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Stephen and Matilda: The Civil War of 1139-53
by Jim BradburyStephen's reign was one of the darkest periods of English history. He had promised Henry I that he would support the king's daughter, Matilda, as the rightful heir to the English throne, but when Henry dies in December 1135 he broke his promise and quickly made himself king. Like many of the nobles, he was unwilling to yield the crown to a woman. Civil wars and the battle for the English Crown dominated his reign, and this fascinating book examines the conflict between Stephen and his cousin. The campaigns, battles and sieges of England's first civil war are explored, including the two major battles at the Standard adn Lincoln, which show that Stephen always held more ground than his opponents and was mostly on the offensive. The two sides finally reached a compromise, after 14 years, with the Treaty of Wallingford - Stephen would rule unopposed until his death but the throne would then pass to Henry of Anjou, Matilda's son. Full of colourful characters, this is a fascinating story of rivalry for the English throne which throws new light on a neglected aspect of Stephen's reign.
Stephen: The Reign Of Anarchy (Penguin Monarchs Ser.)
by Carl WatkinsKnown as 'the anarchy', the reign of Stephen (1135-1141) saw England plunged into a civil war that illuminated the fatal flaw in the powerful Norman monarchy, that without clear rules ordering succession, conflict between members of William the Conqueror's family were inevitable. But there was another problem, too: Stephen himself. With the nobility of England and Normandy anxious about the prospect of a world without the tough love of the old king Henry I, Stephen styled himself a political panacea, promising strength without oppression. As external threats and internal resistance to his rule accumulated, it was a promise he was unable to keep. Unable to transcend his flawed claim to the throne, and to make the transition from nobleman to king, Stephen's actions betrayed uneasiness in his role, his royal voice never quite ringing true. The resulting violence that spread throughout England was not, or not only, the work of bloodthirsty men on the make. As Watkins shows in this resonant portrait, it arose because great men struggled to navigate a new and turbulent kind of politics that arose when the king was in eclipse.
Stephen: The Reign of Anarchy (Penguin Monarchs)
by Carl WatkinsKnown as 'the anarchy', the reign of Stephen (1135-1141) saw England plunged into a civil war that illuminated the fatal flaw in the powerful Norman monarchy, that without clear rules ordering succession, conflict between members of William the Conqueror's family were inevitable. But there was another problem, too: Stephen himself.With the nobility of England and Normandy anxious about the prospect of a world without the tough love of the old king Henry I, Stephen styled himself a political panacea, promising strength without oppression. As external threats and internal resistance to his rule accumulated, it was a promise he was unable to keep. Unable to transcend his flawed claim to the throne, and to make the transition from nobleman to king, Stephen's actions betrayed uneasiness in his role, his royal voice never quite ringing true.The resulting violence that spread throughout England was not, or not only, the work of bloodthirsty men on the make. As Watkins shows in this resonant new portrait, it arose because great men struggled to navigate a new and turbulent kind of politics that arose when the king was in eclipse.
Stepping Into A Minefield: A Life Dedicated to Landmine Clearance Around the World
by Ian MansfieldIan Mansfield was serving in the Australian Army when he was selected to command a team of Australian combat engineers to go to Pakistan to train Afghan refugees in mine-clearance procedures. With millions of refugees expected to return to Afghanistan, the United Nations saw a humanitarian crisis looming and requested help from Western countries to tackle the landmine problem. In September 1991, Ian, along with his wife and two young children, left Australia on a one-year assignment … and didn’t return home for 20 years. This highly personal account recalls Ian’s pioneering efforts to set up a civilian program in Afghanistan to clear landmines for humanitarian purposes, and then his decision to leave the Australian Army and join the United Nations. He continued to work in the mine-action sector, setting up programs in Laos and Bosnia, and then working at the policy level at the United Nations headquarters in New York. Stepping into a Minefield highlights the dangers and the tragedies involved in landmine clearance, but also reveals the great humanity, dedication and humour of the thousands of brave men and women clearing landmines today. It also outlines the political, cultural and security ‘minefields’ that Ian had to navigate along the way, which were often more difficult to deal with than the real minefields.
Stepping Westward: A Novel
by Malcolm BradburyAt the height of the 1960s, a British writer accepts an academic post in America for a year that he&’ll never forget English author James Walker has three books to his name, each greeted with middling success and then promptly forgotten. But his résumé is significant enough to earn him a yearlong appointment at Benedict Arnold University as the American college&’s writer in residence. At Benedict Arnold, Walker is something of a celebrity—a firebrand of 1960s British literary culture whose work, though perhaps met with shrugs at home, is the subject of vibrant scholarly criticism among American academics. Walker, of course, is not quite what some were expecting, and culture clashes abound as he encounters the tropes of American academia in the sixties. Fusty, buttoned-up professors, spirited advocates of free love, and aggressively ambitious colleagues collide to ensure that Walker&’s year in America will be anything but ordinary.
Stepping into Politics: A Three-Act Play
by Ruth Spencer-JohnsonAlexander Hamilton and James Madison were supporters of a strong federal government and participated in the Constitutional Convention. Together with John Jay, they wrote The Federalist Papers, one of many activities that led to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Learn more about the Alexander Hamilton and the “Father of the Constitution," James Madison.
Sterbehilfepolitik in Deutschland: Eine Einführung (essentials)
by Caroline PreidelCaroline Preidel befasst sich mit der Sterbehilfepolitik in Deutschland - sie gibt damit eine Einführung in ein Feld der deutschen Moralpolitik. Die Autorin definiert, welche Formen der Sterbehilfe es gibt, und beleuchtet die Konfliktdimensionen des Politikfelds. Anschließend erörtert sie, wie Deutschland und die anderen Länder Europas mit diesem moralisch aufgeladenen und komplexen Thema umgehen. Zudem wirft die Autorin einen detaillierten Blick auf die deutsche Regulierungsgeschichte und analysiert die Ursachen für die Reformbehäbigkeit Deutschlands in der Sterbehilfepolitik.
Steuergerechtigkeit: Für ein prinzipientreues und rechtsstaatliches Steuerrecht
by Reiner SahmDieses Buch vermittelt die ethischen Grundprinzipien eines gerechten, verfassungskonformen Steuerrechts und die wesentlichen Reformvorschläge und -perspektiven des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts für ein transparentes und effizientes Steuersystem in Deutschland. Die überarbeitete und erweiterte zweite Auflage wurde aktualisiert und um das Thema ergänzt. Bereits vor über 100 Jahren initiierte der Reichsfinanzminister Matthias Erzberger eine umfassende Reform der Finanzverfassung und des Steuersystems, um „Gerechtigkeit im gesamten Steuerwesen zu schaffen“. Doch die Systematik dieser ehemals international hoch angesehenen deutschen Steuergesetze hat in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland kontinuierlich gelitten, da der Gesetzgeber fortlaufend einer Vielzahl politischer Erwägungen den Vorrang einräumte. Aktuell stellen Steuerrechtswissenschaftler jedoch die Steuergerechtigkeit auf Basis konsistenter Prinzipien in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Überlegungen, um den Inhalt und die Grenzen der staatlichen Rechte zu bestimmen. Die in diesem Buch dargestellten ethisch fundierten Rechtsprinzipien bilden daher eine gute Grundlage, um ein neues Steuersystem für Deutschland zu gestalten, das einfacher, sozialer, transparenter und gerechter ist.
Steuergerechtigkeit: Für ein prinzipientreues und rechtsstaatliches Steuerrecht
by Reiner SahmDieses Buch vermittelt die ethischen Grundprinzipien eines gerechten, verfassungskonformen Steuerrechts und die wesentlichen Reformvorschläge des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts für ein transparentes und effizientes Steuersystem in Deutschland. Die aktuelle dritte Auflage wurde leicht verbessert, insbesondere wurden neue Stellungnahmen der Expertenkommissionen des BMF zu Reformthemen aufgenommen. Bereits vor über 100 Jahren initiierte der Reichsfinanzminister Matthias Erzberger eine umfassende Reform der Finanzverfassung und des Steuersystems, um „Gerechtigkeit im gesamten Steuerwesen zu schaffen&“. Doch die Systematik der ehemals international hoch angesehenen deutschen Steuergesetze hat in der Geschichte kontinuierlich gelitten, da der Gesetzgeber fortlaufend einer Vielzahl politischer Erwägungen den Vorrang einräumte. Aktuell fokussieren Steuerrechtswissenschaftler die Steuergerechtigkeit auf Basis konsistenter Prinzipien in ihren Überlegungen, um Inhalt und Grenzen der staatlichen Rechte zu bestimmen. Die hier dargestellten ethisch fundierten Rechtsprinzipien bilden eine gute Grundlage für ein neues Steuersystem in Deutschland, das einfacher, sozialer, transparenter und gerechter ist.
Steuerhinterziehung in der Schweiz: Mehr als nur kriminelle Energie: Hintergründe - Erklärungsversuche - Ansätze zur Bekämpfung
by Roland HofmannSteuerehrlichkeit ist für viele Steuerpflichtige eine Gratwanderung zwischen Aufrichtigkeit und empfundener Ungerechtigkeit, mithin ein soziales Dilemma. Auch die Rolle der Banken und des Bankkundengeheimnisses hinsichtlich der Steuerehrlichkeit hat sich in den letzten Jahren fundamental verändert. Roland Hofmann erläutert das Phänomen der Steuerhinterziehung aus finanzwissenschaftlicher Perspektive und macht deutlich, dass verschiedene Beweggründe dazu führen und nicht immer ausschliesslich kriminelle Energie dahintersteckt. Oft ist unklar, ob Aufdeckung und Bestrafung die richtigen Mittel sind, um Steuerhinterziehung wirksam zu bekämpfen. Dieses Buch erörtert alternative Ansätze und stellt neue Anreize zur Steuerehrlichkeit vor.
Steuerung der kommunalen Energiewende: Agenten des Wandels als systemische Steuerungsakteure beim Ausbau erneuerbarer Energie (Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection)
by Sebastian FranzDiese Studie interessiert sich für einzelne Personen oder kleine Gruppen und deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Steuerung der lokalen Energiewende. Wie funktioniert dieser grundlegende Prozess der Steuerung, bei dem einzelne Personen bestimmte Kompetenzen, Leistungen und Ressourcen für ihre Intervention in das Energiesystem bündeln? Auf diese Frage bieten die Governance-Perspektive und auch die Transformationsforschung unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze. Zentrales Anliegen dieser Studie ist es, zu zeigen, unter welchen Bedingungen es zu gelingender Steuerung der Energiewende und zu intendierten Veränderungen im Energiesystem kommen kann. Hierfür greift die Studie das Konzept der Agenten des Wandels auf und bringt es mit der soziologischen Systemtheorie in Verbindung. Aus systemischer Perspektive ergibt sich die größte Problematik daraus, dass sich komplexe Systeme wie die Energiewirtschaft nicht einfach steuern, sondern nur unter ganz bestimmten Bedingungen beeinflussen lassen. Mit der Analyseperspektive eines systemischen Agenten des Wandels-Konzepts und dessen Operationalisierung anhand zweier empirischer Fallstudien in Baden-Württemberg werden theoretische Grundlagen erarbeitet, mit denen erklärt werden kann, wie gesellschaftliche Transformationsprozesse gestaltet und beschleunigt werden können.
Steuerung und Schulentwicklung
by Kathrin Dedering'Steuerung im Bildungssystem' ist zu einem Schlüsselbegriff geworden, der in dieser Einführung in seiner Relation zur Schulentwicklung dargestellt und erklärt wird. Beide Kategorien 'Steuerung' und 'Schulentwicklung' werden nachvollziehbar konkretisiert und in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander beschrieben. Ausgehend von der Frage, welchen Stellenwert der Aspekt der Steuerung des Bildungssystems bzw. der Einzelschule in einer Theorie der Schulentwicklung einnimmt und welche Relevanz Steuerungsinstrumente für den theoretischen Diskurs besitzen, wird 'Steuerung' als Kategorie verortet. Nach einer theoretischen wie empirischen Analyse ausgewählter Steuerungsinstrumente wird gefragt, welchen Beitrag im diese zu einer Theorie der Schulentwicklung leisten können - mit dem Ergebnis, dass ein eher unzulänglicher Steuerungsbezug in Entwürfen komplexer Schulentwicklungstheorien und ein nur vermittelter schulentwicklungstheoretischer Bezug im Ansatz der Educational Governance zu finden ist.
Steuerung von Inklusion!?: Perspektiven auf Governance Prozesse im Schulsystem (Educational Governance #52)
by Robert Kruschel Kerstin Merz-AtalikDer Band analysiert und reflektiert die Komplexität der Steuerung inklusiver Bestrebungen im schulischen Kontext. In den Beiträgen wird aus verschiedenen Akteursperspektiven der Frage nachgegangen, wie die UN-BRK auf den unterschiedlichen Ebenen des Schulsystems umgesetzt wird und ob Inklusion grundsätzlich gesteuert werden kann. Dafür kommen Wissenschaftler*innen, Bildungspolitiker*innen, Personen aus der Bildungsverwaltung, Schulpraktiker*innen und Eltern zu Wort.
Stewardship Across Boundaries
by Richard L. Knight Peter LandresEvery piece of land, no matter how remote or untrammeled, has a boundary. While sometimes boundary lines follow topographic or biological features, more often they follow the straight lines of political dictate and compromise. Administrative boundaries nearly always fragment a landscape, resulting in loss of species that must disperse or migrate across borders, increased likelihood of threats such as alien species or pollutants, and disruption of natural processes such as fire. Despite the importance and ubiquity of boundary issues, remarkably little has been written on the subject.Stewardship Across Boundaries fills that gap in the literature, addressing the complex biological and socioeconomic impacts of both public and private land boundaries in the United States. With contributions from natural resource managers, historians, environmentalists, political scientists, and legal scholars, the book:develops a framework for understanding administrative boundaries and their effects on the land and on human behavior examines issues related to different types of boundaries -- wilderness, commodity, recreation, private-public presents a series of case studies illustrating the efforts of those who have cooperated to promote stewardship across boundaries synthesizes the broad complexity of boundary-related issues and offers an integrated strategy for achieving regional stewardshi.Stewardship Across Boundaries should spur open discussion among students, scientists, managers, and activists on this important topic. It demonstrates how legal, social, and ecological conditions interact in causing boundary impacts and why those factors must be integrated to improve land management. It also discusses research needs and will help facilitate critical thinking within the scientific community that could result in new strategies for managing boundaries and their impacts.
Stewardship of the Built Environment
by Robert A YoungWhen we think of green building, we tend to picture new construction. But Robert A. Young argues that the greenest building is often the one that has already been built. In Stewardship of the Built Environment, he shows how retrofitting existing structures holds untapped potential for achieving sustainable communities. Stewardship of the Built Environment explores the social, environmental, and economic benefits of reuse-from the societal value of reusing existing buildings to financial incentives available for refurbishment. Readers will become familiar with essential terminology; sustainability and historic preservation metrics; government oversight processes; and opportunities for smart growth afforded by rehabilitation. This knowledge is key to preserving the past while building a sustainable future.
Stewardship: Collaborative Decentred Metagovernance and Inquiring Systems
by Gilles Paquet Ruth Hubbard M Christopher WilsonThis book is the first in a series of books is designed to define cumulatively the contours of collaborative decentred metagovernance. At this time, there is still no canonical version of this paradigm: it is en émergence. This series intends to be one of many construction sites to experiment with various dimensions of an effective and practical version of this new approach. Metagovernance is the art of combining different forms or styles of governance, experimented with in the private, public and volunteer sectors, to ensure effective coordination when power, resources and information are widely distributed, and the governing is of necessity decentred and collaborative. The series invites conceptual and practical contributions focused on different issue domains, policy fields, causes célébres, functional processes, etc. to the extent that they contribute to sharpening the new apparatus associated with collaborative decentred metagovernance. In the last few decades, there has been a need felt for a more sophisticated understanding of the governing of the private, public and social sectors: for less compartmentalization among sectors that have much in common; and for new conceptual tools to suggest new relevant questions and new ways to carry out the business of governing, by creatively recombining the tools of governance that have proved successful in all these sectors. These efforts have generated experiments that have been sufficiently rich and wide-ranging in the various laboratories of life to warrant efforts to pull together what we know at this stage. This first volume in the series attempts to scope out, in a provisional way, the sort of general terrain we are going to explore. It is not meant to impose boundaries or orthodoxies, but only to loosely identify the horizons and the frontiers, as we perceive them at the time of launching this journey. Horizons and frontiers are to us not ways to limit the inquiries, but rather invitations to all forms of transgression.
Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land
by Thomas G. SmithAs a three-term member of Congress and as the secretary of the interior in the Kennedy and Johnson cabinets (1961–1969), Stewart L. Udall (1920–2010) was a distinguished public servant and one of the great environmental leaders in US history. This book, the first biography of Udall, introduces his work to a new generation of Americans concerned with the environment. The author traces the influences on Udall&’s career, the evolution of his views on conservation, and his setbacks as well as his triumphs.In addition to his efforts to preserve wilderness areas and protect the planet, Udall advocated reforming the seniority system in Congress, limiting the production and testing of nuclear weapons, promoting coexistence with the Soviet Union, and helping oppressed peoples in emerging nations. A visionary leader, Udall was inspired by his pioneering Mormon forebears who helped settle the Arizona high plateau, where he first connected with the natural world.
Stick Your Neck Out: A Street-Smart Guide to Creating Change in Your Community and Beyond
by John GrahamAs President of the Giraffe Heroes Project, which since 1982 has been recognizing people who "stick their necks out for the common good," John Graham has seen what hundreds of average citizens around the world have done to bring about constructive change. He's drawn on their experiences, his own as a veteran environmental activist, and that of a hand-picked group of seasoned activists to produce an accessible, eminently practical, inspiring guide on how to work effectively for change in any environment. Stick Your Neck Out covers every aspect of working for change, from choosing an issue to mapping out a strategy, getting a team together, building alliances, working with the media, and more. Each chapter contains a series of practical tips as well as inspiring examples of real people--artists, truck drivers, doctors, waitresses, and others--who have made a difference on issues like poverty, racism, gang violence, environmental pollution, and many more. Everything in this book has been honed and practiced; nothing is untested theory. This is a comprehensive guide to the skills, qualities, and strategies you need to make a difference on any issue. But it's also about becoming fully alive--about the meaning and passion you can add to your own life by getting involved. Active citizenship and personal growth are linked. The information in this book can change your world--and it can change your life.
Stickin'
by James CarvilleIt's been said that if you want a friend in Washington, you should buy a dog. Unfortunately, there's some truth to that: there are few places in the world where the turncoats and careerists are so highly rewarded and where loyalty is equated with stupidity. Luckily, another bit of wisdom about the Beltway is also true: the people in Washington aren't like the ones in the rest of the country. The American people treasure loyalty. They stick by a friend when he needs them. They forgive him when he's wrong. They understand the difference between politics and friendship. They are true to their ideals and their schools, loyal to their families and their God. In Stickin', the always colorful and insightful political strategist James Carville, who has been accused of being loyal, examines this much-maligned and misunderstood political good. Along the way, he looks at loyalty in the family and among friends, in theory and in practice. He praises some loyal people and skewers some deserving backstabbers. And, of course, it wouldn't be a Carville book if he didn't provide recipes for some good home cooking.
Stiff Upper Lip: Life Among the Diplomats
by Lawrence DurrellThe celebrated author of the Alexandria Quartet offers a collection of comic tales about the British Empire&’s colonial diplomats. As the overseer of the kitchen at the British embassy in Vulgaria, De Mandeville has begun to abuse his power. He subjects the King&’s guests to a blistering Madras curry, a French onion soup served without spoons, and a table so loaded with vegetation that the party can hardly see the food. But worst of all, he has begun to cook with garlic, that fragrant bulb so beloved by diplomats that it must be banned, lest foul breath cripple the Empire. De Mandeville is due for comeuppance, and no breath mint can save him now. &“If Garlic Be the Food of Love&” is only the first story in this invaluable peek at life in British diplomatic circles. After the ninth, the reader will wonder not how the British Empire came apart, but how De Mandeville, Polk-Mowbray, and the King&’s other dips ever got it started in the first place.
Stiff Upper Lip: Secrets, Crimes and the Schooling of a Ruling Class
by Alex Renton'A brave and necessary book' GUARDIAN'Shocking, gripping and sobering' SUNDAY TELEGRAPHNo other society sends its young boys and girls away to school to prepare them for a role in the ruling class.Beating, bullying, fagging, cold baths, vile food and paedophile teachers are just some of the features of this elite education, and, while some children loved boarding school, others now admit to suffering life-altering psychological damage. Stiff Upper Lip exposes the hypocrisy, cronyism and conspiracy that are key to understanding the scandals over abuse and neglect in institutions all over the world.Award-winning investigative journalist Alex Renton went to three traditional boarding schools. Drawing on those experiences, and the vivid testimony of hundreds of former pupils, he has put together a compelling history, important to anyone wondering what shaped the people who run Britain in the twenty-first century.
Stiff Upper Lip: Secrets, Crimes and the Schooling of a Ruling Class
by Alex RentonThis is the story of generations of parents, Britain's richest and grandest, who believed that being miserable at school was necessary to make a good and successful citizen. Childish suffering was a price they accepted for the preservation of their class, and their entitlement. The children who were moulded by this misery and abuse went on - as they still do - to run Britain's public institutions and private companies.Confronting the truth of his own schooldays and the crimes he witnessed, Alex Renton has revealed a much bigger story. It is of a profound malaise in the British elite, shown up by tolerance of the abuse of its own children that amounts to collusion. This culture and its traditions, and the hypocrisy, cronyism and conspiracy that underpin them, are key to any explanation of the scandals over sexual abuse, violence and cover-up in child care institutions that are now shocking the nation.As Renton shows, complicity in this is the bleak secret at the heart of today's British elite.Read by David Thorpe.(p) 2017 Orion Publishing Group
Stiff: A Murray Whelan Mystery (The Murray Whelan Mysteries #1)
by Shane MaloneyDon't you just hate it when someone tries to kill you and you don't know why?Single father Murray Whelan thinks the life of a parent and political operative is complicated enough. His ex is staking out the moral high ground for a custody battle, and rumors of an early election are starting to fly in the upper echelons of Australia's Labor party. When a Turk is found snap-frozen in a local meat plant, Murray cops the job to head off possible fallout for his boss, Charlene Wills, a member of Parliament and the Minister for Industry. But the meat industry smells decidedly fishy when Murray starts asking too many questions. Suddenly things are spinning fatally out of control as he finds himself the object of an elaborate intimidation plot: drugs planted under the bed, fascist funeral rites, a killer car, and bloodsucking parasites. That's when red-hot Ayisha, the Turkish Welfare League's answer to activism, knocks on his door.Stiff brings back the wisecracking ace of reluctant detectives in a mystery that is fast, furious, and very, very funny.
Stifling Political Competition: How Government Has Rigged The System to Benefit Demopublicans and Exclude Third Parties
by James T. BennettStifling Political Competition examines the history and array of laws, regulations, subsidies and programs that benefit the two major parties and discourage even the possibility of a serious challenge to the Democrat-Republican duopoly. The analysis synthesizes political science, economics and American history to demonstrate how the two-party system is the artificial creation of a network of laws, restrictions and subsidies that favor the Democrats and Republicans and cripple potential challenges. The American Founders, as it has been generally forgotten, distrusted political parties. Nowhere in the U.S. Constitution are parties mentioned, much less given legal protection or privilege. This provocative book traces how by the end of the Civil War the Republicans and Democrats had guaranteed their dominance and subsequently influenced a range of policies developed to protect the duopoly. For example, Bennett examines how the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (as amended in 1974 and 1976), which was sold to the public as a nonpartisan act of good government reformism actually reinforced the dominance of the two parties. While focused primarily on the American experience, the book does consider the prevalence of two-party systems around the world (especially in emerging democracies) and the widespread contempt with which they are often viewed. The concluding chapter considers the potential of truly radical reform toward opening the field to vigorous, lively, contentious third-party candidacies that might finally offer alienated voters a choice, not an echo.
Still Brave: The Evolution Of Black Women's Studies
by Beverly Guy-Sheftall Frances Smith Stanlie M. JamesCheryl Clarke, Angela Davis, bell hooks, June Jordan, Audre Lorde and Alice Walker - from the pioneers of black women's studies comes Still Brave, the definitive collection of race and gender writings today. Including Alice Walker's groundbreaking elucidation of the term 'womanist,' discussions of women's rights as human rights and a piece on the Obama factor, the collection speaks to the ways that feminism has evolved and how black women have confronted racism within it.