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Re-sizing Psychology in Public Policy and the Private Imagination
by Mark FurlongThis book interrogates the current reputation of Psychology, both as an industry and as part of the academy. It disputes Psychology's claim to be a science, questions its claims to effectiveness and examines relationships with other disciplines and fields. Just as Psychology's role in the design of addictive gaming machines has been underplayed so too has the conservative aspect of its regulation of normality and pathology. The discipline of Psychology affects our understanding of identity and subjectivity to position the self as amoral and disconnected. This book questions this assumption and, more generally, the received status of Psychology.
Re-thinking Academic Politics in: Comparative Academic Politics & the Case of East German Historians (Studies in Education/Politics)
by John A. WeaverFirst Published in 2001. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Re-thinking Contemporary Political Behaviour: The Difference that Agency Makes (Routledge Studies in Anti-Politics and Democratic Crisis)
by Sadiya AkramProposing a novel approach to understanding the contemporary political landscape, Akram draws on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Margaret Archer on agency and argues the need for an in-depth engagement with concepts of agency to improve the reach and scope of political analysis. Is the way that people engage with politics changing? If so, how well-equipped are we to document and explain the extent and range of the ways in which people are engaging in politics today? This book tackles these questions through a blend of theoretical reflection and empirical research, shedding new light on the relationship between arena and process definitions of politics, and how the social relates to the political. Hitherto unexplored features of agency such as the unconscious and the internal political conversation are shown to be critical in exploring how people mobilise today and how they make sense of their political engagement. Two in-depth case studies of the internal political conversations that individuals hold as well as an analysis of the 2011 UK riots are presented. Making a case for the role of self-expression in politics, this book will be of use for graduates and scholars interested in British politics, political theory, social theory, political sociology, the theory and practice of political engagement and political behaviour.
Re-Thinking Economics: Exploring the Work of Pierre Bourdieu (Routledge Advances in Heterodox Economics)
by Asimina Christoforou Michael LainéOnce again, unfettered capitalism has failed. Promises for global prosperity and peace have given way to a world of deep recession, social upheaval and political instability. Once again, mainstream economics has proved its inadequacy. Despite its technical rigour and mathematical virtuosity, it failed dramatically to respond to the current crisis. Why is this so? Mainstream economics turns a blind eye to society. By assumption, it maims its analyses by wiping away what makes us what we are. There is pressing need for a critical discussion and new ideas. We therefore turn to the insightful and stimulating work of Pierre Bourdieu. Arguably one of the major sociologists ever, he was also a major ‘economist’. Yet his works on the economy have received only scant attention, especially from economists, be they ‘mainstream’ or ‘heterodox’. Bourdieu helps to take a broader view and enrich our scientific imagination. By including dimensions of power, intuitive behaviour and social structures within the scope of his analysis, he provides for an alternative foundation of economics, based on an integrated, interdisciplinary theory. For the first time, this volume fills this gap in economics by featuring state-of-the-art research and experts from different social science disciplines. This book constitutes a first step, and hopes to become a milestone. The book offers an innovative outlook and a unique source for social scientists of all fields, particularly economists and sociologists, who wish to engage in the study of Bourdieu and his economics with a view to developing a more pertinent theory. It will also constitute a useful reference for university students and administrators who would like to explore the economy from a Bourdieusian perspective.
Re-Thinking International Relations Theory via Deconstruction (Interventions)
by Badredine ArfiInternational Relations (IR) theorists have ceaselessly sought to understand, explain, and transform the experienced reality of international politics. Running through all these attempts is a persistent, yet unquestioned, quest by theorists to develop strategies to eliminate or reduce the antinomies, contradictions, paradoxes, dilemmas, and inconsistencies dogging their approaches. A serious critical assessment of the logic behind these strategies is however lacking. This new work addresses this issue by seeking to reformulate IR theory in an original way. Arfi begins by providing a thorough critique of leading contemporary IR theories, including pragmatism, critical/scientific realism, rationalism, neo-liberal institutionalism and social-constructivism, and then moves on to strengthen and go beyond the valuable contributions of each approach by employing the logic of deconstruction pioneered by Derrida to explicate the consequences of taking into account the dilemmas and inconsistencies of these theories. The book demonstrates that the logic of deconstruction is resourceful and rigorous in its questioning of the presuppositions of prevailing IR approaches, and argues that relying on deconstruction leads to richer and more powerfully insightful pluralist IR theories and is an invaluable resource for taking IR theory beyond currently paralyzing ‘wars of paradigms’. Questioning universally accepted presuppositions in existing theories, this book provides an innovative and exciting contribution to the field, and will be of great interest to scholars of international relations theory, critical theory and international relations.
Re-thinking Legal Education under the Civil and Common Law: A Road Map for Constructive Change (Legal Pedagogy)
by Richard GrimesWhilst educational theory has developed significantly in recent years, much of the law curriculum remains content-driven and delivered traditionally, predominantly through lecture format. Students are, in the main, treated as empty vessels to be filled by the eminent academics of the day. Re-thinking Legal Education under the Common and Civil Law draws on the experience of teachers, practitioners and students across the world who are committed to developing a more effective learning process. Little attention has, historically, been paid to the importance of the application of theory, the role of reflective learning, the understanding and acquisition of lawyering skills and the development of professional responsibility and wider ethical values. With contributions from across the global north and south, this book examines the history of educating our lawyers, the influences and constraints that may shape the curriculum, the means of delivering it and the models that could be used to tackle current shortcomings. The whole is intended to represent what might be desirable and possible if we are to produce lawyers that are fit for purpose in the 21st century, be that in either in civil or common law jurisdictions. This book will be of direct assistance to those who wish to understand the theory and practice of legal pedagogy in an experiential context. It will be essential reading for academics, researchers and teachers in the fields of law and education, particularly those concerned with curriculum design and developing interactive teaching methods. It is likely to be of interest to law students too – particularly those who value a more direct engagement in their learning.
Re-thinking Mediations of Post-truth Politics and Trust: Globality, Culture, Affect (Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics)
by Jayson HarsinThis collection reaches beyond fake news and propaganda, misinformation, and charismatic liars, to explore the lesser-publicized cultural forms and practices that serve as a cultural infrastructure for post-truth society and politics. Situating post-truth in specific contexts as a site of contestation or crisis, the book critically explores it as a dynamic and shifting site around which political and cultural practices in specific contexts revolve and overlap. Through a breadth of perspectives, the volume considers a number of overlapping cultural and political developments across varying national and transnational contexts: changing technologies and practices of cultural production that sometimes shift and at other times reproduce authority of traditional institutional truth-tellers; seismic cultural changes in representations, values, and roles regarding gender, sexuality, race, and historical memory about them, as well as corresponding reactionary discourses in the "culture wars"; questions of authenticity, honesty, and power relations that combine many of the former shifts within an all-encompassing culture of (self-)promotional, attentional capitalism. These considerations lead scholars to focus on corresponding shifting cultural dynamics of popular truth-telling and (dis-)trust-making that inform political culture. In this more global view, post-truth becomes foremost an influentially anxious public mood about the struggles to secure or undermine publicly accepted facts. This nuanced and insightful collection will interest scholars and students of communication studies, media and cultural studies, media ethics, journalism, media literacy, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and politics.
Re-understanding of Contemporary Chinese Political Development: Qualitative-quantitative Analysis
by Leizhen ZangThis book provides the solid and detailed evidence for some debated theories in Chinese studies, based on quantitative-qualitative analysis or mixed methods, which is quite novel compared with the extant work through qualitative or quantitative research alone. In addition, the country's latest particular political phenomena, such as anti-corruption campaigns in the Xi Jinping era or career satisfaction of graduate village officials, have been carefully studied. What’s more, the current situation of political development and participation in the Internet era is fully discussed from a comparative historical perspective. Such examples as the cybereconomy of Chinese rural areas together with the regional differentiation of voting behaviors between rural and urban areas are the focus of investigation. Meanwhile, the legitimacy and characteristics of China’s governance, and government reforms along with the adaptability of foreign theories are also illustrated in this book.
Re-Union: How Bold Labor Reforms Can Repair, Revitalize, and Reunite the United States
by David MadlandIn Re-Union, David Madland explores how labor unions are essential to all workers. Yet, union systems are badly flawed and in need of rapid changes for reform. Madland's multilayered analysis presents a solution—a model to replace the existing firm-based collective bargaining with a larger, industry-scale bargaining method coupled with powerful incentives for union membership.These changes would represent a remarkable shift from the norm, but would be based on lessons from other countries, US history and current policy in several cities and states. In outlining the shift, Madland details how these proposals might mend the broken economic and political systems in the United States. He also uses three examples from Britain, Canada, and Australia to explore what there is yet to learn about this new system in other developed nations. Madland's practical advice in Re-Union extends to a proposal for how to implement the changes necessary to shift the current paradigm. This powerful call to action speaks directly to the workers affected by these policies—the very people seeking to have their voices recognized in a system that attempts to silence them.
Reablement in Long-Term Care for Older People: International Perspectives and Future Directions (Transforming Care)
by Tine Rostgaard, John Parsons, and Hanne TuntlandOur societies are ageing, and we need to identify sustainable and person-centred solutions for supporting frail older people in their homes. Reablement offers a radical new integrated care approach which supports older people to regain and maintain functioning and independence. This interdisciplinary book provides an introduction to the remarkable, if haphazard, international growth in reablement policies and practices in aged care over the past 20 years. Incorporating theoretical and empirical research, it considers benefits for clients and care workers, cost-saving potentials and reablement provision for people with dementia. Finally, the book reflects on key findings, challenges and the way forward for long-term care for older people.
Reacciona: 10 razones por las que debes actuar frente a la crisis económica, política y soc
by Varios autoresJosé Luis Sampedro, Federico Mayor Zaragoza Y Baltasar Garzón, entre otros, nos brindan 10 respuestas con una idea común: la necesidad de tomar postura y actuar pues todavía hay esperanza, hay soluciones. Reacciona trata de clarificar y encauzar la pesadumbre de un sector creciente de la sociedad española con la crisis económica, política y social que estamos viviendo, con la crisis del sistema. Y varios factores están en juego: nuestra estabilidad, el equilibrio global, una generación de jóvenes sin futuro y el futuro mismo. Una mezcla singular de especialistas, un comité de sabios, entre los que destacan José Luis Sampedro o Baltasar Garzón, que nos brinda diez respuestas con una idea común: la necesidad de tomar postura y actuar, de concienciarnos y despertar pues todavía hay esperanza, hay soluciones. Una ciudadanía informada y responsable puede impedir los atropellos. Todos con un mismo rumbo, con un objetivo claro: defender la dignidad, la democracia y el bien común. Ha llegado el momento. El primer paso es reaccionar. «Frente a los peligros que afrontan nuestras sociedades interdependientes es tiempo de acción, de participación, de no resignarse»Stéphane Hessel
Reaccionados: Propuestas económicas, sociales y legales para hacer posible otro mundo
by Autores VariosLlamada inspiradora a toda la población a reaccionar ante todo aquello injusto de nuestra sociedad. ¿Cuánto más estás dispuesto a perder? ¿Cuánto más estás dispuesto a permitir que les quiten a tus hijos? ¿Tan difícil es hacer algo por evitarlo? <P><P>Poco antes del 15M, en 2011, un grupo heterogéneo de voces críticas de distintos ámbitos se unió para denunciar la estafa de la crisis en un libro que resultó ser premonitorio desde el propio título: Reacciona. Inspirada por la llamada la movilización de Stéphane Hessel, los autores invitados a encontrar formas de «convertir el ocaso en ocasión» como escribió José Luis Sampedro. <P><P>Pero no ha sido suficiente. La ciudadanía no ha conseguido evitar que nuestro país se sitúe a la cabeza de Europa en desigualdad, paro, aumento de la pobreza, desahucios, corrupción o descrédito político. Por eso hoy vuelve a ser apremiante reaccionar. Estamos en una encrucijada. <P><P>Podemos seguir igual o, como proponen en ReaccionaDos, buscar vías que permitan reducir las desigualdades, rescatar a las personas, regenerar el sistema y salvar de la quema la sanidad, la educación, la justicia, la ciencia y la cultura, la democracia. No va a ser fácil. Los beneficiarios de la crisis atacan con encono a quienes piden renovación. Porque cada vez son más los que reaccionan, hay un clima de cambio desde las elecciones europeas. <P><P>La gente se ha cansado de perder siempre y ha decidido que puede ganar. Muchos han resuelto que ha llegado la hora.
Reach: Create the Biggest Possible Audience for Your Message, Book, or Cause
by Becky RobinsonCut through the noise and create the biggest possible audience for your work. This book offers a proven method for expanding your reach online so you can make a meaningful difference for others.Anyone who makes the bold decision to put their ideas out into the world wants to reach as many people as possible. Unfortunately, too many think it's a question of numbers-the more people you can get in front of, the better. But true reach is about expanding your audience while making a meaningful and enduring difference that has a lasting impact. Reach provides a clear and structured approach to creating a successful online presence that will create the biggest possible impact for any message. Becky Robinson shares a framework to cultivate followers that requires four commitments: value, consistency, endurance, and generosity. When you make these four commitments, you'll deliver memorable content on a regular basis while keeping the long-term view in mind and being committed to helping and sharing with others. Robinson offers guidance on having realistic expectations and meaningful goals, encouraging readers to reflect on what they want to accomplish and with whom they want to connect. Readers will also learn how to overcome discouragements, create and repurpose content, and focus on the everyday activities that will spread ideas. This is a long-term process-one that doesn't normally offer immediate results or guarantee the desired outcome. But, as Robinson reminds us, creating from a place of generosity can lead to benefits greater than you can imagine.
REACH and the Environmental Regulation of Nanotechnology: Preventing and Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Nanomaterials (Routledge Studies in Environment and Health)
by Nertila KurajREACH and the Environmental Regulation of Nanotechnology presents a thorough and comprehensive legal analysis on the status of nanoscale chemicals under the EU’s REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction) regulation, asking whether it effectively safeguards human health and environmental protection. This book examines the European Commission’s claim that REACH offers the best possible framework for the risk management of nanomaterials. Through a detailed and meticulous analysis of the four phases of REACH, Kuraj assesses the capacity of the Regulation to protect human health and the environment against the potential harms associated with exposure to nanomaterials, and draws attention to the ways in which the specificities of nanoscale chemicals are (not) tackled by the current REACH framework. Overall, this book is an innovative and timely contribution to the ongoing debate on how to best address the unprecedented risks posed by the growing pursuit of nanotechnological innovation by the EU and global policy agenda. REACH and the Environmental Regulation of Nanotechnology will be of great interest to advanced students and scholars of environmental law and policy, environmental governance, science and technology studies, and environment and health.
The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic
by Vivienne ShueThese four conceptual and critical essays on state and society in contemporary China argue vigorously against the grain of prevailing scholarly interpretation. In substantive content, they explore two major themes from different historical and theoretical points of departure. <P><P>First, the author argues that the party/state under Mao fell far short of the full control over China's peasant society that outside observers often assumed it had achieved. She shows, instead, how the Maoist state frequently pursued policies that in fact had the ironic effect of strengthening the resistance of rural communities against the central political apparatus. Second, she contends that once the true limitations on the Maoist state's power in rural areas are rightly understood, it becomes clear that one effect of the post-Mao economic and political reforms may be to enhance rather than to diminish the state's authority in the countryside - despite all the reformists' rhetoric to the contrary. <P><P>These essays on "how to think about the Chinese state" are designed to stimulate debate about assumptions and methods in the field of Chinese political analysis. The controversies they raise, however, make them highly relevant to scholars outside Chinese studies who are interested in theories of the state, in the interrelations of state and society, and in the fate of the peasantry under socialism.
Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty: Strategies for Erasing the Opportunity Gap (Multicultural Education Series)
by Paul C. GorskiThe author draws from decades of research to deconstruct popular myths, misconceptions, and educational practices that undercut the achievement of low-income students. Gorski carefully describes the challenges that students in poverty face and the resiliencies they and their families draw upon. This book provides specific, evidence-based strategies for teaching youth by creating equitable, bias-free learning environments. This resource will help teachers and school leaders to better reach and teach students in poverty.
Reaching And Teaching Students In Poverty: Strategies For Erasing The Opportunity Gap
by Paul C. Gorski James A. BanksThis influential book describes the knowledge and skills teachers and school administrators need to recognize and combat bias and inequity that undermine educational engagement for students experiencing poverty. The Second Edition features two new chapters—“Embracing a Structural View of Poverty and Education: Ditching Deficit Ideology and Quitting Grit” and “Cultivating School Change through Equity Literacy: Commitments and Strategies for School and District Leaders”—plus extensive revisions throughout based on newly available research and lessons from the author’s professional development work. Gorski outlines the dangers of “grit” and deficit perspectives as responses to educational disparities; offers research-informed, on-the-ground strategies for teaching and leading with equity literacy; and provides expanded lists of resources and readings to support transformative equity work in high-poverty and mixed-class schools. Written in an engaging, conversational style that makes complex concepts accessible, this book will help readers learn how to recognize and respond to even the subtlest inequities in their classrooms, schools, and districts.
Reaching for a New Deal: Ambitious Governance, Economic Meltdown, and Polarized Politics in Obama's First Two Years
by Lawrence R. Jacobs Theda SkocpolDuring his winning presidential campaign, Barack Obama promised to counter rising economic inequality and revitalize America’s middle-class through a series of wide-ranging reforms. His transformational agenda sought to ensure affordable healthcare; reform the nation’s schools and make college more affordable; promote clean and renewable energy; reform labor laws and immigration; and redistribute the tax burden from the middle class to wealthier citizens. The Wall Street crisis and economic downturn that erupted as Obama took office also put U.S. financial regulation on the agenda. By the middle of President Obama’s first term in office, he had succeeded in advancing major reforms by legislative and administrative means. But a sluggish economic recovery from the deep recession of 2009, accompanied by polarized politics and governmental deadlock in Washington, DC, have raised questions about how far Obama’s promised transformations can go. Reaching for a New Deal analyzes both the ambitious domestic policy of Obama’s first two years and the consequent political backlash—up to and including the 2010 midterm elections. Reaching for a New Deal opens by assessing how the Obama administration overcame intense partisan struggles to achieve legislative victories in three areas—health care reform, federal higher education loans and grants, and financial regulation. Lawrence Jacobs and Theda Skocpol examine the landmark health care bill, signed into law in spring 2010, which extended affordable health benefits to millions of uninsured Americans after nearly 100 years of failed legislative attempts to do so. Suzanne Mettler explains how Obama succeeded in reorienting higher education policy by shifting loan administration from lenders to the federal government and extending generous tax tuition credits. Reaching for a New Deal also examines the domains in which Obama has used administrative action to further reforms in schools and labor law. The book concludes with examinations of three areas—energy, immigration, and taxes—where Obama’s efforts at legislative compromises made little headway. Reaching for a New Deal combines probing analyses of Obama’s domestic policy achievements with a big picture look at his change-oriented presidency. The book uses struggles over policy changes as a window into the larger dynamics of American politics and situates the current political era in relation to earlier pivotal junctures in U.S. government and public policy. It offers invaluable lessons about unfolding political transformations in the United States.
Reaching High-Risk Families: Intensive Family Preservation in Human Services - Modern Applications of Social Work (Modern Applications Of Social Work Ser.)
by Elizabeth TracyFocusing on a program (""Homebuilders"") that has attracted national attention, this book develops implications for family-centered curricula in such areas as social policy, direct practice, program design/management, practice research, theory and prevention.
Reaching Ninety
by Martin DubermanMartin Duberman, one of the LGBTQ+ community's maverick thinkers and historians, looks back on ninety years of life, his history in the movement, and what he's learned. In the early Sixties, Martin Duberman published a path-breaking article defending the Abolitionists against the then-standard view of them as "misguided fanatics." In 1964, his documentary play, In White America, which reread the history of racist oppression in this country, toured the country—most notably during Freedom Summer—and became an international hit. Duberman then took on the profession of history for failing to admit the inherent subjectivity of all re-creations of the past. He radically democratized his own seminars at Princeton, for which he was excoriated by powerful professors in his own department, leading him to renounce his tenured full professorship and to join the faculty of the CUNY Graduate School. At CUNY, too, he was initially blocked from offering a pioneering set of seminars on the history of gender and sexuality, but after a fifteen-year struggle succeeded in establishing the Center for Gay and Lesbian Studies—which became a beacon for emerging scholars in that new field. By the early Seventies, Duberman had broadened his struggle against injustice by becoming active in protesting the war in Vietnam and in playing a central role in forming the National Lesbian and Gay Task Force and Queers for Economic Justice.Down to the present-day he continues through his writing to champion those working for a more equitable society.
Reacting to the Past: The Needs of Others
by Kelly McFallReacting to the Past is an award-winning series of immersive role-playing games that actively engage students in their own learning. <p><p>Students assume the roles of historical characters to practice critical thinking, primary source analysis, and both written and spoken argument. Reacting games are flexible enough to be used across the curriculum, from first-year general education classes and discussion sections of lecture classes to capstone experiences and honors programs.
Reacting to the Spending Spree: Policy Changes We Can Afford
by Terry L. Anderson Richard SousaA team of expert contributors analyze the near- and long-term implications of efforts by both the Obama and Bush administrations to fix the current financial crisis. They examine a range of issues affected by the proposed reforms, including health care, "going green," the Employee Free Choice Act, an open world economy, and more.
Reaction and Reform: The Politics of the Conservative Party under R.B. Bennett, 1927-1938
by Larry A. GlassfordWhen R.B. Bennett assumed the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada in 1926, he inherited a party out of step with a modernizing Canada. Three years later, in the early days of the Depression, he led the Tories to power with a mandate to bring back prosperity. Larry A. Glassford explores the politics of Bennett's leadership, the strategies with which he tackled the Depression, and the reception he and the Conservative party received from voters and press of the day. Bennett's initial efforts to tackle the Depression took the form of activist reaction: raising tariffs, trying to balance the budget, defending the dollar. When these measures all failed to bring recovery, the Bennett-led government edged towards a reform program, creating such permanent institutions as the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (later the CBC), the Bank of Canada, and the Wheat Board. Bennett tried to package his reforms as a Canadian 'New Deal,' a daring move but one that failed to revive the party. The voters were confused: did the Conservative party stand for reaction or reform? Tories themselves could not decide. The Liberals swept back into power in 1935. At the 1938 Conservative convention which chose Bennett's successor, the perplexing dichotomy remained. Fifty years after the Great Depression, the common perception of Bennett is still of the great Canadian capitalist, driving his government, his party, and the country to the never-never land of American-style high tariffs and British-style imperialism. Glassford demonstrates the inaccuracy of that caricature, and offers instead a fresh analysis of Bennett and his party.
Reactionary Democracy: How Racism and the Populist Far Right Became Mainstream
by Aurelien Mondon Aaron WinterDemocracy must be anti-racist. Any less is cowardly. Any less is reactionary.Democracy is not necessarily progressive, and will only be if we make it so. What Mondon and Winter call 'reactionary democracy' is the use of the concept of democracy and its associated understanding of the power to the people (demos cratos) for reactionary ends. The resurgence of racism, populism and the far right is not the result of popular demands as we are often told. It is rather the logical conclusion of the more or less conscious manipulation by the elite of the concept of 'the people' and the working class to push reactionary ideas. These narratives place racism as a popular demand, rather than as something encouraged and perpetuated by elites, thus exonerating those with the means to influence and control public discourse through the media in particular. This in turn has legitimised the far right, strengthened its hand and compounded inequalities.These actions diverts us away from real concerns and radical alternatives to the current system. Through a careful and thorough deconstruction of the hegemonic discourse currently preventing us from thinking beyond the liberal vs populist dichotomy, this book develops a better understanding of the systemic forces underpinning our current model and its exploitative and discriminatory basis. The book shows us that the far right would not have been able to achieve such success, either electorally or ideologically, were it not for the help of elite actors (the media, politicians and academics). While the far right is a real threat and should not be left off the hook, the authors argue that we need to shift the responsibility of the situation towards those who too often claim to be objective, and even powerless, bystanders despite their powerful standpoint and clear capacity to influence the agenda, public discourse, and narratives, particularly when they platform and legitimise racist and far right ideas and actors.
Reactionary Liberty: The Libertarian Counter-Revolution
by Robert TaylorIn Reactionary Liberty: The Libertarian Counter-Revolution, Robert Taylor argues that without a reactionary element to its philosophy, libertarianism can never be a serious movement because it will always fall victim to O'Sullivan's Law: any movement or institution that is not explicitly right-wing will eventually turn left-wing. While libertarians may believe that they are "above" or "beyond" Left and Right, the Leftist infiltration of libertarianism (combined with the evolutionary psychology of r/K selection theory) proves that libertarians cannot be neutral. While offering private alternatives that can help to circumvent Leviathan-including the use of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, withdrawing consent, and the power of new technologies to create freer markets-Taylor poses questions that libertarians must answer if we are ever going to achieve a free society. Is democracy the highest form of political order, or does it only enable socialism to grow without limit? Will open borders and mass immigration expand, or hinder, liberty? What if cultural Marxism represents an equal or even greater threat to a libertarian society than the state? The Italian traditionalist Julius Evola embraced the reactionary spirit, calling it "the true test of courage. " With this book, Taylor blends this courage with a radical libertarianism to forge a coherent and forceful philosophy of liberty.