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Issues in Law and Public Policy on Contract Labour in India: Comparative Insights From China
by Jaivir Singh Pankaj KumarThis book discusses the increasing use of contract labour in India that has accompanied attempts to liberalise the economy. After briefly examining Indian labour laws and public policy, it juxtaposes the country’s labour market practices with international labour standards. The questions that are raised are then explored through a series of empirical studies investigating the use of contract labour in a variety of industries and locations, manifesting a wide-spectrum of concerns including labour standards, productivity and employment relations. The set of comparative research studies within India are supplemented with a field study from the Shenzhen and Guangzhou industrial regions of South China, which are in an advanced stage of industrial development. The unprecedented inflow of capital into China has captivated many developing countries, including India, which has gone on to mimic similar strategies particularly in terms of labour market deregulation. In this context, a set of crucial questions arise – can enforcing ‘labour market flexibility’ in itself provide the required impetus for a nation’s industrial growth? Is the Chinese success in becoming the major destination for foreign direct investments (FDIs) a consequence of a flexible labour regime or is there some other concealed strength to be found in Chinese labour market institutions? In particular it needs to be noted that after double-digit growth for more than 25 consecutive years, China has recognised some of the fallacy of its development path and in 2008 adopted fairly stringent labour laws, which now regulate its labour market. This Chinese trajectory perhaps has lessons for India and other countries that are still struggling on the liberal path. In particular, the Chinese example helps put the Indian field studies in perspective and provides insights into India-specific policy recommendations that could also be useful for the developing world. The book concludes with the observation that where production entails long-term relationships, the interests of both the employer and the workers need to be maintained sustainably. As the title suggests, the book provides takeaways, not only for academics and researchers working in this field but also for lawyers, consultants, politicians, bureaucrats, and policymakers.
Issues in Race and Ethnicity: Selections from CQ Researcher
by CQ ResearcherIn the wake of a divisive presidential election charged with debates over immigration and identity politics, Americans continue to grapple with questions of race and ethnicity. This collection of nonpartisan and thoroughly researched reports focuses on provocative issues including gentrification, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the resurgence of white supremacy, anti-Semitism, and the "Alt-Right." Because it’s CQ Researcher, the policy reports are expertly researched and written, showing all sides of the debate. Chapters follow a set template, exploring three issue questions, then offering background, an overview of the current situation, and a look ahead. All issues include a chronology, bibliography, "yes/no" debate box, photos, charts, and figures.
Issues in Race and Ethnicity: Selections from CQ Researcher
by CQ ResearcherIn the wake of a divisive presidential election charged with debates over immigration and identity politics, Americans continue to grapple with questions of race and ethnicity. This collection of nonpartisan and thoroughly researched reports focuses on provocative issues including gentrification, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the resurgence of white supremacy, anti-Semitism, and the "Alt-Right." Because it’s CQ Researcher, the policy reports are expertly researched and written, showing all sides of the debate. Chapters follow a set template, exploring three issue questions, then offering background, an overview of the current situation, and a look ahead. All issues include a chronology, bibliography, "yes/no" debate box, photos, charts, and figures.
Issues in Race and Ethnicity: Selections from CQ Researcher
by Cq ResearcherThis new Seventh Edition takes a careful look at some of today’s most pressing matters in the politics of race and ethnicity, from the changing U.S. electorate and immigration debate to affirmative action and fixing urban schools. Sure to spark lively classroom discussion, Issues in Race and Ethnicity allows students to see an issue from all sides and examine how policy is made and implemented. Each chapter examines the key players, stakes, and lessons for the future, while covering the range of fact, analysis, and opinion surrounding each issue.
Issues in Teaching and Learning of Education for Sustainability: Theory into Practice (Routledge Research in Education)
by Chang Chew Hung Gillian Kidman Andy WiIn a fast-changing, globalising world, the teaching and implementation of a curriculum for Education for Sustainability (EfS) has been a challenge for many teachers. Issues in Teaching and Learning of Education for Sustainability highlights the issues and challenges educators and academics face in implementing EfS and gives examples of what an EfS curriculum may look like and how some institutions translate the theory into practice. Organised into three parts, the volume looks at: the who (EfS for whom), the what (EfS curriculum) and the how (translating from theory to practice). The concluding chapter provides ideas and directions on where the world can proceed regarding sustainability education and how it can help in the teaching and learning of sustainability. Considering social issues such as poverty, education, health, culture and the use of natural resources, this book proposes a different path towards Education for Sustainability. Providing concrete data on the realisation of sustainable development, Issues in Teaching and Learning of Education for Sustainability will be of interest to geographers, geography educators and professionals concerned with Education for Sustainability.
Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security: Selections From CQ Researcher
by Cq ResearcherIn the tradition of nonpartisanship and current analysis that is the hallmark of CQ Press, CQ Researcher readers investigate important and controversial policy issues. The Second Edition of Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security covers timely issues such as Terrorism and the Internet, Homeland Security, Interrogating the CIA, and Prosecuting Terrorists. Each article is engaging and reader-friendly, and opens with a human interest story that will spark the interest of students. In addition, each article gives substantial background and analysis of a particular issue as well as useful pedagogical features to inspire critical thinking and to help students grasp and review key material. Offer your students the balanced reporting, complete overviews, and engaging writing that CQ Researcher has consistently provided for more than 80 years. This text is an ideal supplementary textbook for upper-division undergraduate and graduate courses on Terrorism, Homeland Security, and U.S. National Security.New To This Edition:Includes six new articles on the following topics:Terrorism and the InternetHate GroupsHuman Rights IssuesHomeland SecurityInterrogating the CIAProsecuting TerroristsKey Features:Pro/con box that examines two competing sides of a single question A detailed chronologies of key dates and events An annotated bibliography and web resources Outlook sections that address possible regulation and initiatives from Capitol Hill and the White House over the next 5 to 10 years Photos, charts, graphs, and maps
Issues in US-EC Trade Relations
by Robert E. Baldwin Carl B. Hamilton André SapirA viable system of international trade requires the active support of both the United States and the European Community, the world's largest trading partners and, consequently, the primary forces shaping the post-World War II international trading regime. In recent years, however, a series of disagreements have threatened the consensus supporting that regime. Differences have arisen over the relation of trade policy to balance-of-trade deficits, the terms of and actual compliance with the current General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the proper agenda and procedures to be adopted in future multilateral trade negotiations. These differences, if left unresolved, will further weaken an already strained system. Issues in US-EC Trade Relations presents the results of a conference organized by the NBER and the Centre for European Policy Studies. In it, North American and European trade specialists offer theoretical, empirical, and historical analyses of some of the major issues on which American and Community officials disagree and also formulate realistic policies for settling present disputes. Contributors consider such topics as the legal aspects of trade between the two regions, agricultural policy, different ways the United States and members of the European Community use embargoes to attempt to induce foreign countries to change particular political actions, the growing trend toward protectionism and responses to this policy, international trade in services, and trade policy in oligopolistic environments. In most cases, each general subject is approached from both an American and a European perspective.
Issues In Wilderness Management
by Michael FromeBased on the proceedings of the First National Wilderness Management Workshop, this book is designed to serve as a guide to understanding and implementing the 1964 Wilderness Act. The contributors examine the major issues involved in administering the eighty million acres of federal land that constitute the National Wilderness Preservation System,
The Issues of Illegal Immigration and its Solutions in the Minority-Border Regions in Yunnan Province, China: A Look at Hekou Yao Autonomous County
by Gang LuoThis book analyzes the governance of illegal immigrants in ethnic areas along China’s southwest border. Since China is not an immigrant country and lacks an immigrant culture, the goals of law enforcement departments are limited to sanfeirenyuan (three types of illegal persons: illegal immigrants, illegal residents, and illegal employees). The transformation of sanfeirenyuan, an issue that has plagued China for many years, into an “illegal immigration” governance issue that is of general concern to the international community, has led to fundamental changes in research methods and research topics. The research presented here makes the issue China now faces part of global issues; by using the “worldview on China’s issues” to assess current problems, it can also show how “China’s solutions can be applied to global issues.” The unique feature of this book is that it approaches the issue of illegal immigration as an unconscious crisis. Accordingly, it holds substantial value in terms of exploring the theoretical basis of and governance methods for maintaining national security in the context of globalization, as well as the early warning mechanisms and crisis management in the context of China’s national security. Since China has a long southwest border, the stability and security of border ethnic areas have long played a decisive role in the stability and security of the country as a whole: if the frontiers are stable, the country enjoys enhanced security. Consequently, investigating the governance mechanism for illegal immigrants in the ethnic areas of the southwest border is of considerable practical relevance. This book offers a valuable asset for researchers in related fields and can be used as a reference book for students of national security. It also benefits practitioners in relevant management departments.
Issues of the Day: 100 Commentaries on Climate, Energy, the Environment, Transportation, and Public Health Policy (RFF Report)
by Ian W.H. Parry Felicia DayIssues of the Day provides an easy way for students, academics, journalists, policymakers, and the public to learn about a diverse range of policy issues affecting the environment, energy, transportation, and public health. Each commentary gives a short assessment of a topic, summarizing in a non-technical way the current state of analysis or evidence on the issue, along with selected recommendations for further reading. The essays are written by world renowned scholars, mostly economists, and provide useful insights on policy problems that are often complex and poorly understood. Some of the topics covered include air pollution, hazardous waste, voluntary environmental programs, domestic (U.S.) and global climate policy design, fishery management, water quality, endangered species, forest fires, oil security, solar power, road and airport, fuel taxes and fuel economy standards, alternative fuel vehicles, health and longevity, smoking, malaria, tuberculosis, and the environment and development. The objective is to disseminate the findings of sound, objective research on the costs, benefits, and appropriate reform of public policies. The book provides a useful supplement for undergraduate- and graduate-level course reading, a reference guide for professionals, and a way for the general reader to quickly develop an informed perspective on the most important policy problems of the day. Issues of the Day is available to download as a PDF from the Resources for the Future website: www.rff.org/weeklycommentary
Issues on My Mind: Strategies for the Future
by George P. Shultz Henry A. KissingerFormer Nixon and Reagan cabinet member George Shultz offers his views on how to govern more effectively, get our economy back on track, take advantage of new opportunities in the energy field, combat the use of addictive drugs, apply a strategic overview to diplomacy, and identify necessary steps to achieve a world without nuclear weapons. If we can successfully handle each of these issues, Shultz explains, we in the United States and people in the rest of the world will have the prospect of a better future.
Istanbul: Informal Settlements and Generative Urbanism (Built Environment City Studies)
by Noah BilligIstanbul: Informal Settlements and Generative Urbanism analyzes two informal housing settlements in Istanbul, Turkey – Karanfilköy and Fatih Sultan Mehmet – to examine how generatively built structures and neighbourhoods can be successfully realized in a modern, burgeoning urban context. Generative development processes adapt to existing conditions and unfold over time, but there have been relatively few examples in the 20th and 21st centuries. This book evaluates the constructs of living structures, pattern languages and generative urban design processes in relation to Istanbul’s informal settlements. It provides examples of communities making liveable, dynamic and user-adapted neighbourhoods and establishes them as a modern settlement typology in generative urban design theory.
Istanbul: Living With Difference In A Global City (New Directions In International Studies)
by Nora Fisher-Onar Susan C. Pearce E. Fuat Keyman Çaglar Keyder Sami Zubaida Feyzi Baban Charles King Ilay Romain Örs Amy Mills Anna Bigelow Kristen Sarah Biehl Hande PakerIstanbul explores how to live with difference through the prism of an age-old, cutting-edge city whose people have long confronted the challenge of sharing space with the Other. Located at the intersection of trade networks connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa, Istanbul is western and eastern, northern and southern, religious and secular. Heir of ancient empires, Istanbul is the premier city of a proud nation-state even as it has become a global city of multinational corporations, NGOs, and capital flows. Rather than exploring Istanbul as one place at one time, the contributors to this volume focus on the city’s experience of migration and globalization over the last two centuries. Asking what Istanbul teaches us about living with people whose hopes jostle with one’s own, contributors explore the rise, collapse, and fragile rebirth of cosmopolitan conviviality in a once and future world city. The result is a cogent, interdisciplinary exchange about an urban space that is microcosmic of dilemmas of diversity across time and space.
Istanbul: A Tale of Three Cities
by Bettany HughesIstanbul has long been a place where stories and histories collide, where perception is as potent as fact.From the Koran to Shakespeare, this city with three names--Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul--resonates as an idea and a place, real and imagined. Standing as the gateway between East and West, North and South, it has been the capital city of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. For much of its history it was the very center of the world, known simply as "The City," but, as Bettany Hughes reveals, Istanbul is not just a city, but a global story.In this epic new biography, Hughes takes us on a dazzling historical journey from the Neolithic to the present, through the many incarnations of one of the world's greatest cities--exploring the ways that Istanbul's influence has spun out to shape the wider world. Hughes investigates what it takes to make a city and tells the story not just of emperors, viziers, caliphs, and sultans, but of the poor and the voiceless, of the women and men whose aspirations and dreams have continuously reinvented Istanbul.Written with energy and animation, award-winning historian Bettany Hughes deftly guides readers through Istanbul's rich layers of history. Based on meticulous research and new archaeological evidence, this captivating portrait of the momentous life of Istanbul is visceral, immediate, and authoritative--narrative history at its finest.
Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State: Allied Occupation, National Resistance, and Political Conflict, 1918-1923 (New Directions in Turkish Studies #2)
by Erol UlkerDuring the formation of the Turkish national movement, while Istanbul was under British, French, and Italian occupation, a distinct factional split emerged. One side supported the Ottoman sultanate’s sovereignty, while the other championed a populist, republican path. An Istanbul at the Threshold of Nation State contextualizes this history of coalition, political disintegration, and power struggles in Turkey between 1918 and 1923 to highlight the rise of anti-communist movements and the emergence of national labor and merchant confederations that formed xenophobic, Christian exclusionary policies in the 1920s and 30s.
Istanbul, Open City: Exhibiting Anxieties of Urban Modernity
by Ipek TüreliUrban theory traditionally links modernity to the city, to the historical emergence of certain forms of subjectivity and the rise of important developments in culture, arts and architecture. This is often in response to technological, economic and societal transformations in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries in select Euro-American metropolises. In contrast, non-Western cities in the modern period are often considered through the lens of Westernization and development. How do we account for urban modernity in "other" cities? <P><P> This book seeks to highlight cultural creativity by examining the diverse and shifting ways Istanbulites have defined themselves while they debate, imagine, build and consume their city. It focuses on a series of exhibitionary sites, from print press/photography, cinema/films, exhibitions of architectural heritage, theme parks and museums, and explores the links between these popular depictions through shared practices of representation. In doing so it argues that understanding how the future is imagined through images and interpretations of the past can broaden current theoretical thinking about Istanbul and other cities. <P><P> In line with postcolonial calls for a comparative urbanism that decouples understanding of the modern from its privileged association with Western cities, this book offers a new perspective on the lens of urban modernity. It will appeal to urban geographers and historians, cultural studies scholars, art historians and anthropologists as well as planners, architects and artists.
ISUF, Urban Morphology and Human Settlements: Advances and Prospects (The Urban Book Series)
by Vítor OliveiraThis book offers insight into the most important scientific society on urban morphology worldwide: the International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF). After addressing the three-decade history of ISUF, the book analyses the present and future of this scientific society, of urban morphology, and of human settlements. This timely and fundamental reflection gathers contributions from present and past leadership of ISUF since its inception in 1994. Over the last three decades, the urban world has undergone major changes: the urban population is now higher than the rural population; more than half of the world's population lives on a single continent—Asia, home to almost three billion people in China and India alone—so geographical imbalance is considerable; and while half of the urban population still lives in small cities of fewer than 300,000 inhabitants, the number of megacities has increased significantly. How does the physical form of cities in different parts of the world respond to these dynamics? Can cities preserve fundamental elements of humankind's urban heritage while accommodating changes driven by the main socioeconomic and environmental needs of today? The field of urban morphology has been continuously adjusting to the essential dynamics of its object of study. While developing and strengthening its most robust theories, concepts, and methods designed after the mid-twentieth century, urban morphology has been able to integrate innovative approaches for describing and explaining the emerging dynamics and patterns of urban form—often incorporating groundbreaking technologies for data collection, analysis, modelling, and simulation. But what is the role of urban morphology in science and society today? How effective is it in communicating a rigorous understanding of the urban landscape both to academics and researchers in other fields and to citizens in general? How successful is it in providing practitioners with relevant and useful knowledge that informs their action on cities' form and structure through spatial planning, urban design, and architecture? This book addresses these fundamental questions, offering academics, researchers, and practitioners comprehensive knowledge on human settlements, the field of urban morphology, and the role of ISUF in promoting groundbreaking morphological thought.
It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office
by Dale BeranAn insider's history of the website at the end of the world, which burst into politics and memed Donald Trump into the White House.The internet has transformed the ways we think and act, and by consequence, our politics. The most impactful recent political movements on the far left and right started with massive online collectives of teenagers. Strangely, both movements began on the same website: an anime imageboard called 4chan.org. It Came from Something Awful is the fascinating and bizarre story of 4chan and its profound effect on youth counterculture.Dale Beran has observed the website's shifting activities and interests since the beginning. 4chan is a microcosm of the internet itself—simultaneously at the vanguard of contemporary culture, politics, comedy and language, and a new low for all of the above. It was the original meme machine, mostly frequented by socially awkward and disenfranchised young men in search of a place to be alone together.During the recession of the late 2000’s, the memes became political. 4chan was the online hub of a leftist hacker collective known as Anonymous and a prominent supporter of the Occupy Wall Street movement. But within a few short years, the site’s ideology spun on its axis; it became the birthplace and breeding ground of the alt-right. In It Came from Something Awful, Beran uses his insider’s knowledge and natural storytelling ability to chronicle 4chan's strange journey from creating rage-comics to inciting riots to—according to some—memeing Donald Trump into the White House.
It Can Happen Here: White Power and the Rising Threat of Genocide in the US
by Alexander Laban HintonA renowned expert on genocide argues that there is a real risk of violent atrocities happening in the United States If many people were shocked by Donald Trump’s 2016 election, many more were stunned when, months later, white supremacists took to the streets of Charlottesville, Virginia, chanting “Blood and Soil” and “Jews will not replace us!” Like Trump, the Charlottesville marchers were dismissed as aberrations—crazed extremists who did not represent the real US. It Can Happen Here demonstrates that, rather than being exceptional, such white power extremism and the violent atrocities linked to it are a part of American history. And, alarmingly, they remain a very real threat to the US today. Alexander Hinton explains how murky politics, structural racism, the promotion of American exceptionalism, and a belief that the US has have achieved a color-blind society have diverted attention from the deep roots of white supremacist violence in the US’s brutal past. Drawing on his years of research and teaching on mass violence, Hinton details the warning signs of impending genocide and atrocity crimes, the tools used by ideologues to fan the flames of hate, and the shocking ways in which “us” versus “them” violence is supported by inherently racist institutions and policies. It Can Happen Here is an essential new assessment of the dangers of contemporary white power extremism in the United States. While revealing the threat of genocide and atrocity crimes that loom over the country, Hinton offers actions we can take to prevent it from happening, illuminating a hopeful path forward for a nation in crisis.
It Can't Happen Here
by Sinclair LewisWritten during the Great Depression, It Can’t Happen Here, Sinclair Lewis’s novel satirizing American politics, describes the rise of a totalitarian regime in the United States. When Berzelius “Buzz” Windrip is elected president of the United States, he does so by inciting fear and dissent, promising massive economic and social changes in order to regain America’s prominence in the world. Once in office, he moves quickly to gain total control of the government and empowers a ruthless paramilitary force to carry out his rule and suppress all those who stand in his way. Depicting a frightening world where fascism has taken hold in America, Lewis’s novel is a prescient and alarming tale of power, corruption, and how easily democracy can fall prey to manipulation. Described by the Guardian as “the 1935 novel that predicted the rise of Donald Trump,” It Can’t Happen Here is as timely now as it was when it was first published.
It Could Happen Here: Why America Is Tipping from Hate to the Unthinkable—And How We Can Stop It
by Jonathan Greenblatt"Refreshingly candid . . . Get off Instagram and read this book."—Sacha Baron Cohen From the dynamic head of ADL, an impassioned argument about the terrifying path that America finds itself on today—and how we can save ourselves It&’s almost impossible to imagine that unbridled hate and systematic violence could come for us or our families. But it has happened in our lifetimes in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. And it could happen here. Today, as CEO of the storied ADL (the Anti-Defamation League), Jonathan Greenblatt has made it his personal mission to demonstrate how antisemitism, racism, and other insidious forms of intolerance can destroy a society, taking root as quiet prejudices but mutating over time into horrific acts of brutality. In this urgent book, Greenblatt sounds an alarm, warning that this age-old trend is gathering momentum in the United States—and that violence on an even larger, more catastrophic scale could be just around the corner. But it doesn&’t have to be this way. Drawing on ADL&’s decades of experience in fighting hate through investigative research, education programs, and legislative victories as well as his own personal story and his background in business and government, Greenblatt offers a bracing primer on how we—as individuals, as organizations, and as a society—can strike back against hate. Just because it could happen here, he shows, does not mean that the unthinkable is inevitable.
It Could Happen Here: America on the Brink
by Bruce JudsonThe severe economic downturn has been blamed on many things: deregulation, derivatives, greedy borrowers, negligent lenders. But could there be a deeper problem that is so severe, so long-lasting, and so dangerous that it makes these problems look like minor swerves in the road? Could we be facing an existential challenge to the promise of America, and to our system of government? Inequality in America has reached historical highs. Throughout human history, this level of disparity has proven intolerable, almost always leading to political upheaval. Though many believe that America will never face a second revolution, that our politics are stable, in It Could Happen Here, Yale School of Management senior faculty fellow Bruce Judson makes the case that revolution is a real possibility here, driven by a thirty-year, unprecedented rise of inequality through six presidencies, three Fed chairmen, three recessions, and many years of expansion. The last time inequality rivaled current levels was in 1928, just before the Crash and the Great Depression. Today we are in worse shape, divided into a tiny plutocracy of super-rich, on the one hand, and a fragile, indebted, unprotected "former middle class" on the other. As Judson shows, revolutions can occur suddenly, as happened with the Soviet Union's 1991 dissolution, and America today exhibits the central precursors to a collapse—extreme economic inequality and an increasingly impoverished middle class. He makes the most disturbing case yet for why our economics are leading us inevitably toward a devastating crisis.When Franklin Roosevelt faced a similar situa-tion, he was saved by World War II. This time, the conflict may be at home, not abroad.
It Could Happen Tomorrow: Future Events That Will Shake the World
by Gary FrazierAre we living in the last days? Current events indicate that Old and New Testament prophecies are being fulfilled. Dr. Gary Frazier, a top prophecy scholar, pastor, speaker and author, identifies key indicators along with Biblical references that explain the demise of America, the coming Islamic invasion of Israel, nuclear weapons in Iran, and more. In this updated release of It Could Happen Tomorrow: Future Events that Will Shake the World, you will: Discover what the Bible reveals about the end times Separate fact from fiction about the end of the world Learn important Biblical signs that the end is near Recognize America's place in Biblical prophecy. Tim LaHaye, co-author of the best-selling Left Behind series says, "Dr. Frazier uses many of these end-time prophecies to show how our generation could very well be the last generation before the Rapture...." Reading this book will inspire you to live in expectation of Jesus Christ's return and reign on earth. It could even change the focus of your life towards evangelism, missions, and living out the great commission.
It Did Happen Here: Recollections of Political Repression in America
by Bud Schultz Ruth SchultzIn this moving book, two skilled oral historians collect the words of Americans who have been victims of political repression in their own country.
It Happened Here
by Richard DresserA family falls apart as America is overtaken by totalitarian rule in this near-future dystopian novel echoing Sinclair Lewis’s It Can’t Happen Here.In 2035, fourteen-year-old Louise is interviewing her family members to find out what went wrong—for the family and the nation. It seems both started falling apart around 2019. Then the 2020 elections were canceled, and the president remained in power for sixteen years. This is the story of one family divided by ideology, and of undying hope in the direst of circumstances.In 1935, Sinclair Lewis challenged readers to imagine an America hijacked by a totalitarian president whose message was fueled by fear, division, and “patriotism.” Richard Dresser’s It Happened Here delivers a modern vision of just such an America. Told through the interwoven voices of eight different characters, it reveals how the Weeks family navigates the slow death of democracy in the country they all love.