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Providing Mental Health Support to Probation: A European Perspective (Palgrave Studies in Risk, Crime and Society)
by Charlie BrookerThis short book provides a European-wide survey of mental health and probation. Drawing on a significant study, it explores the knowledge and attitudes to mental illness based on a sample of probation staff from 27 countries. It sets out the significance of mental health for probation staff and includes examples of good working practice, a pragmatic review of the literature and recommendations for further actions agreed by the Council of Europe. It seeks to improve the knowledge of probation staff about mental illness and outlines a future agenda for practice, service organisation and research.
Providing Public Space in a Contemporary Metropolis: Dilemmas and Lessons from London and Hong Kong (Urban Policy, Planning and the Built Environment)
by Louie Sieh Claudio De MagalhãesIncreasingly, public space provision and management are being transferred from the public sector to real estate developers, private sector organisations, voluntary groups and community bodies. Contrasting the more historical, horizontal character of London with the intense street life of high-rise Hong Kong, this book tells the story of the two cities’ relationships with non-traditional forms of public space governance. The authors consider the implications for the ‘publicness’ of these complex spaces and the challenges and impacts that different forms of provision have on those with a stake in them, and on the cities as a whole.
Province Building and the Federalization of immigration in Canada
by Mireille PaquetMost accounts of the provincial role in Canadian immigration focus on the experience of Quebec. In Province Building and the Federalization of Immigration in Canada, Mireille Paquet shows that, between 1990 and 2010, all ten provinces became closely involved in immigrant selection and integration. This considerable change to the Canadian model of immigration governance corresponds to a broader process of federalization of immigration, by which both orders of government became active in the management of immigration. While Canada maintains its overall positive approach to newcomers, the provinces developed, and continue to develop, their own formal immigration strategies and implement various selections and integration policies. This book argues that the process of federalization is largely the result of provincial mobilization. In each province, mobilization occurred through a modern iteration of province building, this time focused on immigrants as resources for provincial economies and societies. Advocating for a province-centred analysis of federalism, Province Building and the Federalization of Immigration in Canada provides key lessons to understanding the contemporary governance of immigration in Canada.
Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, Third Edition
by Christopher DunnProvinces is now established as the most comprehensive yet accessible exploration of Canadian provincial politics and government. The authors of each chapter draw on their particular expertise to examine themes and issues pertaining to all the provinces from a comparative perspective. The book is organized into four major sections – political landscapes, the state of democracy in the provinces, political structures and processes, and provincial public policy. The third edition features eleven new chapters, including: province building, provincial constitutions, provincial judicial systems, plurality voting in the provinces, voting patterns in the provinces, provincial public service, provincial party financing, provincial health policy, social policy, climate change, and labour market policy. All other chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated.
Provincial Battles, National Prize?: Elections in a Federal State
by Laura B. Stephenson Andrea Lawlor William P. Cross André BlaisIn parliamentary systems like Canada, voters directly contribute to the election outcome only in their own riding. However, the focus of election campaigns is often national, emphasizing the leader rather than the local candidate, and national rather than regional polls. This suggests that elections are national contests, but election outcomes clearly demonstrate that support for parties varies strongly by province. Focusing on the 2015 Canadian election campaigns in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, three large provinces with different subnational party systems, Provincial Battles, National Prize? evaluates whether we should understand elections in Canada as national wars or individual provincial clashes. The authors draw upon voter and candidate surveys, party campaign behaviour, and media coverage of the election to document how political parties vary their messages and strategies across provinces, how the media communicate and frame those messages, and how voters ultimately respond. The study shows that provincial variations in party support reflect differences in voters' political preferences rather than differences in party messages or media coverage. A novel and comprehensive study, Provincial Battles, National Prize? is the first and only thorough treatment of the party, media, and voter aspects of a federal election campaign through a subnational lens.
Provincial Battles, National Prize?: Elections in a Federal State
by Laura B. Stephenson Andrea Lawlor William P. Cross André Blais Elisabeth GidengilIn parliamentary systems like Canada, voters directly contribute to the election outcome only in their own riding. However, the focus of election campaigns is often national, emphasizing the leader rather than the local candidate, and national rather than regional polls. This suggests that elections are national contests, but election outcomes clearly demonstrate that support for parties varies strongly by province. Focusing on the 2015 Canadian election campaigns in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, three large provinces with different subnational party systems, Provincial Battles, National Prize? evaluates whether we should understand elections in Canada as national wars or individual provincial clashes. The authors draw upon voter and candidate surveys, party campaign behaviour, and media coverage of the election to document how political parties vary their messages and strategies across provinces, how the media communicate and frame those messages, and how voters ultimately respond. The study shows that provincial variations in party support reflect differences in voters' political preferences rather than differences in party messages or media coverage. A novel and comprehensive study, Provincial Battles, National Prize? is the first and only thorough treatment of the party, media, and voter aspects of a federal election campaign through a subnational lens.
Provincial Policy Laboratories: Policy Diffusion and Transfer in Canada’s Federal System
by Brendan Boyd and Andrea OliveCanada's federal system, composed of ten provincial governments and three territories, all with varying economies and political cultures, is often blamed for the country's failure to develop coordinated policy responses to key issues. But in other federal and multi-level governance systems, the ability of multiple governments to test a variety of policy responses has been lauded as an effective way to build local and national policy. Despite high-profile examples of policy diffusion in Canada, there has been surprisingly little academic study of policy learning and diffusion among provinces. Featuring cutting-edge research, Provincial Policy Laboratories explores the cross-jurisdictional movement of policies among governments in Canada’s federal system. The book comprises case studies from a range of emerging policy areas, including parentage rights, hydraulic fracturing regulations, species at risk legislation, sales and aviation taxation, and marijuana regulation. Throughout, the contributors aim to increase knowledge about this understudied aspect of Canadian federalism and contribute to the practice of intergovernmental policymaking across the country.
Provincial Public Finance in Ontario: An Empirical Analysis of the Last Twenty-Five Years
by David FootThis detailed and informative study makes a timely contribution to a subject that has been the focus of much public discussion and debate in Ontario and elsewhere, namely the size and growth of the public sector. Working with the Public Accounts and other sources, Professor Foot offers both an historical account of, and an explanation for, the growth of provincial revenues and expenditures since the early 1950s. By concentrating on an analysis of the development of a single government over time, rather than adopting the traditional cross-section approach of analysing a number of junior-level governments. The study's conclusions are both informative and provocative. On the revenue side, a rate-base approach which separates discretionary from automatic changes in revenue determinants is shown to provide sufficient flexibility to accommodate the analysis and explanation of a wide range of specific revenues. On the expenditure side, the provincial government is found to adjust reasonably slowly to new levels of desired expenditures which appear to be determined primarily by demand variables. Of particular interest are findings which suggest that urbanization and elections have had little effect on expenditures and that available federal money has tended to be a substitute for provincial funds. In addition, the author notes that provincial expenditure patterns are consistent with either a revenue-led interpretation, where the recent availability of pension funds has stimulated expenditures, or a leading-sector interpretation, which implies a longer-run coordinated view of provincial public development. This study should stimulate a more informed discussion of the determinants and effects of provincial public finance in Ontario. It will appeal not only to those interested in the behaviour of junior-level governments but also to anyone interested in the size and growth of the public sector, in Ontario or elsewhere.
Provincial Solidarities: A History of the New Brunswick Federation of Labour
by David FrankEstablished in 1913, the New Brunswick Federation of Labour is the second oldest provincial federation of labour in Canada. Its history began in early campaigns for workers’ compensation and union recognition and continues today in the latest battles to defend social standards, secure employment, and union rights. Active initially in the port city of Saint John and the railway centre of Moncton, the federation soon expanded to include workers in the mines and mills of the north, taking up the causes of public employees and women workers and confronting the realities of life and work in a bilingual society. A pioneering study, written in clear and forceful prose, this is the untold story of provincial labour solidarities that succeeded in overcoming divisions and defeats to raise the status of working men and women within New Brunswick society. Drawing on archives, newspapers, and workers’ own descriptions of their experiences, Frank makes an original contribution to our understanding of the political, economic, and social development of the province. In so doing, he helps meet the need for an informed public awareness of the history of workers and unions in all parts of Canada.
Provincial & Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada
by Stewart HysonParliamentary ombudsmen are appointed to investigate citizens' complaints and to provide checks on government administrative activity. In Canada, there are ten provincial and territorial ombudsmen, each with mandates over the whole of the public service within their regions. Though each ombudsman presents an annual report on his or her activities, there has been little sustained evaluation of the position's impact or its effectiveness.In this collection, contributors describe and assess the performance of the ten ombudsman offices in light of their multiple and evolving functions. Ombudsmen both investigate citizens' complaints and direct them to already-existing agencies. They sometimes educate the public about administrative processes and initiate probes of systemic issues in need of amelioration or change. An important evaluation of a little-studied institution, Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada offers background and theory, case studies, and perspectives on the emerging challenges for the office in the twenty-first century.
Proving Damages to the Jury
by Jim WrenBig damage awards don't just happen. You need a plan for success. Any lawyer who has tried a damages case has experienced the quandary: What damage number do I give the jury? Is it enough? Is it too much? How do I ask for it? How do I support it? To give your clients justice, you need something more than a "hit or miss / hope and go" approach to damages. You need an intelligent damages strategy that encompasses every phase of the litigation and trial. Proving Damages to the Jury gives you that strategy. Relying on a solid foundation of current jury science research and more than 30 years of courtroom experience, author Jim Wren walks you through every step of your damages case, from the initial screening of a potential client to closing argument at trial. These abbreviated excerpts are just a sampling of what you will learn: Before Trial Discovery Develop a discovery plan to support your complete damages story. Take video depositions of your damage fact witnesses. Set up damage issues with requests for admission. Challenge the defense medical expert Visuals Use the seven stages of your damage story as the organizing principle for your visual strategy. Translate your damage story into visuals by working through these ten key questions: Enhance your credibility by making "verifiable proof" a focal point of your visual strategy. At Trial Voir Dire Raise the issue of frivolous lawsuits. Address jurors' reluctance to award damages for unintentional conduct. Plan the sequence of your questions. Opening Statement Focus on choices, rather than results, in presenting damages. Start with the question for the jury. Help jurors understand the significance of their role. Cross-Examination Understand what makes cross examination powerful. Use "you can understand" questions to validate the consequences of the plaintiff's injury. Encourage juror anger as a motivator for damages. Closing Argument Provide guidance for intangible damages. Help jurors make a significant difference.
Provisional Authority: Police, Order, and Security in India
by Beatrice JaureguiPolicing as a global form is often fraught with excessive violence, corruption, and even criminalization. These sorts of problems are especially omnipresent in postcolonial nations such as India, where Beatrice Jauregui has spent several years studying the day-to-day lives of police officers in its most populous state, Uttar Pradesh. In this book, she offers an empirically rich and theoretically innovative look at the great puzzle of police authority in contemporary India and its relationship to social order, democratic governance, and security. Jauregui explores the paradoxical demands placed on Indian police, who are at once routinely charged with abuses of authority at the same time that they are asked to extend that authority into any number of both official and unofficial tasks. Her ethnography of their everyday life and work demonstrates that police authority is provisional in several senses: shifting across time and space, subject to the availability and movement of resources, and dependent upon shared moral codes and relentless instrumental demands. In the end, she shows that police authority in India is not simply a vulgar manifestation of raw power or the violence of law but, rather, a contingent and volatile social resource relied upon in different ways to help realize human needs and desires in a pluralistic, postcolonial democracy. Provocative and compelling, Provisional Authority provides a rare and disquieting look inside the world of police in India, and shines critical light on an institution fraught with moral, legal and political contradictions.
Provocations: Don't Call Them Libertarians, AA Lies, and Other Incitements
by Chaz BufeProvocations is a collection of Chaz Bufe's writings on anarchism, atheism, religion, Alcoholics Anonymous, political and religious cults, new age nuttiness, political and social repression in the United States, the phoniness of contemporary "libertarianism," and roads to change. The tone ranges from the serious and analytical to the sarcastic and darkly humorous in this wide-ranging exercise in critical thinking.
Proximity: How Coming Breakthroughs in Just-in-Time Transform Business, Society, and Daily Life
by Kaihan Krippendorff Robert C. WolcottWhat if you could have whatever you want, produced and provided immediately and affordably no matter how customized—with minimal environmental impact? Products, services, and experiences on demand. Just-in-time anything, anywhere, anytime. This radical change is underway, as digital technologies push the production and provision of value ever closer to the moment of demand.Robert C. Wolcott and Kaihan Krippendorff provide an indispensable guide to the Proximity revolution, showing how it’s transforming every industry—and our lives. Offering unparalleled foresight for leaders and innovators, they reveal how pervasive this trend will be. Proximity represents an entirely new way to serve customers, with critical implications for corporate strategy, investing, public policy, supply chain resilience, and sustainability. Incremental changes to existing business models won’t suffice.Through interviews and compelling examples, Proximity shares stories of the people and companies leading the way. The book places rapidly advancing technologies—from generative AI and 3D printing to lab-grown meats, renewable energy, and virtual reality—in context and explores the factors accelerating the transformation.Proximity offers a playbook for business leaders, investors, and entrepreneurs to win this rapidly emerging game—and for each of us to consider the implications for our careers, families, communities, and lives.
Proximity in Design Research: People, Processes, Products, Philosophy (Project Thinking on Design)
by Rita Assoreira AlmendraProximity in Design Research explores four constituents of design: people, processes, products and philosophy, and their potential to bridge contemporary gaps through multilevel synergies.The book brings together a variety of design approaches on several scales developed in the collaboration of different agencies and within diverse contexts. Proximity prompts us to explore the challenges and opportunities for research in design, with the widening and closing of distances in unpredictable times such as those during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the social distance imposed during this unprecedented global health scenario, researchers and professionals across different areas of knowledge have engaged in an extraordinary interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary global cooperation. This reinvented proximity enhanced the ability to cross fields, remove boundaries to collaboration between disciplines and accelerate processes towards an overarching goal: to overcome adversity. This edited collection reflects on what designers have taken from this experience so far and the possibilities that are foreseen as the concept of proximity is redefined.This book offers critical knowledge related to both design practice and design theory. It will be of interest to researchers, teachers and students working in the design disciplines.
Proxy War: The Least Bad Option
by Tyrone L. GrohThe U.S. has indirectly intervened in international conflicts on a relatively large scale for decades. Yet little is known about the immediate usefulness or long-term effectiveness of contemporary proxy warfare. In cases when neither direct involvement nor total disengagement are viable, proxy warfare is often the best option, or, rather, the least bad option. Tyrone L. Groh describes the hazards and undesirable aspects of this strategy, as well as how to deploy it effectively. Proxy War explores the circumstances under which indirect warfare works best, how to evaluate it as a policy option, and the possible risks and rewards. Groh offers a fresh look at this strategy, using uncommon and understudied cases to test the concepts presented. These ten case studies investigate and illustrate the different types and uses of proxy war under varying conditions. What arises is a complete theoretical model of proxy warfare that can be applied to a wide range of situations. Proxy war is here to stay and will likely become more common as players on the international stage increasingly challenge U.S. dominance, making it more important than ever to understand how and when to deploy it.
Proxy War Ethics: The Norms of Partnering in Great Power Competition (Palgrave Studies in International Relations)
by C. Anthony PfaffWhile proxy relationships can be an effective means international actors use to transfer risk and lower their costs to compete, they also enable actors to circumvent international norms as well as create moral hazards that can make the practice self-defeating if not simply unethical. Applying the framework of the Just War Tradition, this book highlights some of these ethical gaps and addresses how proxy relationships introduce additional obligations for both sponsor and proxy. The author examines specific examples of how current precedents set a very high bar for accountability, and perversely incentivizes sponsors to employ proxies while discouraging any effort to moderate proxy behavior since that could imply effective control. In light of this, the book offers policy recommendations on how to best manage these relationships while maintaining certain moral commitments.
Proxy War in Yemen (Cass Military Studies)
by Bernd Kaussler Keith A. GrantThis book analyzes the civil war in Yemen and how intervening external actors have shaped the trajectory of the conflict. The work examines the conflict in Yemen as a testing ground for expectations about the autonomy and control of proxies by external patrons and the direct consequences for civilian victimization and duration of war. Like other proxy wars, the international dimensions of the war made the conflict in Yemen subject to the geopolitical interests of intervening powers. The longstanding power rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran over Middle East supremacy resulted in a competitive intervention in Yemen, where the initial belligerents of the civil war—the Houthi and the Hadi regime—were used as proxies by Tehran and the Gulf coalition led by Riyadh, respectively. Their intervention ultimately translated into a prolonged and destructive conflict. The often contradictory and self-interested patronage strategies by the coalition’s two central patrons, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, undermined their broader goal of containing Iran. However, Iran’s support for the Houthis enabled them to bait and bleed the Gulf coalition. Lastly, in an effort to balance against Iran, the United States underwrote the military campaign of the Gulf states with military hardware and personnel, thereby further prolonging the conflict and humanitarian disaster. This book concludes that intervention by external patrons both protracted the civil war and made it far more destructive for the civilian population. This book will be of much interest to students of proxy wars, Middle Eastern conflict, and security studies in general.
Proxy Wars: Suppressing Violence through Local Agents
The most common image of world politics involves states negotiating, cooperating, or sometimes fighting with one another; billiard balls in motion on a global pool table. Yet working through local proxies or agents, through what Eli Berman and David A. Lake call a strategy of "indirect control," has always been a central tool of foreign policy. Understanding how countries motivate local allies to act in sometimes costly ways, and when and how that strategy succeeds, is essential to effective foreign policy in today's world. In this splendid collection, Berman and Lake apply a variant of principal-agent theory in which the alignment of interests or objectives between a powerful state and a local proxy is central. Through analysis of nine detailed cases, Proxy Wars finds that: when principals use rewards and punishments tailored to the agent's domestic politics, proxies typically comply with their wishes; when the threat to the principal or the costs to the agent increase, the principal responds with higher-powered incentives and the proxy responds with greater effort; if interests diverge too much, the principal must either take direct action or admit that indirect control is unworkable. Covering events from Denmark under the Nazis to the Korean War to contemporary Afghanistan, and much in between, the chapters in Proxy Wars engage many disciplines and will suit classes taught in political science, economics, international relations, security studies, and much more.
Prozess- und Ressourcensteuerung im Gesundheitssystem
by Guido OffermannsIn dem Buch werden aktuelle Fragen der Steuerung im Gesundheitssystem thematisiert. Ein Bezugsrahmen für notwendige Veränderungen wird beschrieben und daraus Anforderungen an ein modernes Krankenhausmanagement abgeleitet. Zudem wird die Wirksamkeit unterschiedlicher Qualitätsmodelle untersucht und ein Konzept zur Entwicklung von Gesundheitszielen mit Blick auf Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung geliefert. Leitmotiv ist hierbei die Steigerung der Wertschöpfung für Patienten sowie die Befähigung der Mitarbeiter, bestmögliche Qualität zu bieten.
Prudence Crandall's Legacy: The Fight for Equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education (The Driftless Connecticut Series)
by Donald E. WilliamsThe &“compelling and lively&” story of a pioneering abolitionist schoolteacher and her far-reaching influence on civil rights and American law (Richard S. Newman, author of Freedom&’s Prophet). When Prudence Crandall, a Canterbury, Connecticut schoolteacher, accepted a black woman as a student, she unleashed a storm of controversy that catapulted her to national notoriety, and drew the attention of the most significant pro- and anti-slavery activists of the early nineteenth century. The Connecticut state legislature passed its infamous Black Law in an attempt to close down her school. Crandall was arrested and jailed—but her legal legacy had a lasting impact. Crandall v. State was the first full-throated civil rights case in U.S. history. The arguments by attorneys in Crandall played a role in two of the most fateful Supreme Court decisions, Dred Scott v. Sandford, and the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education. In this book, author and lawyer Donald E. Williams Jr. marshals a wealth of detail concerning the life and work of Prudence Crandall, her unique role in the fight for civil rights, and her influence on legal arguments for equality in America that, in the words of Brown v. Board attorney Jack Greenberg, &“serves to remind us once more about how close in time America is to the darkest days of our history.&” &“The book offers substantive and well-rounded portraits of abolitionists, colonizationists, and opponents of black equality―portraits that really dig beneath the surface to explain the individuals&’ motivations, weaknesses, politics, and life paths.&” ―The New England Quarterly &“Taking readers from Connecticut schoolrooms to the highest court in the land, [Williams] gives us heroes and villains, triumph and tragedy, equity and injustice on the rough road to full freedom.&” —Richard S. Newman, author of Freedom&’s Prophet
Prudential Public Leadership
by John UhrDemocratic systems of public administration draw on various schools of political leadership to promote administrative ethics and public responsibility. Contemporary public administrators justify their public leadership through a blend of ethics around pragmatism (Mill's utilitarianism), principle (Kant's deontology or duty-based ethics) and prudence (Aristotle's ethical and political theory). Prudential Public Leadership brings Aristotle back into the front rank of studies of administrative leadership, based in part on the now-neglected reliance on Aristotle by the innovators who shaped the system of democratic public administration in the late nineteenth century.
Prudes, Perverts, and Tyrants: Plato's Gorgias and the Politics of Shame
by Christina H. TarnopolskyIn recent years, most political theorists have agreed that shame shouldn't play any role in democratic politics because it threatens the mutual respect necessary for participation and deliberation. But Christina Tarnopolsky argues that not every kind of shame hurts democracy. In fact, she makes a powerful case that there is a form of shame essential to any critical, moderate, and self-reflexive democratic practice. Through a careful study of Plato's Gorgias, Tarnopolsky shows that contemporary conceptions of shame are far too narrow. For Plato, three kinds of shame and shaming practices were possible in democracies, and only one of these is similar to the form condemned by contemporary thinkers. Following Plato, Tarnopolsky develops an account of a different kind of shame, which she calls "respectful shame." This practice involves the painful but beneficial shaming of one's fellow citizens as part of the ongoing process of collective deliberation. And, as Tarnopolsky argues, this type of shame is just as important to contemporary democracy as it was to its ancient form. Tarnopolsky also challenges the view that the Gorgias inaugurates the problematic oppositions between emotion and reason, and rhetoric and philosophy. Instead, she shows that, for Plato, rationality and emotion belong together, and she argues that political science and democratic theory are impoverished when they relegate the study of emotions such as shame to other disciplines.
Prussian Conservatism 1815-1856: Ecclesiastical Origins and Political Strategies
by Laura Claudia AchtelstetterThe book examines the nexus between political and religious thought within the Prussian old conservative milieu. It presents early-nineteenth-century Prussian conservatism as a phenomenon connected to a specific generation of young Prussians. The book introduces the ecclesial-political ‘party of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung’ (EKZ), a religious party within the Prussian state church, as the origins of Prussia’s conservative party post-1848. It traces the roots of the EKZ party back to the experiences of the Napoleonic Wars (1806-15) and the social movements dominant at that time. Additionally, the book analyses this generation’s increasing politicization and presents the German revolution of 1848 and the foundation of Prussia’s first conservative party as the result of a decade-long struggle for a religiously-motivated ideal of church, state, and society. The overall shift from church politics to state politics is key to understanding conservative policy post-1848. Consequently, this book shows how conservatives aimed to maintain Prussia’s character as a Christian and monarchical state, while at the same time adapting to contemporary political and social circumstances. Therefore, the book is a must-read for researchers, scholars, and students of Political Science and History interested in a better understanding of the origins and the evolution of Prussian conservatism, as well as the history of political thought.
The Pseudo-Democrat's Dilemma: Why Election Monitoring Became an International Norm
by Susan D. HydeWhy did election monitoring become an international norm? Why do pseudo-democrats-undemocratic leaders who present themselves as democratic-invite international observers, even when they are likely to be caught manipulating elections? Is election observation an effective tool of democracy promotion, or is it simply a way to legitimize electoral autocracies? In The Pseudo-Democrat's Dilemma, Susan D. Hyde explains international election monitoring with a new theory of international norm formation. Hyde argues that election observation was initiated by states seeking international support. International benefits tied to democracy give some governments an incentive to signal their commitment to democratization without having to give up power. Invitations to nonpartisan foreigners to monitor elections, and avoiding their criticism, became a widely recognized and imitated signal of a government's purported commitment to democratic elections.Hyde draws on cross-national data on the global spread of election observation between 1960 and 2006, detailed descriptions of the characteristics of countries that do and do not invite observers, and evidence of three ways that election monitoring is costly to pseudo-democrats: micro-level experimental tests from elections in Armenia and Indonesia showing that observers can deter election-day fraud and otherwise improve the quality of elections; illustrative cases demonstrating that international benefits are contingent on democracy in countries like Haiti, Peru, Togo, and Zimbabwe; and qualitative evidence documenting the escalating game of strategic manipulation among pseudo-democrats, international monitors, and pro-democracy forces.