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NGOs in China and Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts
by Yuwen LiThis volume presents a comparison of the experiences of NGOs in China and Europe. The chapters on China contain the most comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of various types of NGOs currently active in the country. The contributions on foreign NGOs in China, non-governmental think tanks, public interest legal organizations, labour related NGOs and charity organizations, are the first in English to discuss successful experiences as well as the difficulties they face in the post-Mao era. The European studies draw examples from countries where the experiences of NGOs are at various stages of development. The section on NGOs in Central and Eastern Europe examines the rapid expansion of civil society and their pivotal role in promoting political change and building democracy in a transitional society, as well as the challenges they confront in advancing a strong civil society. Those chapters on NGOs' experiences in Western European countries, especially in the Netherlands and the UK, provide insightful information and examination of the most contentious issues concerning NGOs' accountability, governance and relationship with the government.
NGOs in China’s Foreign Policy: Processes, Strategies, and Objectives Behind the “Going Global” of Chinese NGOs (Bürgergesellschaft und Demokratie)
by Anja KetelsIn recent years, China has not only expanded its economic presence worldwide but has also actively pursued initiatives to enhance its global leadership, promote international cooperation, and provide humanitarian aid. Concurrently, Chinese NGOs have played an increasingly active role in China's international diplomacy, initiating projects overseas and establishing offices in Belt and Road Initiative countries. This book delves into this trend by examining China's global strategy, the role of NGOs, and exploring the perspectives of these organizations themselves on their functions and roles in international politics. It presents a typology of NGOs within China's foreign policy, summarizing the diverse factors that influence their multifaceted involvement. The book reveals the divergence between Chinese and Western understandings of global governance and highlights the significance of the international engagement of Chinese NGOs as a new and noteworthy phenomenon in the fields of international relations and global governance.
NGOs in India: The challenges of women's empowerment and accountability (Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series)
by Patrick KilbyA PDF version of this book is available for free in open access via www.tandfebooks.com as well as the OAPEN Library platform, www.oapen.org. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license and is part of the OAPEN-UK research project. By examining how NGOs operate in Southern India in the early 2000’s, this book discusses the challenges faced by small, local NGOs in the uncertain times of changing aid dynamics. The key findings focus on what empowerment means for Indian women, and how NGO accountability to these groups is an important part of the empowerment being realised. The notion of community empowerment, in which the ‘solidarity’ of a group can be a path to individual empowerment, is discussed, as well as analysing how empowerment can be a useful concept in development. Based on case studies of 15 NGOs as well as in-depth interviews with 80 women’s self-help groups, the book highlights the key features of effective empowerment programs. The author uses innovative statistical analysis tools to show how a key factor in empowerment of marginalised women is the accountability relationship between themselves and the supporting NGO. The book goes on to discuss the ways that NGOs can work with communities in the future, and recognises the limitations of a donor-centric accountability framework. It provides a useful contribution to studies on South Asia as well as Gender and Development Studies.
NGOs, Knowledge Production and Global Humanist Advocacy: The Limits of Expertise (Worlding Beyond the West)
by Alistair MarklandNGOs, Knowledge Production and Global Humanist Advocacy is an empirically and theoretically rich account of how international non-governmental organisations produce knowledge of and formulate understandings about the world around them. The author applies critical and sociological perspectives to analyse the social and political limits of knowledge generated in support of global advocacy efforts aimed at enhancing human rights and preventing violent conflicts. It is found that, despite their transnational networks and claims to humanist universality, the proximity of global advocates to Western power structures and elite social spaces delimits their worldviews and curtails the potential for radical departures from mainstream political thinking.This book will be of interest to scholars and students of international relations, human rights, the sociology of knowledge, peace and conflict studies, and critical security studies.
NGOs Mediating Peace: Promoting Inclusion in Myanmar’s Nationwide Ceasefire Negotiations (Twenty-first Century Perspectives on War, Peace, and Human Conflict)
by Julia Palmiano FedererThis book explores the role of nongovernmental mediators in promoting “inclusive peace” to negotiating parties in Myanmar’s Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) negotiations from 2011-2015. The influx of NGO mediators directly engaging with the negotiating parties and promoting the inclusivity norm coupled with the salience of discourse around “all-inclusiveness” at the end of the NCA process forms a puzzle around the agency that NGO mediators wield in influencing political outcomes, despite their lack of political and material leverage.The author argues that NGO mediators can effectively promote norms, using mediation processes as a site of norm diffusion. Bespoke international conflict resolution NGOs have become key mediation actors, within the last three decades through creating the niche world of “private diplomacy” and acting as "norm entrepreneurs" at the same time. As informal third parties, these NGO mediators directly engage with politically sensitive actors or convene unofficial peace talks. As NGOs, they are part of an epistemic community of mediation practice, professionalizing the field and producing knowledge on what peace mediation is and what it ought to be. This dual identity as both NGOs and mediators nicely sets them up with a unique agency to promote and diffuse norms. These norms often reflect the liberal peacebuilding paradigm promoted from the Global North, such as inclusion, gender equality and transitional justice, with the view that these norms are not ends in themselves but as necessary ingredients for effective mediation.The book further questions whether NGOs should promote norms in the first place. The outcome of the NCA process presents a critical and cautionary tale of promoting a presumed universal norm into a given locale and expecting a certain outcome without understanding how an external norm interacts with existing normative frameworks. The book illustrates that while NGO mediators do possess the “normative agency” to effectively promote norms to negotiating parties, my empirical research analyses how their promotion of the “inclusivity” norm to the negotiating parties in Myanmar’s NCA paradoxically resulted in exclusionary outcomes: only half of the armed groups in the ethnic armed groups’ negotiating bloc signed, and civil society was effectively crowded out from meaningful participation despite lofty rhetoric.This is an open access book.
NGOs, Policy Networks and Political Opportunities in Hybrid Regimes: A Case Study of Islamic Republic of Iran (Studies in Iranian Politics)
by Mohsen MoheimanyThis book discusses the diversity and resilience in a hybrid regime where civil society organisations are either provided with complex sets of opportunities or face severe constraints. By studying the case of Iran between 1997 and 2013, it shows how the Islamic Republic regime went into two opposite directions under two presidencies and played in-between supporting and suppressing advocacy NGOs. After accommodating a novel theoretical framework enabling scholars to identify the contributing factors of diversity in the regime, four case-study chapters are designated for comparing the women’s rights and environmental NGOs across local and national governments. These two political and technical policy areas demonstrate the different scopes of freedoms for advocacy NGOs. The contrasting narratives of the civil activists and policymakers imply paradoxes and shifts in the arrangement of opportunities for action and advocacy, although the leadership and structure of the regime remained unchanged during the period of study.
NGOs, Political Protest, and Civil Society
by Carew BouldingThis book argues that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have an important effect on political participation in the developing world. Contrary to popular belief, they promote moderate political participation through formal mechanisms such as voting only in democracies where institutions are working well. This is a radical departure from the bulk of the literature on civil society that sees NGOs and other associations as playing a role in strengthening democracy wherever they operate. Instead, Carew Boulding shows that where democratic institutions are weak, NGOs encourage much more contentious political participation, including demonstrations, riots, and protests. Except in extreme cases of poorly functioning democratic institutions, however, the political protest that results from NGO activity is not generally anti-system or incompatible with democracy again, as long as democracy is functioning above a minimal level. "
NGOs under Pressure in Partial Democracies
by Chris van der Borgh Carolijn TerwindtOver the past decade, international human rights organizations and think tanks have expressed a growing concern that the space of civil society organizations around the world is under pressure. This book examines the pressures experienced by NGOs in four partial democracies: Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia and the Philippines. Based on fieldwork, it analyzes the complex processes of shrinking political space and the ways NGOs and grassroots organizations try to defend and reclaim their space.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o: Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Resistance (Routledge Research in Postcolonial Literatures)
by Amitayu ChakrabortyAs a part of Routledge Research in Postcolonial Literature, the book explores the complex of ways in which Ngugi wa Thiong’o wrestles with issues of nationalism and ethnicity through his politically subversive and creatively intense literary texts. His novels and plays are fraught with his anxiety, resistance, and defiance concerning Gikuyu ethnicity, Kenyan nationalism, and a curious, globalectic imaginary. In this way, the book re- appreciates Ngugi offering scholarly insights into the present debates over identity politics as well as aesthetics that animate contemporary research in postcolonial studies, world literature, and African studies across the globe.
The N'Gustro Affair
by Jean-Patrick ManchetteThe debut novel of a pioneering author of French crime thrillers.Mean, arrogant, naive, sadistic on occasion, the young Henri Butron records his life story on tape just before death catches up with him: a death passed off as a suicide by his killers, French secret service agents who need to hush up their role—and Butron&’s—in the kidnapping, torture, and murder of a prominent opposition leader from a third-world African nation in the throes of a postcolonial civil war.The N&’Gustro Affair is a thinly veiled retelling of the 1965 abduction and killing of Mehdi Ben Barka, a radical opponent of King Hassan II of Morocco. But this is merely the backdrop to Jean-Patrick Manchette&’s first-person portrait (with shades of Jim Thompson&’s The Killer Inside Me) of a man who lacks the insight to see himself for what he is: a wannabe nihilist too weak to be even a full-bore fascist.
The NHS at 75: The State of UK Health Policy
by Mark Exworthy, Russell Mannion and Martin PowellIn its 75th anniversary year, this book examines the history, evolution and future of the NHS. With contributions from leading researchers and experts across a range of fields, such as finance, health policy, primary and secondary care, quality and patient safety, health inequalities and patient and public involvement, it explores the history of the NHS drawing on narrative, evaluative and analytical approaches. The book frames its analysis around the four key axes from which the NHS has evolved: governance, centralisation and decentralisation, public and private, and professional and managerial. It addresses the salient factors which shape the direction and pace of change in the NHS. As such, the book provides a long-term critical review of the NHS and key themes in health policy.
NHS Reform and Health Politics in the UK: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and Covid Crisis
by Calum PatonThis book provides an original analysis of the trajectory of health policy reform in the United Kingdom from the beginning of the ‘Thatcher reforms’ in the 1980s right up to the latest changes in England in 2022. Rooted in political science and health policy analysis, it tackles key arguments around the ‘new integration’ of the NHS since 2015, what the new and emerging NHS structure represents, the UK’s poor response to the Covid-19 crisis, and the future threat to a comprehensive public NHS. It includes significant new material on what has happened since 2015, such as the politics of the Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of Brexit, and the conundrum of ‘social care’. The book is a scholarly and polemical analysis from an expert who has studied the politics of health services for more than forty years. It will be a key resource for students, academics and policy makers.
NHS SOS: How the NHS Was Betrayed - and How We Can Save It
by Raymond Tallis Jacky DavisThe Coalition Government passed into law an unprecedented assault on the NHS. Doctors, unions, the media, even politicians who claimed to be stalwart defenders failed to protect it. Now the effect of those devastating reforms are beginning to be felt by patients - but we can still save our country's most valued institution if we take lessons from this terrible betrayal and act on them.
Nicaragua: Revolution and Democracy (Routledge Revivals)
by José Luis CoraggioFirst published in 1986, Nicaragua, written from an insider's point of view breaks the barrier of disinformation which has surrounded the Sandinista revolution. To accomplish this task the author discusses the major forces that have shaped Nicaragua’s development during the past decade as well as all pertinent events leading to and following the revolution. It is the author's contention that the Sandinista revolution is an unusual combination of armed struggle to reach power and democratic procedures to build a new society. This makes the revolution a very dangerous example for the stability of a hegemonic state that tries to pacify the needs of the masses by means of repression and spurious applications of democratic principles. This book's main thesis is that socialism and democracy are not contradictory but are part of the same process. Thus, any attempt to think in terms of necessary stages is misreading the classics of Marx and Lenin.This book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of political science, Latin American studies, Latin American history and politics.
Nicaragua
by Ricardo GómezNicaragua, das zweitärmste Land Lateinamerikas, durchlebte in den letzten 25 Jahren zwei extreme politische Experimente: sozialistische Revolution gefolgt von radikalem Marktliberalismus. Nach gängigen Indikatoren für internationale Vergleiche von Entwicklungsniveaus ist Nicaragua sehr weit davon entfernt, die Schwelle zum Entwicklungsstadium zu überschreiten. Im Gegenteil: sogar im Vergleich zu seinen mittelamerikanischen Nachbarländern, die noch Ende der 1970er Jahre vergleichbare Ausgangsbedingungen und Entwicklungsniveaus aufwiesen, fiel Nicaragua bis heute immer mehr zurück. Auf welchem Weg befindet Nicaragua heute - 5 Jahre nach Amtsantritt Ortegas und der FSLN? Wie entwicklungs- und zukunftsfähig sind die politischen und gesellschaftlichen Strukturen? Wie stark sind die Tendenzen zurück zur autoritären und autokratischen Vergangenheit? Das Buch gibt Einblicke in die politischen Prozesse, die aktuellen und auch historischen Rahmenbedingungen dieses Entwicklungslandes und analysiert dessen Standort innerhalb der linkspopulistischen Gesamtbewegung Lateinamerikas und deren zerstörerischer Auswirkung auf Demokratie und Rechtsstaat.
Nicaragua: Emerging From the Shadow of the Eagle
by Christine J. Wade Thomas W. WalkerNicaragua: Emerging from the Shadow of the Eagle details the country's unique history, culture, economics, politics, and foreign relations. Its historical coverage considers Nicaragua from pre-Columbian and colonial times as well as during the nationalist liberal era, the U.S. Marine occupation, the Somoza dictatorship, the Sandinista revolution and government, the conservative restoration after 1990, and consolidation of the FSLN's power since the return of Daniel Ortega to the presidency in 2006.The thoroughly revised and updated sixth edition features new material covering political, economic, and social developments since 2011. This includes expanded discussions on economic diversification, women and gender, and social programs. Students of Latin American politics and history will learn the how the interventions by the United States-the "eagle” to the north-have shaped Nicaraguan political, economic, and cultural life, but also the extent to which Nicaragua is increasingly emerging from the eagle's shadow.
Nicaragua: Emerging From the Shadow of the Eagle (Latin American Silhouettes Ser.)
by Thomas W. WalkerNicaragua: Emerging from the Shadow of the Eagle details the country's unique history, culture, economics, politics, and foreign relations. Its historical coverage considers Nicaragua from pre-Columbian and colonial times as well as during the nationalist liberal era, the U.S. Marine occupation, the Somoza dictatorship, the Sandinista revolution and government, the conservative restoration after 1990, and consolidation of the FSLN's power since the return of Daniel Ortega to the presidency in 2006.The thoroughly revised and updated sixth edition features new material covering political, economic, and social developments since 2011. This includes expanded discussions on economic diversification, women and gender, and social programs. Students of Latin American politics and history will learn the how the interventions by the United States?the ?eagle? to the north?have shaped Nicaraguan political, economic, and cultural life, but also the extent to which Nicaragua is increasingly emerging from the eagle's shadow.
Nicaragua
by Thomas W. Walker Christine J. WadeNicaragua: Living in the Shadow of the Eagle details the country’s unique history, culture, economics, politics, and foreign relations. Its historical coverage considers Nicaragua from pre-Columbian and colonial times as well as during the nationalist liberal era, the U. S. Marine occupation, the Somoza dictatorship, the Sandinista regime, and the conservative restoration after 1990. The thoroughly revised fifth edition features new material covering the return of Daniel Ortega as president after the election of 2006. Thomas W. Walker and new coauthor Christine J. Wade document how the more enduring reality of the country may not be the Sandinista Revolution, but how the historical and ongoing interventions by the United States--the "eagle” to the north--continue to shape Nicaraguan political, economic, and cultural life. Additionally, the new edition includes an extensively revised and updated annotated bibliography.
Nicaragua
by Thomas W. Walker Christine J. WadeWalker (emeritus, political science, Ohio U. ) and Wade (political science and international studies, Washington College) present a political history of Nicaragua that stresses the out-sized role of US intervention and interference in the development of the Latin American nation's political economy. They describe the immediate interference in Nicaraguan affairs by the US after formal independence in the 19th century, including invasion and occupation between 1912 and 1933 and the US-sponsorship of the Somoza dictatorial dynasty through to the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1979. They then describe the "quite moderate" policies of the FSLN government and how the US programs of economic strangulation and covert warfare succeeded in convincing the Nicaraguan people in voting the FSLN out of office in 1990. Finally, they describe the policies of the conservative restoration, which led to miserable human development outcomes, and how this set the stage for the return of FSLN leader Daniel Ortega to the presidency in 2006. Following this chronological narrative, supplementary thematic chapters are provided on economics, culture and society, government and politics, and the international dimension. English language sources are discussed in an annotated bibliography, which has been updated for this fifth edition. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc. , Portland, OR (booknews. com)
Nicaragua
by Thomas W. Walker Christine J. WadeThis newly revised volume details Nicaragua's unique history, culture, economics, politics, and foreign relations. Its historical coverage considers the country's early and recent history, from pre-Columbian and colonial times through the nationalist liberal era, the U.S. marine occupation, the Somoza dictatorship, the Sandinista regime, the conservative restoration, and the Sandinista comeback. The fifth edition includes a new chapter detailing the reelection of Daniel Ortega and the irony of his current role in undercutting the rule of law and democracy that he helped institute in his earlier administration. This edition also documents what may be the more enduring reality of this Central American country: the historical and ongoing interventions by which the United States--the "eagle" to the north--continues to shape Nicaraguan political, economic, and cultural life.
Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia: Development and Culture in the Modern State
by Daniel ChavezThe history of modern Nicaragua is populated with leaders promising a new and better day. Inevitably, as Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia demonstrates, reality casts a shadow and the community must look to the next leader. As an impoverished state, second only to Haiti in the Americas, Nicaragua has been the scene of cyclical attempts and failures at modern development. Author Daniel Chavez investigates the cultural and ideological bases of what he identifies as the three decisive movements of social reinvention in Nicaragua: the regimes of the Somoza family of much of the early to mid-twentieth century; the governments of the Sandinista party; and the present day struggle to adapt to the global market economy.For each era, Chavez reveals the ways Nicaraguan popular culture adapted and interpreted the new political order, shaping, critiquing, or amplifying the regime's message of stability and prosperity for the people. These tactics of interpretation, otherwise known as meaning-making, became all-important for the Nicaraguan people, as they opposed the autocracy of Somocismo, or complemented the Sandinistas, or struggled to find their place in the Neoliberal era. In every case, Chavez shows the reflective nature of cultural production and its pursuit of utopian idealism.
Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia: Development and Culture in the Modern State
by Daniel ChavezThe history of modern Nicaragua is populated with leaders promising a new and better day. Inevitably, as Nicaragua and the Politics of Utopia demonstrates, reality casts a shadow and the community must look to the next leader. As an impoverished state, second only to Haiti in the Americas, Nicaragua has been the scene of cyclical attempts and failures at modern development. Author Daniel Chavez investigates the cultural and ideological bases of what he identifies as the three decisive movements of social reinvention in Nicaragua: the regimes of the Somoza family of much of the early to mid-twentieth century; the governments of the Sandinista party; and the present-day struggle to adapt to the global market economy. For each era, Chavez reveals the ways Nicaraguan popular culture adapted and interpreted the new political order, shaping, critiquing, or amplifying the regime's message of stability and prosperity for the people. These tactics of interpretation, otherwise known as meaning-making, became all-important for the Nicaraguan people, as they opposed the autocracy of Somocismo, or complemented the Sandinistas, or struggled to find their place in the Neoliberal era. In every case, Chavez shows the reflective nature of cultural production and its pursuit of utopian idealism.
Nicaragua Must Survive: Sandinista Revolutionary Diplomacy in the Global Cold War (Violence in Latin American History #8)
by Eline van OmmenNicaragua Must Survive tells the story of the Sandinistas' innovative diplomatic campaign, which captured the imaginations of people around the globe and transformed Nicaraguan history at the tail end of the Cold War. The Sandinistas' diplomacy went far beyond elite politics, as thousands of musicians, politicians, teachers, activists, priests, feminists, and journalists flocked to the country to experience the revolution firsthand. Drawing on extensive archival research and interviews, Eline van Ommen reveals the role that Western Europe played in Nicaragua's revolutionary diplomacy. Blending grassroots organizing and formal foreign policy, pragmatic guerrillas, creative diplomats, and ambitious activists from Europe and the Americas were able to create an international environment in which the Sandinista Revolution could survive despite the odds. Nicaragua Must Survive argues that this diplomacy was remarkably effective, propelling Nicaragua into the global limelight and allowing the revolutionaries to successfully challenge the United States' role in Central America.
Niccolò Machiavelli: An Intellectual Biography
by Corrado VivantiA colorful, comprehensive, and authoritative account of Machiavelli's life and thoughtThis is a colorful, comprehensive, and authoritative introduction to the life and work of the Florentine statesman, writer, and political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527). Corrado Vivanti, who was one of the world's leading Machiavelli scholars, provides an unparalleled intellectual biography that demonstrates the close connections between Machiavelli's thought and his changing fortunes during the tumultuous Florentine republic and his subsequent exile. Vivanti's concise account covers not only Machiavelli's most famous works—The Prince, The Discourses, The Florentine Histories, and The Art of War—but also his letters, poetry, and comic dramas. While setting Machiavelli's life against a dramatic backdrop of war, crisis, and diplomatic intrigue, the book also paints a vivid human portrait of the man.
Niccolo's Smile: A Biography Of Machiavelli
by Maurizio Viroli Antony ShugaarIn Niccolò's Smile, Maurizio Viroli brings to life the fascinating writer who was the founder of modern political thought. Niccolò Machiavelli's works on the theory and practice of statecraft are classics