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The Minor Gesture
by Erin ManningIn this wide-ranging and probing book Erin Manning extends her previous inquiries into the politics of movement to the concept of the minor gesture. The minor gesture, although it may pass almost unperceived, transforms the field of relations. More than a chance variation, less than a volition, it requires rethinking common assumptions about human agency and political action. To embrace the minor gesture's power to fashion relations, its capacity to open new modes of experience and manners of expression, is to challenge the ways in which the neurotypical image of the human devalues alternative ways of being moved by and moving through the world--in particular what Manning terms "autistic perception." Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's schizoanalysis and Whitehead's speculative pragmatism, Manning's far-reaching analyses range from fashion to depression to the writings of autistics, in each case affirming the neurodiversity of the minor and the alternative politics it gestures toward.
Minorities and Populism – Critical Perspectives from South Asia and Europe (Philosophy and Politics - Critical Explorations #10)
by Ananya Vajpeyi Volker KaulThis volume assembles renowned scholars to address, for the first time, the relationship between minorities and populism in South Asia and Europe from a critical perspective. Despite the very different and to some extent opposite historical and political trajectories, there is today a convergence on nationalist affirmation and on majoritarian politics between South Asia and Europe. In India, the Hindu majority rebels against wide-ranging minority rights anchored in the Constitution. In Europe, the refugee crisis and Islamic radicalization bring to the forefront the postcolonial legacy. Despite all rhetoric, there are obvious dangers of majoritarianism. Populist parties are divisive, partisan, disregard minority rights, engage in lynching, social division, stigmatization and exclusion, turning minorities into second-class citizens. There is a profound structural connection between minorities and the current rise of populism in India and Europe. But there remains a deep perplexity and also anxiety: Does the presence of minorities necessarily have to trigger majoritarian policies? Are there no solutions to this dilemma? Many observers considered multicultural policies and affirmative action programs in India as a possible model for Europe to adopt in order to achieve greater integration. But eventually they seem to have failed. Why so? Are multiculturalism and the recognition of differences still options today? On the other hand, most scholars in India typically reject the European model of liberal democracy and secularism as impracticable in India and locate the reason for the current malaise in the west. But is liberal democracy really so bad in dealing with pluralism? This volume, collecting a selection of the Reset DOC Venice-Padua-Delhi dialogue series, is going to answer two fundamental questions. First, what precisely is the nexus between minorities and populism in South Asia and Europe? Starting from those case studies, the authors will also draw some general theoretical inferences about the nature of populism. Secondly, given the dangers of populism for minorities, the volume will look for the most adequate and feasible solutions.
Minorities and State-Building in the Middle East: The Case of Jordan (Minorities in West Asia and North Africa)
by Paolo Maggiolini Idir OuahesThis book offers fresh insights to enhance and diversify our understanding of the modern history of the state and societies in today’s Jordan, while also providing examples of why and how scholars can challenge the static and discursively government-minded approaches to minorities and minoritisation – especially the traditional emphasis on demographic balances. Despite its small size and initial appearance of homogeneity, Jordan provides an excellent case of a dynamic, relational, historically contingent and fluid approach to ethnic, political and religious minorities in the context of the imposition of a modern state system on complex and varied traditional societies. The editors and contributors present dynamic and relational perspectives on the status of and historical processes involved in the creation and absorption of minority groups within Jordan.
Minorities, Minority Rights and Internal Self-Determination
by Ulrike BartenThe book questions the classic idea of self-determination - the right to self-determination is a right of peoples, not of minorities - by examining the content of the right to self-determination and the content of minority rights. Self-determination has four dimensions: the political, the economic, the social and the cultural dimensions. Minorities have minority rights that touch on most aspects of life as a member of a minority. If there is an overlap between minority rights and the different dimensions of self-determination, the concept that the right to self-determination is only applicable to peoples loses credibility. No global and general conclusion is envisaged; there are restrictions in place. The work is limited to the European framework and is further restricted to classic minorities. The argument is based on a legitimacy and justice approach. The analysis in this book shows that some minority rights overlap with the different dimensions of internal self-determination. In short, classic minorities in Europe have a right to internal self-determination.
Minority Parties In U. S. Legislatures: Conditions Of Influence
by Jennifer ClarkThis study of the influence minority parties wield is both a major work of political science scholarship and a timely examination of an issue with real consequences for the functioning of democratic legislatures and the creation of legislation. Challenging conventional assumptions that the majority party dominates the legislature, Jennifer Hayes Clark investigates precisely the ways in which--and under what conditions--members of the minority party successfully pursue their interests. For this study, Clark collects fine-grained data from both the U. S. Congress and state legislatures to get a close look at three key points in the legislative process: committee assignments, bill cosponsorship, and roll-call votes. She finds that minority party members are not systematically excluded throughout the policymaking process. Indeed, their capacity to shape legislative decision-making is enhanced when party polarization is low, when institutional prerogatives are broadly dispersed rather than centralized, and when staff resources are limited. Under these conditions, bipartisanship bill cosponsorship and voting coalitions are also more prevalent. With the sharp increase of partisan polarization in state legislatures and in Congress, it is essential that scholars--as well as voters and reformers--understand how and when a minority party can effectively represent constituents.
MINT für Geisteswissenschaftler: Naturwissenschaften für Geisteswissenschaftler
by Walter HehlDer Beginn von Naturwissenschaft und Geisteswissenschaft in der Antike war gemeinsam, aber die Naturwissenschaft hatte sich bis zum Ende des 19. Jahrhundert durch ihre Erfolge dominant entwickelt. Gegen diese Dominanz prägte der Philosoph Wilhelm Dilthey 1883 den Begriff der Geisteswissenschaften. In den Naturwissenschaften war es andrerseits klar, dass ganze Bereiche des Geistes den Naturwissenschaften nicht zugänglich waren, etwa sinnliche Empfindungen und das Bewusstsein.Das Buch versucht zu zeigen, dass dieser harte Gegensatz weicher geworden ist. Die Physik ist geistiger geworden und die Technologie des Geistes hat sich entwickelt: Es ist im Grundsatz die Informationstechnologie. Mit der Mathematik als Fundament und als Hilfsmittel ergibt dies MINT.Ein geistiges Weltbild ohne MINT ist in Würde nicht möglich. Es gibt eine Reihe von MINT-Bereichen, die unmittelbar geisteswissenschaftlich von Nutzen sind. Beispiele sind etwa das Prinzip des Lasers undder Begriff der Entropie. Ein dritter, geistiger Bereich bleibt außerhalb: die Kunst. Aber Kunst und MINT sind keine Gegensätze.
Mipham's Beacon of Certainty
by John W. Pettit Penor RinpocheFor centuries, Dzogchen - a special meditative practice to achieve spontaneous enlightenment - has been misinterpreted by both critics and malinformed meditators as being purely mystical and anti-rational. In the grand spirit of Buddhist debate, 19th century Buddhist philosopher Mipham wrote Beacon of Certainty, a compelling defense of Dzogchen philosophy that employs the very logic it was criticized as lacking. Through lucid and accessible textural translation and penetrating analysis, Pettit presents Mipham as one of Tibet's greatest thinkers.
Mipham's Sword of Wisdom
by Khenchen Palden SherabPresents the Nyingma-lineage understanding of valid cognition in Buddhism. Its core subject is the Buddhist view of the two truths—the relative truth of conventional appearances and the absolute truth of emptiness and buddha nature—and how the two truths are inseparable. The main questions posed are: How can we know the two truths and how can we be certain that our knowledge is accurate?“The great scholar and advanced spiritual master Jamgon Mipham’s Sword of Wisdom is a classic work that explicates valid cognition. I am happy to see it now available in English with commentary and scholarly appendices that will be very helpful for serious students in understanding this profound and important text.”—His Holiness the Sakya Trichen Mipham’s Sword of Wisdom explores the Nyingma-lineage understanding of valid cognition in Vajrayana Buddhism. This translation, a clear and concise primer on higher realization through valid cognition in Buddhist philosophy, presents these ideas in English for the very first time and includes the sutra presentation of the two truths and the tantra teachings of the two truths as the purity and equality of all phenomena. When you’ve finished Mipham’s Sword of Wisdom, you’ll have rich insights into Nyingma teachings on valid cognition, a profound new understanding of the two truths and their inseparability, a solid foundation in valid cognition through direct perception and reasoning according to the traditional Indian treatises of Dharmakirti and Dignaga, and much more.
Mira por donde
by Fernando Savater"¿Escribir tu autobiografía? Pero ¿no eres demasiado joven?." Fernando Savater reconoce que le encanta este reproche, pues significa que todavía le queda algo para lo que "no es demasiado mayor"; aunque ganarse el piropo le haya costado escribir un volumen de memorias. Con una mezcla de ternura, ironía, melancolía, acidez y sentido del humor, el filósofo relata la historia de su vida, o más bien "lo que el tiempo ha hecho conmigo", como él prefiere describirlo. La primera parte se ocupa de su infancia en San Sebastián, la etapa más feliz de su vida, que llega hasta los doce años cuando su familia se trasladó a Madrid. La segunda recoge sus recuerdos de adolescencia y primera juventud, hasta la muerte de Francisco Franco cuando Savater contaba veintiocho años. La tercera parte abarca hasta hoy mismo, y se centra en su compromiso político, pues "hacer política cuando la democracia está amenazada es precisamente la primera obligación de una conciencia sana". El autor se explaya en sus gustos, sus aficiones y sus preferencias, porque como él dice "estamos unidos a este mundo y a la vida por cuanto aprobamos, no por nuestra capacidad de detestar". Las lecturas de infancia, las carreras de caballos, los filósofos que siempre lo acompañan o los lugares y las personas que ama forman parte de esta historia. En esta obra única, cargada de saber y sentimiento, el autor mira los tramos del camino recorrido, consciente de que uno no lo puede contar todo de sí mismo: "no refiero toda la verdad, pero creo que lo que digo es bastante verdadero siempre".
Mira por dónde: Autobiografía razonada
by Fernando SavaterCon una mezcla de ternura, ironía, melancolía, acidez y sentido del humor, el filósofo relata la historia de su vida, o más bien «lo que el tiempo ha hecho conmigo», como él prefiere describirlo. «¿Escribir tu autobiografía? Pero, ¿no eres demasiado joven?» Fernando Savater reconoce que le encanta este reproche, pues significa que todavía le queda algo para lo que no es «demasiado mayor»; aunque ganarse el piropo le haya costado escribir un volumen de memorias. La primera parte se ocupa de su infancia en San Sebastián, la etapa más feliz de su vida, que llega hasta los doce años, cuando su familia se trasladó a Madrid. La segunda recoge sus recuerdos de adolescencia y primera juventud, hasta la muerte de Franco, cuando Savater contaba veintiocho años. La tercera parte abarca hasta hoy mismo, y se centra en su compromiso político, pues «hacer política cuando la democracia está amenazada es precisamente la primera obligación de una conciencia sana». El autor se explaya en sus gustos, sus aficiones y sus preferencias, porque como él dice «estamos unidos a este mundo y a la vida por cuanto aprobamos, no por nuestra capacidad de detestar». Las lecturas de infancia, las carreras de caballos, los filósofos que siempre le acompañan o los lugares y las personas que ama forman parte de esta historia. En esta obra única, cargada de saber y sentimiento, el autor mira los tramos del camino recorrido, consciente de que uno no lo puede contar todo de sí mismo: «no refiero toda la verdad, pero creo que lo que digo es bastante verdadero siempre».
The Miracle Myth: Why Belief in the Resurrection and the Supernatural Is Unjustified
by Lawrence ShapiroThere are many who believe Moses parted the Red Sea and Jesus came back from the dead. Others are certain that exorcisms occur, ghosts haunt attics, and the blessed can cure the terminally ill. Though miracles are immensely improbable, people have embraced them for millennia, seeing in them proof of a supernatural world that resists scientific explanation.Helping us to think more critically about our belief in the improbable, The Miracle Myth casts a skeptical eye on attempts to justify belief in the supernatural, laying bare the fallacies that such attempts commit. Through arguments and accessible analysis, Larry Shapiro sharpens our critical faculties so we become less susceptible to tales of myths and miracles and learn how, ultimately, to evaluate claims regarding vastly improbable events on our own. Shapiro acknowledges that belief in miracles could be harmless, but cautions against allowing such beliefs to guide how we live our lives. His investigation reminds us of the importance of evidence and rational thinking as we explore the unknown.
The Miracle of Mindfulness, Gift Edition
by Thich Nhat HanhA new gift edition of the classic guide to meditation and mindfulness, featuring archival photography and beautiful calligraphy by Thich Nhat HanhSince its publication in 1975, The Miracle of Mindfulness has been cherished by generations of readers for its eloquent and useful introduction to the practice of meditation. Readers interested in an introduction to Buddhist thought, as well as those seeking to learn about mindfulness and stress reduction, continue to look to Thich Nhat Hanh's classic work for guidance and inspiration. This new hardcover gift edition features elegant calligraphic illustrations by Thich Nhat Hanh, as well as a dozen photographs spanning his early days as a peace activist to his life in Plum Village, a spiritual community that he founded in France. Also included in this edition is a historical chronology of Thich Nhat Hanh's life and work, and a revised afterword by Jim Forest.
Miracles (Elements in the Philosophy of Religion)
by David BasingerThis book is a critical overview of the manner in which the concept of miracle is understood and discussed in contemporary analytic philosophy of religion. In its most basic sense, a miracle is an unusual, unexpected, observable event brought about by direct divine intervention. The focus of this study is on the key conceptual, epistemological, and theological issues that this definition of the miraculous continues to raise. As this topic is of existential as well as theoretical interest to many, there is no reason to believe the concept of miracle won't continue to be of ongoing interest to philosophers.
Miracles: An Exercise in Comparative Philosophy of Religion (Comparative Philosophy of Religion #3)
by Karen R. Zwier David L. Weddle Timothy D. KnepperThis volume provides a comparative philosophical investigation into a particular concept from a variety of angles—in this case, the concept of “miracle.” The text covers deeply philosophical questions around the miracle, with a multiplicity of answers. Each chapter brings its own focus to this multifaceted effort. The volume rejects the primarily western focus that typically dominates philosophy of religion and is filled with particular examples of miracle narratives, community responses, and polemical scenarios across widely varying religious contexts and historical periods. Some of these examples defy religious categorization, and some papers challenge the applicability of the concept “miracle,” which is of western and monotheistic origin. By examining miracles thru a wide comparative context, this text presents a range of descriptive content and analysis, with attention to the audience, to the subjective experiences being communicated, and to the flavor of the narratives that come to surround miracles. This book appeals to students and researchers working in philosophy of religion and science, as well those in comparative religion. It represents, in written form, some of the perspectives and dialogue achieved in The Comparison Project’s 2017–2019 lecture series on miracles. The Comparison Project is an enterprise in comparing a variety of religious voices, allowing them to stand in dialogue.
Miracles in Said Nursi and Thomas Aquinas: Non-Noninterventionist Approaches to Divine Action and the Sciences (Routledge Science and Religion Series)
by Edmund Michael LazzariIn order to preserve contemporary understandings of the sciences, many figures of the Divine Action Project (DAP) held that God could never violate or suspend a law of nature, causing the marginalization of miracles from scholarly theology–science dialogue. In the first substantive entry of interreligious dialogue on the topic, this book provides fresh, contemporary accounts of Said Nursi and Thomas Aquinas on miracles and science, challenges contemporary noninterventionist presuppositions, and explores rich, untapped avenues in the theology, metaphysics, and epistemology of miracles and laws of science. Through an exploration of Nursi’s Ash’arite, Quranic interpretation of the sciences, and St. Thomas’s neglected doctrine of obediential potency, this volume marshals powerful tools from the world’s two largest religions to elucidate the foundations of God’s interaction with creatures.As well as contributing to the contemporary debate, this volume provides Muslim and Christian readers alike substantive intellectual frameworks in which to think about the sciences from the heart of their own intellectual traditions, while at the same time giving them as alternatives to mainstream contemporary approaches for scientists and other readers engaged in theology–science dialogue.
Mircea Eliade: Myth, Religion, and History
by Nicolae BabutsMircea Eliade (1907–1986) was one of the twentieth century's foremost students of religion and cultural environments. This book examines the emergence, function, and value of religion and myth in his work.Nicolae Babuts, Robert Ellwood, Eric Ziolkowski, John Dadosky, Robert Segal, Mac Linscott Ricketts, Douglas Allen, and Liviu Borda examine Eliade's views on the interaction between the sacred and the profane. Each explores Eliade's phenomenological approach to the study of religion and myth. They show that modern rites of initiation, cultural activities, and spectacles like bullfighting, film, and, perhaps surprisingly, reading and writing, all harken back to the archetypal structures of the mythical imagination. Perhaps the greatest achievement of Eliade's phenomenological approach is that it reveals what we have in common with pre-Socratic man: the mind's structural capacity to endow objects and events with spiritual values and meanings.As a study of Eliade's concept of the mythic imagination, the book posits an analogy between the myths of the past and modern imitations. The authors suggest that in spite of their differences and their separate historical sources, myths represent basic structures of human consciousness. This book is essential reading for all students of religion, philosophy, and literature.
Mirror, Mirror: The Uses and Abuses of Self-Love
by Simon BlackburnFrom the author of Think, an enlightening and entertaining exploration of narcissism and self-esteemEveryone deplores narcissism, especially in others. The vain are by turns annoying or absurd, offending us whether they are blissfully oblivious or proudly aware of their behavior. But are narcissism and vanity really as bad as they seem? Can we avoid them even if we try? In Mirror, Mirror, Simon Blackburn, the author of such best-selling philosophy books as Think, Being Good, and Lust, says that narcissism, vanity, pride, and self-esteem are more complex than they first appear and have innumerable good and bad forms. Drawing on philosophy, psychology, literature, history, and popular culture, Blackburn offers an enlightening and entertaining exploration of self-love, from the myth of Narcissus and the Christian story of the Fall to today's self-esteem industry.A sparkling mixture of learning, humor, and style, Mirror, Mirror examines what great thinkers have said about self-love—from Aristotle, Cicero, and Erasmus to Rousseau, Adam Smith, Kant, and Iris Murdoch. It considers today’s "me"-related obsessions, such as the “selfie,” plastic surgery, and cosmetic enhancements, and reflects on connected phenomena such as the fatal commodification of social life and the tragic overconfidence of George W. Bush and Tony Blair. Ultimately, Mirror, Mirror shows why self-regard is a necessary and healthy part of life. But it also suggests that we have lost the ability to distinguish—let alone strike a balance—between good and bad forms of self-concern.
Mirror of God: Christian Faith as Spiritual Practice
by James W. JonesWhat are the benefits of being a spiritual person? This is the question that James Jones explores in his newest book, The Mirror of God. Jones contends that true religious belief is not a passive process and that one must work hard towards believing in God through acts such as prayer, meditation and communal worship. He explores the boundaries between psychotherapy and religious practice, looks at what Christians might learn from Buddhists and shows their effects on the body and mind. Jones is a psychologist as well as a professor of religion and, ultimately, he provides a blueprint for worship that's smart, effective and grounded in the real lives we all live.
The Mirror of the Self: Sexuality, Self-Knowledge, and the Gaze in the Early Roman Empire
by Shadi BartschPeople in the ancient world thought of vision as both an ethical tool and a tactile sense, akin to touch. Gazing upon someone—or oneself—was treated as a path to philosophical self-knowledge, but the question of tactility introduced an erotic element as well. In The Mirror of the Self, Shadi Bartsch asserts that these links among vision, sexuality, and self-knowledge are key to the classical understanding of the self. Weaving together literary theory, philosophy, and social history, Bartsch traces this complex notion of self from Plato’s Greece to Seneca’s Rome. She starts by showing how ancient authors envisioned the mirror as both a tool for ethical self-improvement and, paradoxically, a sign of erotic self-indulgence. Her reading of the Phaedrus, for example, demonstrates that the mirroring gaze in Plato, because of its sexual possibilities, could not be adopted by Roman philosophers and their students. Bartsch goes on to examine the Roman treatment of the ethical and sexual gaze, and she traces how self-knowledge, the philosopher’s body, and the performance of virtue all played a role in shaping the Roman understanding of the nature of selfhood. Culminating in a profoundly original reading of Medea, The Mirror of the Self illustrates how Seneca, in his Stoic quest for self-knowledge, embodies the Roman view, marking a new point in human thought about self-perception. Bartsch leads readers on a journey that unveils divided selves, moral hypocrisy, and lustful Stoics—and offers fresh insights about seminal works. At once sexy and philosophical, The Mirror of the Self will be required reading for classicists, philosophers, and anthropologists alike.
The Mis-Education of the Negro
by Carter G. WoodsonThe Mis-Education of the Negro is one of the most important books on education ever written. Carter G. Woodson shows us the weakness of Euro-centric based curriculums that fail to include African American history and culture. This system mis-educates the African American student, failing to prepare them for success and to give them an adequate sense of who they are within the system that they must live. Woodson provides many strong solutions to the problems he identifies. A must-read for anyone working in the education field.
MIS PANFLETOS INTELECTUALES
by Juan Gregorio ÁlvarezEsta obra tan personal como universal nos sumerge en la filosofía desde una muy actual crítica cultural y social presentada en formato de volantes que inducen a una profunda reflexión. <P><P>La sociedad moderna vista como una sociedad de castas de mayores o menores capacidades intelectuales, el sobrevalorado trabajo y la carencia del ocio enriquecedor, las pretensiones del intelectual y su desprecio por las masas, el valor no pragmático de la cultura , el capitalismo como el materialismo práctico más vulgar e inferior, las utopías del comunismo, el 15-M como un movimiento de quienes no pueden tener pisito, cochecito, fundar una familia o algún sucedáneo suyo, ni tener sueldo digno para vacaciones en la playa o en la montaña o Podemos que solo tiene en su horizonte ese mejoramiento del nivel de vida popular; la religión como el aroma espiritual de un mundo sin espíritu, la psicología y el periodismo como una de las mayores pestes de la sociedad actual, los medios técnicos como intrascendentes si sólo sirven para lograr una conservación meramente cuantitativa de la vida o para llenarse la cabeza de información basura son algunos de los temas abordados desde la ácida visión de Juan Gregorio Álvarez, de la que no escapa ni siquiera el fútbol. <P><P> Mis panfletos intelectuales recorre conceptos universales lejos de todo sectarismo ideológico en un ejercicio de pensamiento vital personal y de indagación filosófica que atraviesa la crítica cultural, política y religiosa desde la perspectiva de Nietzsche de filosofar con el martillo o desde la de Ortega de la salvación intelectual de su circunstancia.
Miscellaneous Writings
by John Robson John Stuart MillThe interests and activities of John Stuart Mill (1806-73) were so wide-ranging that even the varied subjects of thirty previously published volumes of Collected Works cannot encompass them all. In this volume are brought together diverse and interesting instances of his polymathic career, none before republished and some previously unpublished.Neatly framing Mill's writing career are his editorial prefaces and extensive notes to Jeremy Bentham;s Rationale of Judicial Evidence (1827) and James Mill's Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (1869). Both demonstrate his extraordinary powers of mind and diligence as well as his fealty. His constant avocation, field botany, is shown in his botanical writings, which open a window on an almost unknown activity that sustained and delighted him. Brief comments on two medical works hint at another interest. Two articles of which he was co-author demonstrate his work as editor of the London and Westminster Review, and a calendar of his contributions to the Political Economy Club provides yet another glimpse into his chosen activities and concerns. Published for the first time are Mill's English and French wills, providing still further biographical detail.
A Miscellany of Modern Musings: Reflections from Modern Western Thinkers
by Peter Chong-Beng GanThe book starts off by giving a quick overview of the main phases within the history of philosophy in the Western tradition. It then homes in on the “modern” phase and proceeds to select key thinkers that represent that slice from the rich intellectual heritage of the West. The main chapters have these thinkers’ names as heading. The work is meant to be expository and discursive, suited to introduce the neophyte in philosophy to some of the big questions asked by philosophers and their methods of addressing these questions as well as their unique proposed answers. The coverage is selective rather than extensive; and hence, only a small portion of the philosopher’s corpus of writings will be hand-picked and considered.
Misconceiving Merit: Paradoxes of Excellence and Devotion in Academic Science and Engineering
by Mary Blair-Loy Erin A. CechAn incisive study showing how cultural ideas of merit in academic science produce unfair and unequal outcomes. In Misconceiving Merit, sociologists Mary Blair-Loy and Erin A. Cech uncover the cultural foundations of a paradox. On one hand, academic science, engineering, and math revere meritocracy, a system that recognizes and rewards those with the greatest talent and dedication. At the same time, women and some racial and sexual minorities remain underrepresented and often feel unwelcome and devalued in STEM. How can academic science, which so highly values meritocracy and objectivity, produce these unequal outcomes? Blair-Loy and Cech studied more than five hundred STEM professors at a top research university to reveal how unequal and unfair outcomes can emerge alongside commitments to objectivity and excellence. The authors find that academic STEM harbors dominant cultural beliefs that not only perpetuate the mistreatment of scientists from underrepresented groups but hinder innovation. Underrepresented groups are often seen as less fully embodying merit compared to equally productive white and Asian heterosexual men, and the negative consequences of this misjudgment persist regardless of professors’ actual academic productivity. Misconceiving Merit is filled with insights for higher education administrators working toward greater equity as well as for scientists and engineers striving to change entrenched patterns of inequality in STEM.
Misdefending The Realm: How Mi5's Incompetence Enabled Communist Subversion Of Britain's Institutions During The Nazi-soviet Pact
by Antony PercyWhen, early in 1940, an important Soviet defector provided hints to British Intelligence about spies within the country's institutions, MI5's report was intercepted by a Soviet agent in the Home Office. She alerted her sometime lover, Isaiah Berlin, and Berlin's friend, Guy Burgess, whereupon the pair initiated a rapid counter-attack. Burgess contrived a reason for the two of them to visit the Soviet Union, which was then an ally of Nazi Germany, in order to alert his bosses of the threat and protect the infamous 'Cambridge Spies'. The story of this extraordinary escapade, hitherto ignored by the historians, lies at the heart of a thorough and scholarly expose of MI5's constitutional inability to resist communist infiltration of Britain's corridors of power and its later attempt to cover up its negligence. Guy Burgess's involvement in intelligence during WWII has been conveniently airbrushed out of existence in the official histories and the activities of his collaborator, Isaiah Berlin, disclosed in the latter's letters, have been strangely ignored by historians. Yet Burgess, fortified by the generous view of Marxism emanating from Oxbridge, contrived to effect a change in culture in MI5, whereby the established expert in communist counter-espionage was sidelined and Burgess's cronies were recruited into the Security Service itself.Using the threat of a Nazi Fifth Column as a diversion, Burgess succeeded in minimising the communist threat and placing Red sympathisers elsewhere in government. The outcome of this strategy was far-reaching. When the Soviet Union was invaded by Hitler's troops in June 1941, Churchill declared his support for Stalin in defeating the Nazi aggressor. But British policy-makers had all too quickly forgotten that the Communists would still be an enduring threat when the war was won and appeasement of Hitler was quickly replaced by appeasement of Stalin. Moreover, an indulgence towards communist scientists meant that the atom secrets shared by the US and the UK were betrayed. When this espionage was detected, MI5's officers engaged in an extensive cover-up to conceal their misdeeds. Exploiting recently declassified material and a broad range of historical and biographical sources, Antony Percy reveals that MI5 showed an embarrassing lack of leadership, discipline and tradecraft in its mission of `Defending the Realm'. This book will be of interest to all students of history, international relations, espionage and civil, national and international security.