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Idealization and the Aims of Science
by Angela PotochnikScience is the study of our world, as it is in its messy reality. Nonetheless, science requires idealization to function—if we are to attempt to understand the world, we have to find ways to reduce its complexity. Idealization and the Aims of Science shows just how crucial idealization is to science and why it matters. Beginning with the acknowledgment of our status as limited human agents trying to make sense of an exceedingly complex world, Angela Potochnik moves on to explain how science aims to depict and make use of causal patterns—a project that makes essential use of idealization. She offers case studies from a number of branches of science to demonstrate the ubiquity of idealization, shows how causal patterns are used to develop scientific explanations, and describes how the necessarily imperfect connection between science and truth leads to researchers’ values influencing their findings. The resulting book is a tour de force, a synthesis of the study of idealization that also offers countless new insights and avenues for future exploration.
Idealization and the Laws of Nature (SpringerBriefs in Philosophy)
by Billy WheelerThis new study provides a refreshing look at the issue of exceptions and shows that much of the problem stems from a failure to recognize at least two kinds of exception-ridden law: ceteris paribus laws and ideal laws. Billy Wheeler offers the first book-length discussion of ideal laws. The key difference between these two kinds of laws concerns the nature of the conditions that need to be satisfied and their epistemological role in the law’s formulation and discovery. He presents a Humean-inspired approach that draws heavily on concepts from the information and computing sciences. Specifically, Wheeler argues that laws are best seen as algorithms for compressing empirical data and that ideal laws are needed as 'lossy compressors' for complex data.Major figures in the metaphysics of science receive special attention such as Ronald Giere, Bas van Fraassen, Nancy Cartwright, David Lewis and Marc Lange. This book is essential reading for philosophers of science and will interest metaphysicians, epistemologists and others interested in applying concepts from computing to traditional philosophical problems.
Idealizations in Physics (Elements in the Philosophy of Physics)
by Elay ShechThis Element offers an opinionated and selective introduction to philosophical issues concerning idealizations in physics, including the concept of and reasons for introducing idealization, abstraction, and approximation, possible taxonomy and justification, and application to issues of mathematical Platonism, scientific realism, and scientific understanding.
Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader
by Terence Ball Richard DaggerA comprehensive compilation of original readings representing all of the major 'isms, Ideals and Ideologies puts students in touch with the thinkers and ideas that shape the political world.' This reader offers students a generous sampling of key thinkers in different ideological traditions and places them in historical and political context. Used on its own or with Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal, Ideals and Ideologies accounts for the different ways people use ideology to interpret change in the world and directly conveys the ongoing importance of ideas in politics.
Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader
by Terence Ball, Richard Dagger, Daniel I. O’Neill, and Jennet KirkpatrickIdeals and Ideologies: A Reader is a comprehensive compilation of classic and contemporary readings representing all major “isms.” It offers students a generous sampling of key thinkers in different ideological traditions and places them in their historical and political contexts. Used on its own or with Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal, the anthology accounts for the different ways people use ideology and conveys the continuing importance of ideas to politics.New to this editionThe twelfth edition includes the following additions: Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, “How Democracies Die” (two distinguished political scientists delineate the sources of democratic demise). Ayn Rand, “Collectivized Ethics” (a well-known libertarian thinker argues that it is illegitimate for governments to legally mandate behavior that benefits other people). Patrick Deneen, “Aristopopulism” (an influential conservative professor makes the case for a new kind of governing alliance between masses and elites). Herbert Marcuse, “One-Dimensional Man” (a renowned twentieth-century Marxist argues that capitalism creates a set of false needs and beliefs that prevent workers from resisting it). “Patriot Front Manifesto” (an Alt-Right white nationalist group attempts to link their ideology to American history and values). Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations” (a prominent author argues that Americans should seriously consider what it would take to make amends to Black people for the ongoing effects of slavery, Jim Crow, and other forms of discrimination). Kate Manne, “Ameliorating Misogyny” (a contemporary feminist philosopher redefines misogyny as the central mechanism for governing women’s behavior and upholding patriarchy). Lorna Bracewell, “A Story of Queer Survival” (a lesbian feminist scholar links her personal coming-of-age experiences to the central beliefs of the gay liberation movement). Karla Cornejo Villavicencio, “Waking up from the American Dream” (a Harvard graduate and author who came to the United States as an undocumented immigrant describes the challenges faced by people who do not have the rights and privileges of full citizenship). Pope Francis, “Laudate Deum” (the leader of 1.3 billion Catholics worldwide describes how he believes they, and other people of goodwill, should respond to the increasingly urgent climate crisis). Dave Foreman, “In Defense of Monkeywrenching” (a leading radical environmentalist defends non-violent ecological sabotage as morally and politically legitimate). Sayyid Abu’l-A‘la Mawdudi, “The Islamic Law” (a highly influential South Asian Islamist thinker defines and defends the necessity of shari-‘a for Muslim societies). Hamas, “Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine” (a leading radical Islamist group spells out its core tenets and basic aims at its founding).
Ideals Of Empire V2: Political and Economic Thought 1903-1913
by Oakie WilliamsFirst published in 2004. This 6 volume set focuses on the influential economic and political commentators who saw weaknesses in the infrastructure of the British Empire at the turn of the twentieth century. Dubbed Idealists of Empire, they saw that the British Empire seemed to have no governing principles, no structure and no guiding ideals. Sir John Seeley's famous quote of 1883 sums up this view: 'we seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind'. The mission of the idealists was to find an Imperial solution to this problem. The idealists of Empire documented their findings as they looked more systematically at the Empire's external challenges and internal workings, in terms of politics, economics and strategy. The texts published in this collection represent their most important contributions to the early twentieth-century debate on the fate of the Empire. Volume 2 includes ‘Imperial Fiscal Reform (1903)’.
Ideals Of Empire V3: Political and Economic Thought 1903-1913
by Valery E. ForbesFirst published in 2004. This 6 volume set focuses on the influential economic and political commentators who saw weaknesses in the infrastructure of the British Empire at the turn of the twentieth century. Dubbed Idealists of Empire, they saw that the British Empire seemed to have no governing principles, no structure and no guiding ideals. Sir John Seeley's famous quote of 1883 sums up this view: 'we seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind'. The mission of the idealists was to find an Imperial solution to this problem. The idealists of Empire documented their findings as they looked more systematically at the Empire's external challenges and internal workings, in terms of politics, economics and strategy. The texts published in this collection represent their most important contributions to the early twentieth-century debate on the fate of the Empire. Volume 3 includes ‘Compatriots' Club Lectures (1905)’.
Ideals Of Empire V4: Political and Economic Thought 1903-1913
by Charles Sydney Goldman and Ewen GreenFirst published in 2004. This 6 volume set focuses on the influential economic and political commentators who saw weaknesses in the infrastructure of the British Empire at the turn of the twentieth century. Dubbed Idealists of Empire, they saw that the British Empire seemed to have no governing principles, no structure and no guiding ideals. Sir John Seeley's famous quote of 1883 sums up this view: 'we seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind'. The mission of the idealists was to find an Imperial solution to this problem. The idealists of Empire documented their findings as they looked more systematically at the Empire's external challenges and internal workings, in terms of politics, economics and strategy. The texts published in this collection represent their most important contributions to the early twentieth-century debate on the fate of the Empire. Volume 4 includes The Empire and the Century ( 1905).
Ideals Of Empire V5: Political and Economic Thought 1903-1913
by Henry Page CroftFirst published in 2004. This 6 volume set focuses on the influential economic and political commentators who saw weaknesses in the infrastructure of the British Empire at the turn of the twentieth century. Dubbed Idealists of Empire, they saw that the British Empire seemed to have no governing principles, no structure and no guiding ideals. Sir John Seeley's famous quote of 1883 sums up this view: 'we seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind'. The mission of the idealists was to find an Imperial solution to this problem. The idealists of Empire documented their findings as they looked more systematically at the Empire's external challenges and internal workings, in terms of politics, economics and strategy. The texts published in this collection represent their most important contributions to the early twentieth-century debate on the fate of the Empire. Volume 5 includes The Path of Empire (1912).
Ideals Of Empire V6: Political and Economic Thought 1903-1913
by Alfred MilnerFirst published in 2004. This 6 volume set focuses on the influential economic and political commentators who saw weaknesses in the infrastructure of the British Empire at the turn of the twentieth century. Dubbed Idealists of Empire, they saw that the British Empire seemed to have no governing principles, no structure and no guiding ideals. Sir John Seeley's famous quote of 1883 sums up this view: 'we seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind'. The mission of the idealists was to find an Imperial solution to this problem. The idealists of Empire documented their findings as they looked more systematically at the Empire's external challenges and internal workings, in terms of politics, economics and strategy. The texts published in this collection represent their most important contributions to the early twentieth-century debate on the fate of the Empire. Volume 6 includes The Nation and the Empire (1913).
The Ideals of Global Sport: From Peace to Human Rights (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights)
by Barbara Keys"Sport has the power to change the world," South African president Nelson Mandela told the Sporting Club in Monte Carlo in 2000. Today, we are inundated with similar claims—from politicians, diplomats, intellectuals, journalists, athletes, and fans—about the many ways that international sports competitions make the world a better place. <P><P> Promoters of the Olympic Games and similar global sports events have spent more than a century telling us that these festivals offer a multitude of "goods": that they foster friendship and mutual understanding among peoples and nations, promote peace, combat racism, and spread democracy. <P><P>In recent years boosters have suggested that sports mega-events can advance environmental protection in a world threatened by climate change, stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in developing nations, and promote human rights in repressive countries. If the claims are to be believed, sport is the most powerful and effective form of idealistic internationalism on the planet.The Ideals of Global Sport investigates these grandiose claims, peeling away the hype to reveal the reality: that shockingly little evidence underpins these endlessly repeated assertions. <P><P>The essays, written by scholars from many regions and disciplines and drawn from an exceptionally diverse array of sources, show that these bold claims were sometimes cleverly leveraged by activist groups to pressure sports bodies into supporting moral causes. But the essays methodically debunk sports organizations' inflated proclamations about the record of their contributions to peace, mutual understanding, antiracism, and democracy. <P><P>Exposing enduring shortcomings in the newer realm of human rights protection, from the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games to Brazil's 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Rio Olympics, The Ideals of Global Sport suggests that sport's idealistic pretensions can have distinctly non-idealistic side effects, distracting from the staggering financial costs of hosting the events, serving corporate interests, and aiding the spread of neoliberal globalization. <P><P>Contributors: Jules Boykoff, Susan Brownell, Roland Burke, Simon Creak, Dmitry Dubrovsky, Joon Seok Hong, Barbara J. Keys, Renate Nagamine, João Roriz, Robert Skinner.
The Ideals of the East
by Kakuzo OkakuraThe 1904 book that famously declared "Asia is one" was among the first studies in English to reference Zen as it explored the roots of Japanese beauty. Like the author's The Book of Tea, this volume emphasized the spiritual ideals of Asian, and especially Japanese, art. Kakuzo Okakura (1863-1913) was an administrator and scholar whose writings helped shape the West's early views of Japan and Asia.
Ideals of the East: with Special Reference to the Art of Japan
by Kazuko OkakuraHere are the long-cherished ideals of the East with special reference to the ageless art of Japan. Japan, Okakura wrote more than 60 years ago, is a museum of Asiatic civilization, and yet more than a museum, because the singular genius of the race leads it to dwell on all phases of the ideals of the past, which welcomes the new without losing the old. He wrote of that broad expanse of love for the Ultimate and Universal, which is the common thought-inheritance of Asiatic races, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world. In Buddhism he found "that great ocean of idealism, in which merge all the river-systems of Eastern Asiatic thought-not coloured only with the pure water of the Ganges, for the Tartaric nations that joined it made their genius also tributary, bringing new symbolism, new organization, new powers of devotion, to add to the treasures of the Faith." Asiatic art and culture went hand in hand, and how well Okakura wrote about both! He describes "That constant play of colours which distinguishes the religious and artistic life of the nation, . . . now gleaming in the amber twilight of idealistic Nara, now glowing with the crimson autumn of Fujiwara, again losing itself in the green sea waves of Kamakura, or shimmering in the silver moonshine of Ashikaga-returns upon ushere in all its glory, like the fresh verdure of a rain-swept summer." In writing of the national reawakening, Okakura worried about "that portentous danger with which Western encroachments on Asiatic soil threatened our national existence." This little classic undoubtedly reflects his concern-but it also is one of the best assurances that Japan will remain true to the Asiatic soul even while it nourishes as one of the industrial giants of the world.
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (Routledge Classics)
by Edmund HusserlWith a new foreword by Dermot Moran ‘the work here presented seeks to found a new science – though, indeed, the whole course of philosophical development since Descartes has been preparing the way for it – a science covering a new field of experience, exclusively its own, that of "Transcendental Subjectivity"’ - Edmund Husserl, from the author’s preface to the English Edition Widely regarded as the principal founder of phenomenology, one of the most important movements in twentieth century philosophy, Edmund Husserl’s Ideas is one of his most important works and a classic of twentieth century thought. This Routledge Classics edition of the original translation by W.R. Boyce Gibson includes the introduction to the English edition written by Husserl himself in 1931. Husserl’s early thought conceived of phenomenology – the general study of what appears to conscious experience – in a relatively narrow way, mainly in relation to problems in logic and the theory of knowledge. The publication of Ideas in 1913 witnessed a significant and controversial widening of Husserl’s thought, changing the course of phenomenology decisively. Husserl argued that phenomenology was the study of the very nature of what it is to think, "the science of the essence of consciousness" itself. Husserl’s arguments ignited a heated debate regarding the nature of consciousness and experience that has endured throughout the twentieth and continues in the present day. No understanding of twentieth century philosophy is complete without some understanding of Husserl, and his work influenced some of the great philosophers of the twentieth century, such as Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre.
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (Routledge Classics Ser.)
by Edmund HusserlThis is Volume X of twenty-two in a collection of works on 20th Century Philosophy in the Library of Philosophy which was designed as a contribution to the History of Modern Philosophy under the heads: first of Different Schools of Thought-Sensationalist, Realist, Idealist, Intuitivist; secondly of different Subjects-Psychology, Ethics, Political Philosophy, Theology. Originally published in 1932, this volume offers a general introduction to pure phenomenology.
Ideas: A History
by Peter WatsonA highly ambitious and lucid history of ideas from the very earliest times to the present day.In this hugely ambitious and exciting book Peter Watson tells the history of ideas from prehistory to the present day, leading to a new way of telling the history of the world. The book begins over a million years ago with a discussion of how the earliest ideas might have originated. Looking at animal behaviour that appears to require some thought: tool-making, territoriality, counting, language (or at least sounds), pairbonding. Peter Watson moves on to the apeman and the development of simple ideas such as cooking, the earliest language, the emergence of family life. All the obvious areas are tackled: the Ancient Greeks, Christian theology, the ideas of Jesus, astrological thought, the soul, the self, beliefs about the heavens, the ideas of Islam, the Crusades, humanism, the Renaissance, Gutenberg and the book, the scientific revolution, the age of discovery, Shakespeare, the idea of Revolution, the Romantic imagination, Darwin, imperialism, modernism, Freud right up to the present day and the internet.
Ideas: A History
by Peter WatsonA highly ambitious and lucid history of ideas from the very earliest times to the present day.In this hugely ambitious and exciting book Peter Watson tells the history of ideas from prehistory to the present day, leading to a new way of telling the history of the world. The book begins over a million years ago with a discussion of how the earliest ideas might have originated. Looking at animal behaviour that appears to require some thought: tool-making, territoriality, counting, language (or at least sounds), pairbonding. Peter Watson moves on to the apeman and the development of simple ideas such as cooking, the earliest language, the emergence of family life. All the obvious areas are tackled: the Ancient Greeks, Christian theology, the ideas of Jesus, astrological thought, the soul, the self, beliefs about the heavens, the ideas of Islam, the Crusades, humanism, the Renaissance, Gutenberg and the book, the scientific revolution, the age of discovery, Shakespeare, the idea of Revolution, the Romantic imagination, Darwin, imperialism, modernism, Freud right up to the present day and the internet.
Ideas about Substance (Seminar in the History of Ideas)
by Albert L. HammondOriginally published in 1969. Ideas about Substance is a part of the "Seminars in the History of Ideas" series at Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ideas And Opinions
by Albert EinsteinA new edition of the most definitive collection of Albert Einstein's popular writings, gathered under the supervision of Einstein himself. The selections range from his earliest days as a theoretical physicist to his death in 1955; from such subjects as relativity, nuclear war or peace, and religion and science, to human rights, economics, and government.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Ideas and Opinions
by Albert EinsteinFrom one of the world's most important and enduring minds, Albert Einstein's ideas, thoughts, and philosophies on the world and its people. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.
Ideas and the Pace of Change
by Katherine BootheCanada is the only OECD country that has universal, comprehensive public hospital and medical insurance but lacks equivalent pharmaceutical coverage. In Ideas and the Pace of Change, Katherine Boothe explains the reasons for this unique situation. Using archival, interview, and polling data, Boothe compares the policy histories of Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia in order to understand why Canada followed a different path on pharmaceutical insurance.Boothe argues that pace matters in policy change. Quick, radical change requires centralized political institutions, an elite consensus, and an engaged, attentive electorate. Without these prerequisites, states are far more likely to take a slower, incremental approach. But while rapid policy change reinforces the new consensus, incremental progress strengthens the status quo, letting development stall and raising the bar for achieving change.An important contribution to the study of comparative political economy, Ideas and the Pace of Change should be required reading for anyone seeking to understand why health care reforms succeed or fail.
Ideas, Concepts, and Reality
by John W. BurbidgeDo concepts exist independently of the mind? Where does objective reality diverge from subjective experience? John Burbidge calls upon the work of some of the foremost thinkers in philosophy to address these questions, developing a nuanced account of the relationship between the mind and the external world. In Ideas, Concepts, and Reality John Burbidge adopts, as a starting point, Gottlob Frege's distinction between "ideas," which are subjective recollections of past sensations, and "concepts," which are shared by many and make communication possible. Engaging with Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and many others, the book argues that concepts are not eternal and unchanging, as Frege suggested, but open to revision. We can move from ideas to thoughts, Burbidge suggests, that can be refined to the point where they acquire independent and objective status as concepts. At the same time, they are radically connected to other concepts which either complement or are differentiated from them. Ideas, Concepts, and Reality offers a fresh perspective on the ways in which rigorous thought differs from other operations of the mind. Daringly inventive and accessibly written, the book will appeal to philosophers at all levels of interest.
Ideas, Concepts, and Reality: Ideas, Concepts, And Reality (McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas #58)
by John W. BurbidgeDo concepts exist independently of the mind? Where does objective reality diverge from subjective experience? John Burbidge calls upon the work of some of the foremost thinkers in philosophy to address these questions, developing a nuanced account of the relationship between the mind and the external world. In Ideas, Concepts, and Reality John Burbidge adopts, as a starting point, Gottlob Frege's distinction between "ideas," which are subjective recollections of past sensations, and "concepts," which are shared by many and make communication possible. Engaging with Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and many others, the book argues that concepts are not eternal and unchanging, as Frege suggested, but open to revision. We can move from ideas to thoughts, Burbidge suggests, that can be refined to the point where they acquire independent and objective status as concepts. At the same time, they are radically connected to other concepts which either complement or are differentiated from them. Ideas, Concepts, and Reality offers a fresh perspective on the ways in which rigorous thought differs from other operations of the mind. Daringly inventive and accessibly written, the book will appeal to philosophers at all levels of interest.
Ideas de perfil
by Carlos PeñaUn deslumbrante repaso por la vida y obra de los más importantes pensadores contemporáneos. En este contundente libro Carlos Peña presenta un conjunto de perfiles que ahondan en las vidas y obras de los principales pensadores de la modernidad. Con claridad y distinción, el destacado ensayista chileno se pasea por las ideas de Maquiavelo, Kant, Freud, Sartre, De Beauvoir, Arendt, Kristeva, Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Zizek y una decena de filósofos, sociólogos, políticos y psicoanalistas. Utilizando el género del perfil para iluminar los claroscuros de las vidas y obras analizadas, Peña se presenta a los lectores en este nuevo libro como lector riguroso e incisivo, definiciones que han caracterizado su rol como intelectual público.
Ideas for a Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy: First Book: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (Hackett Classics)
by Edmund HusserlHusserl's Ideas is one of the most important works of twentieth-century philosophy, offering a detailed introduction to the phenomenological method, including the reduction, and outlining the overall scope of phenomenological philosophy. Husserl's explorations of the a priori structures of intentionality, consciousness, perceptual experience, evidence and rationality continue to challenge contemporary philosophy of mind. Dan Dahlstrom's accurate and faithful translation, written in pellucid prose and in a fluid, modern idiom, brings this classic work to life for a new generation. --Dermot Moran, University College, Dublin