aus der Kulturphilosophie und der Kultursoziologie. Was leistet also das Konzept der Appräsentation im Detail und wie kann es helfen kulturelle Sinnkonstitution zu beschreiben? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wird im ersten Teil des Werks zunächst die Phänomenologie an die Logik der Kulturwissenschaften angeknüpft, um dann die Bedeutung appräsentativer Beziehungen bei Husserl zu klären – beispielsweise für das Bewusstsein von Zeit, der Horizontstruktur von Erfahrungen oder Einfühlung. Im nächsten Schritt legt der Autor den Stellenwert von Appräsentationsbeziehungen im Werk von Schütz offen. Er fragt nach ihren Dimensionen, wie sie in Schütz‘ weit ausdifferenzierten Symbol- und Zeichentheorie zum Ausdruck kommt, anhand derer er Kulturalität und Sozialität phänomenologisch beschreibt. Die Analyse bringt zweierlei hervor: die Bedeutung des appräsentativen Mitdaseins von Erfahrungsaspekten und die komplexe appräsentative Relation von unterschiedlichen Sinnschemata als Grundelement kultureller Sinnsetzung. Diese erste Monographie zum Thema der Appräsentation und der appräsentativen Beziehungen erscheint in der Buchreihe Phaenomenologica. Das Werk richtet sich an Studierende und Forschende aus den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften mit Interesse an Phänomenologie, soziologischer Theorie oder Kulturphilosophie.
Appreciate Your Life: The Essence of Zen Practice
by Wendy Egyoku Nakao Eve Myonen Marko Taizan MaezumiHere is the first major collection of the teachings of Taizan Maezumi Roshi (1931-1995), one of the first Japanese Zen masters to bring Zen to the West and founding abbot of the Zen Center of Los Angeles and Zen Mountain Center in Idyllwild, California. These short, inspiring readings illuminate Zen practice in simple, eloquent language. Topics include zazen and Zen koans, how to appreciate your life as the life of the Buddha, and the essential matter of life and death. Appreciate Your Life conveys Maezumi Roshi's unique spirit and teaching style, as well as his timeless insights into the practice of Zen. Never satisfied with merely conveying ideas, his teisho, the Zen talks he gave weekly and during retreats, evoked personal questions from his students. Maezumi Roshi insisted that his students address these questions in their own lives. As he often said, "Be intimate with your life." The readings are not teachings or instructions in the traditional sense. They are transcriptions of the master's teisho, living presentations of his direct experience of Zen realization. These teisho are crystalline offerings of Zen insight intended to reach beyond the student's intellect to her or his deepest essence.
Appreciating the Art of Television: A Philosophical Perspective (Routledge Advances in Television Studies)
by Ted NannicelliContemporary television has been marked by such exceptional programming that it is now common to hear claims that TV has finally become an art. In Appreciating the Art of Television, Nannicelli contends that televisual art is not a recent development, but has in fact existed for a long time. Yet despite the flourishing of two relevant academic subfields—the philosophy of film and television aesthetics—there is little scholarship on television, in general, as an art form. This book aims to provide scholars active in television aesthetics with a critical overview of the relevant philosophical literature, while also giving philosophers of film a particular account of the art of television that will hopefully spur further interest and debate. It offers the first sustained theoretical examination of what is involved in appreciating television as an art and how this bears on the practical business of television scholars, critics, students, and fans—namely the comprehension, interpretation, and evaluation of specific televisual artworks.
Appreciating the Chinese Difference: Engaging Roger T. Ames on Methods, Issues, and Roles (SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture)
by Jim BehuniakIn this volume, prominent philosophers working in Chinese thought and related areas critically reflect upon the work of Roger T. Ames, one of the most significant contemporary figures working in the field of Chinese philosophy. Through his decades of collaborative work in comparative methodology and cross-cultural interpretation, along with a number of pathbreaking translations of Chinese philosophical texts, Ames has managed to challenge standing paradigms and open fresh avenues of research into the Chinese tradition. His work will be read and studied for years to come.The original essays presented here, which are substantive philosophical contributions in their own right, cover the full range of Ames's scholarly output. They address methodological questions as well as specific issues in textual interpretation, including ample discussion of Ames's most recent and provocative contribution: Confucian "role ethics." In the final section of the book, Ames responds to each essay. The result is a conversation and engagement that both underscores the vitality of his thinking and indicates the directions it may take in the future. Altogether, this work provides a snapshot of a remarkable career—and an invitation to continue reflecting upon its meaning and importance.
Apprehension: Reason in the Absence of Rules
by Lynn HoltThis book introduces and explores the role of apprehension in reasoning - setting out the problems, determining the vocabulary, fixing the boundaries, and questioning what is often taken for granted. Lynn Holt argues that a robust conception of rationality must include intellectual virtues which cannot be reduced to a set of rules for reasoners, and argues that the virtue of apprehension, an acquired disposition to see things correctly, is required if rationality is to be defensible. Drawing on an Aristotelian conception of intellectual virtue and examples from the sciences, Holt shows why impersonal standards for rationality are misguided, why foundations for knowledge are the last elements to emerge from inquiry not the first, and why intuition is a poor substitute for virtue. By placing the current scene in historical perspective, Holt displays the current impasse as the inevitable outcome of the replacement of intellectual virtue with method in the early modern philosophical imagination. Written in an engaging and jargon-free style, this book is of interest to a wide range of readers, particularly epistemologists and philosophers of science concerned with the fate of reason.
The Approach to Metaphysics (Routledge Library Editions: Metaphysics)
by E. W. TomlinOriginally published in 1947. This book looks at contemporary conundrums in philosophical tendencies, bringing the reader a first-principles review of the purpose of such enquiries in relation to modern life. It presents the importance of the history of the development of philosophical thought, beginning in Part 1 with perception. Significant definitions and theories are identified and later refinements discussed – in particular conceptualism and its development from the Greeks through Berkeley to modern realism and its limitations and critiques. Part 2 brings problems identified by past thinkersto the fore, from Plato’s forms to Christian theology, in an examination of the apparent dichotomy between metaphysics and scientific methods. Part 3 examines the Rationalist and the Empiricist attacks on Scepticism and Kant’s reconciliation of the differences of both. This provides the context and structure for discussion of the works of Hegel, and ultimate refutation thereof as a confusion between metaphysics and theology. Part 4 identifies the developments in thinking of Positivism, both Modern and Logical, and the New Synthesis of Alexander and Whitehead as the most recent approach.
The Approach to Philosophy
by Ralph Barton PerryPublished in 1905, The Approach to Philosophy was written by Princeton and Harvard educated American philosopher, Ralph Barton Perry
An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts
by James TullyAn Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts brings together Professor Tully's most important and innovative statements on Locke in a systematic treatment of the latter's thought that is at once contextual and critical. <P><P>Each essay has been rewritten and expanded for this volume, and each seeks to understand a theme of Locke's political philosophy by interpreting it in light of the complex contexts of early modern European political thought and practice. <P>These historical studies are then used in a variety of ways to gain critical perspectives on the assumptions underlying current debates in political philosophy and the history of political thought. The themes treated include government, toleration, discipline, property, aboriginal rights, individualism, power, labor, self-ownership, community, progress, liberty, participation, and revolution.<P>Major general statement on Locke by one of world's leading authorities.<P> Topics discussed still at centre of political debates today.<P> Excellent upper-level adoption potential.
Approaches to Chan, Sŏn, and Zen Studies: Chinese Chan Buddhism and Its Spread throughout East Asia (SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture)
by Albert Welter; Steven Heine; Jin Y. ParkThis volume focuses on Chinese Chan Buddhism and its spread across East Asia, with special attention to its impacts on Korean Sŏn and Japanese Zen. Zen enthralled the scholarly world throughout much of the twentieth century, and Zen Studies became a major academic discipline in its wake. Interpreted through the lens of Japanese Zen and its reaction to events in the modern world, Zen Studies incorporated a broad range of Zen-related movements in the East Asian Buddhist world. As broad as the scope of Zen Studies was, however, it was clearly rooted in a Japanese context, and aspects of the "Zen experience" that did not fit modern Japanese Zen aspirations tended to be marginalized and ignored. Approaches to Chan, Sŏn, and Zen Studies acknowledges the move beyond Zen Studies to recognize the changing and growing parameters of the field. The volume also examines the modern dynamics in each of these traditions.
Approaches to Legal Ontologies: Theories, Domains, Methodologies (Law, Governance and Technology Series #1)
by Giovanni Sartor Mariangela Biasiotti Meritxell Fernández-Barrera Pompeu CasanovasThe book provides the reader with a unique source regarding the current theoretical landscape in legal ontology engineering as well as on foreseeable future trends for the definition of conceptual structures to enhance the automatic processing and retrieval of legal information in the Semantic Web framework. It will thus interest researchers in the domains of the SW, legal informatics, Artificial Intelligence and law, legal theory and legal philosophy, as well as developers of e-government applications based on the intelligent management of legal or public information to provide both back-office and front-office support.
Approaches to Legal Rationality (Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science #20)
by Dov M. Gabbay Patrice Canivez Shahid Rahman Alexandre ThiercelinLegal theory, political sciences, sociology, philosophy, logic, artificial intelligence: there are many approaches to legal argumentation. Each of them provides specific insights into highly complex phenomena. Different disciplines, but also different traditions in disciplines (e.g. analytical and continental traditions in philosophy) find here a rare occasion to meet. The present book contains contributions, both historical and thematic, from leading researchers in several of the most important approaches to legal rationality. One of the main issues is the relation between logic and law: the way logic is actually used in law, but also the way logic can make law explicit. An outstanding group of philosophers, logicians and jurists try to meet this issue. The book is more than a collection of papers. However different their respective conceptual tools may be, the authors share a common conception: legal argumentation is a specific argumentation context.
Approaches to Teaching (5th edition)
by Gary D. Fenstermacher Jonas F. Soltis Matthew N. SangerThis popular text continues using the format of the three approaches--The Executive, The Facilitator, and The Liberationist. For the Fifth Edition, the authors add four new case studies: "Scripted Teaching," "Accountability and Merit," "What is the Value of Caring Relationships?" and "School Funding. " Using these and other realistic case studies, they explore the strengths and weaknesses of each approach so that teachers can critically assess their own philosophical positions on teaching. Teachers are urged to ask themselves such questions as: What is the main goal of teaching? What is the most important purpose of education? What do I expect my students to eventually become? Is the way I structure my teaching influenced by how I view my role and goals? This updated edition also adds a new section called "Topics and Resources" to encourage further inquiry into teaching
Approaches to Wittgenstein: Collected Papers
by Brian McGuinnessApproaches to Wittgenstein brings together for the first time the many varied aspects of Wittgenstein's life, philosophy, and aesthetic attitudes.
Approaching Hegel's Logic, Obliquely: Melville, Moliere, Beckett (SUNY series, Intersections: Philosophy and Critical Theory)
by Angelica NuzzoWinner of the 2020 Hegelpd-Prize presented by the University of Padova Research GroupIn this book, Angelica Nuzzo proposes a reading of Hegel's Logic as "logic of transformation" and "logic of action," and supports this thesis by looking to works of literature and history as exemplary of Hegel's argument and method. By examining Melville's Billy Budd, Molière's Tartuffe, Beckett's Endgame, Elizabeth Bishop's and Giacomo Leopardi's late poetry along with Thucydides' History in this way, Nuzzo finds an unprecedented and productive way to render Hegel's Logic alive and engaging. She argues that Melville's Billy Budd is the most successful embodiment of the abstract movement of thinking presented in Hegel's Logic, connecting Billy Budd's stutter to the puzzlingly inarticulate beginning of Hegel's Logic, "Being, pure Being," identical with "Nothing," and argues that the Logic serves as an especially appropriate tool for understanding the sudden violent action that strikes Claggart dead. Through these and other readings, Nuzzo finds a fresh way to address interpretive issues that have remained unresolved for almost two centuries in Hegel scholarship, and also presents well-known works of literature in an entirely new light. This account of Hegel's Logic is framed by the need for an interpretive tool able to orient our understanding of the contemporary world as mired in an unprecedented global crisis. How can the story of our historical present—the tragedy or the comedy we all play parts in—be told? What is the inner logic of our changing world?
Approaching Jonathan Edwards: The Evolution of a Persona
by Carol BallExploring the inner motivations of one of America’s greatest religious thinkers, this book analyses the ways in which Jonathan Edwards' intense personal piety and deep experience of divine sovereignty drove an introverted intellectual along a course that would eventually develop into a mature and respected public intellectual. Throughout his life, the tension between his innately contemplative nature and the active demands of public office was a constant source of internal and public strife for Edwards. Approaching Jonathan Edwards offers a new theoretical approach to the study of Edwards, with an emphasis on his writing activity as the key strategy in shaping his legacy. Tracing Edwards’ strategic self-fashioning of his persona through the many conflicts in which he was engaged, the critical turning points in his life, and his strategies for managing conflicts and crises, Carol Ball concludes that Edwards found his place as a superlative contemplative apologist and theorist of experiential spirituality.
Approaching Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction to Key Thinkers, Concepts, Methods and Debates
by Anthony C. ThiseltonApproaching Philosophy of ReligionApproaching Philosophy of Religion
Approaching the Great Perfection
by Sam Van SchaikDzogchen, the Great Perfection, is the highest meditative practice of the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism. Approaching the Great Perfection looks at a seminal figure of this lineage, Jigme Lingpa, an eighteenth-century scholar and meditation master whose cycle of teachings, the Longchen Nyingtig, has been handed down through generations as a complete path to enlightenment. Ten of Jigme Lingpa's texts are presented here, along with extensive analysis by van Schaik of a core tension within Buddhism: Does enlightenment develop gradually, or does it come all at once? Though these two positions are often portrayed by modern scholars as entrenched polemical views, van Schaik explains that both tendencies are present within each of the Tibetan Buddhist schools. He demonstrates how Jigme Lingpa is a great illustration of this balancing act, using the rhetoric of both sides to propel his students along the path of the Great Perfection.
Approximating Perfection
by Michael J. Cloud Leonid P. LebedevThis is a book for those who enjoy thinking about how and why Nature can be described using mathematical tools. Approximating Perfection considers the background behind mechanics as well as the mathematical ideas that play key roles in mechanical applications. Concentrating on the models of applied mechanics, the book engages the reader in the types of nuts-and-bolts considerations that are normally avoided in formal engineering courses: how and why models remain imperfect, and the factors that motivated their development. The opening chapter reviews and reconsiders the basics of calculus from a fully applied point of view; subsequent chapters explore selected topics from solid mechanics, hydrodynamics, and the natural sciences. Emphasis is placed on the logic that underlies modeling in mechanics and the many surprising parallels that exist between seemingly diverse areas. The mathematical demands on the reader are kept to a minimum, so the book will appeal to a wide technical audience.
Approximating Prudence
by Andrew M. YuengertIn a unique undertaking, Andrew Yuengert explores and describes the limits to the economic model of the human being, providing an alternative account of human choice, to which economic models can be compared.
Aprender a vivir: Filosofía para mentes jóvenes
by Luc FerryPensado para jóvenes y adultos que quieren saber qué es la filosofía y cómo puede esta ayudarnos a vivir mejor y a ser más libres. Voy a contarte la historia de la filosofía. No toda, por supuesto, pero sí sus cinco grandes momentos. Para cada una de estas etapas, te ofreceré como ejemplo una o dos formas de ver el mundo, de modo que puedas empezar a leer por ti mismo, si te apetece, a alguno de sus pensadores. También quiero hacerte una promesa: voy a exponerte todas estas ideas de forma muy clara, sin jerga, yendo a lo esencial, a lo más apasionante que hay en ellas. Si me sigues, acabarás sabiendo de verdad qué es la filosofía y por qué resulta irremplazable a la hora de aclararnos los múltiples interrogantes que se plantean en torno a cómo podemos o debemos vivir nuestras vidas. Aprender a vivir, a dejar de temer los diversos rostros de la muerte o, simplemente, aprender a superar la banalidad de la vida cotidiana, las preocupaciones y el tiempo que pasa, este fue el primer objetivo de las escuelas de la Antigüedad griega. Merece la pena escuchar su mensaje, porque las filosofías del pasado nos siguen hablando.