- Table View
- List View
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America
by Laurence Whitehead Guillermo O’Donnell Philippe C. SchmitterAn array of internationally noted scholars examines the process of democratization in southern Europe and Latin America. They provide new interpretations of both current and historical efforts of nations to end periods of authoritarian rule and to initiate transition to democracy, efforts that have met with widely varying degrees of success and failure. Extensive case studies of individual countries, a comparative overview, and a synthesis conclusions offer important insights for political scientists, students, and all concerned with the prospects for democracy. Political democracy is not the only possible outcome of transitions from authoritarianism. The authors draw out the implications of democracy as a goal and of the uncertainty inherent in transitional situations. Democratization is perhaps the central issue in Latin American politics today. Case studies focus on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe
by Laurence Whitehead Guillermo O’Donnell Philippe C. SchmitterAn array of internationally noted scholars examines the process of democratization in southern Europe and Latin America. They provide new interpretations of both current and historical efforts of nations to end periods of authoritarian rule and to initiate transition to democracy, efforts that have met with widely varying degrees of success and failure. Extensive case studies of individual countries, a comparative overview, and a synthesis conclusions offer important insights for political scientists, students, and all concerned with the prospects for democracy. The historical example of Italy after Mussolini as well as the more recent cases of Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey suggest factors that may make a transition relatively secure.
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies
by Laurence Whitehead Guillermo O’Donnell Philippe C. SchmitterThe foundational text for democratization studies for over 25 years.Political science scholars consider the four-volume work Transitions from Authoritarian Rule to be a foundational text for studying the process of democratization, specifically in those cases where an authoritarian regime is giving way to some form of democratic government. The most important of the four books is without a doubt the fourth volume, Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, also known as "the little green book."Transitions from Authoritarian Rule was the first book in any language to systematically compare the process of transition from authoritarianism across a broad range of countries. Political democracy is not the only possible outcome. Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead emphasize that it's not the revolution but the transition that is critical to the growth of a democratic state. This ground-breaking insight remains highly relevant as the ramifications of the Arab Spring continue to play out.This reissue features a new foreword by Cynthia J. Arnson, director of the Latin American Program at the Woodow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and Abraham F. Lowenthal, founding director of the Latin American Program, who wrote the original volume's foreword.
Transitions in Energy Efficiency and Demand: The Emergence, Diffusion and Impact of Low-Carbon Innovation (Routledge Studies in Energy Transitions)
by Kirsten E.H. Jenkins Debbie HopkinsThe Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781351127264, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Meeting the goals enshrined in the Paris Agreement and limiting global temperature increases to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels demands rapid reductions in global carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing energy demand has a central role in achieving this goal, but existing policy initiatives have been largely incremental in terms of the technological and behavioural changes they encourage. Against this background, this book develops a sociotechnical approach to the challenge of reducing energy demand and illustrates this with a number of empirical case studies from the United Kingdom. In doing so, it explores the emergence, diffusion and impact of low-energy innovations, including electric vehicles and smart meters. The book has the dual aim of improving the academic understanding of sociotechnical transitions and energy demand and providing practical recommendations for public policy. Combining an impressive range of contributions from key thinkers in the field, this book will be of great interest to energy students, scholars and decision-makers.
Transitions in Post-Soviet Eurasia: Identity, Polity and Strategic Choices
by Archana UpadhyayThis book discusses the ideological and historical relevance of the term ‘Eurasia’ as a concept in the global geopolitical and ethno-cultural discourse. It focuses on the contested meanings attached to the idea and traces its historical evolution and interpretations. The volume examines the contours and characteristics of power politics in the Eurasian landscape by exploring the dynamics of the contending and competing interests that have come to occupy the region, particularly in the aftermath of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. It further examines the multiple narratives that define the socio-political realities of the region and also the policies of the state actors involved, by reflecting upon the multifaceted dimensions of the Eurasian issues. These include nation building strategies, identity, ethnic conflicts, security, democratization, globalization, international migration, climate change and energy extraction. The geopolitical and civilizational aspects of Eurasianism, in which Russia occupies a pivotal geo-political place creates both opportunities and anxieties for other stakeholders in the region. The book also holistically analyses the developmental dimensions of the post-Soviet space and ‘Eurasianism’ as a concept and political practice in domestic, regional and global affairs. The book also analyses the developmental dimensions of the post-Soviet space and ‘Eurasianism’ as a concept and political practice in domestic, regional and global affairs.
Transitions to Democracy
by Lisa AndersonAre the factors that initiate democratization the same as those that maintain a democracy already established? The scholarly and policy debates over this question have never been more urgent. In 1970, Dankwart A. Rustow's clairvoyant article "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model" questioned the conflation of the primary causes and sustaining conditions of democracy and democratization. Now this collection of essays by distinguished scholars responds to and extends Rustow's classic work, Transitions to Democracy--which originated as a special issue of the journal Comparative Politics and contains three new articles written especially for this volume--represents much of the current state of the large and growing literature on democratization in American political science. The essays simultaneously illustrate the remarkable reach of Rustow's prescient article across the decades and reveal what the intervening years have taught us.In light of the enormous opportunities of the post-Cold War world for the promotion of democratic government in parts of the world once thought hopelessly lost of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, this timely collection constitutes and important contribution to the debates and efforts to promote the more open, responsive, and accountable government we associate with democracy.
Transitions to Democracy: A Comparative Perspective
by Kathryn Stoner and Michael McFaulFifteen case studies by scholars and practitioners demonstrate the synergy between domestic and international influences that can precipitate democratic transitions.As demonstrated by current events in Tunisia and Egypt, oppressive regimes are rarely immune to their citizens’ desire for democratic government. Of course, desire is always tempered by reality; therefore how democratic demands are made manifest is a critical source of study for both political scientists and foreign policy makers. What issues and consequences surround the fall of a government, what type of regime replaces it, and to what extent are these efforts successful? Kathryn Stoner and Michael McFaul have created an accessible book of fifteen case studies from around the world that will help students understand these complex issues. Their model builds upon Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead's classic work, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, using a rubric of four identifying factors that can be applied to each case study, making comparison relatively easy. Transitions to Democracy yields strong comparisons and insights. For instance, the study reveals that efforts led by the elite and involving the military are generally unsuccessful, whereas mass mobilization, civic groups, and new media have become significant factors in supporting and sustaining democratic actors. This collection of writings by scholars and practitioners is organized into three parts: successful transitions, incremental transitions, and failed transitions. Extensive primary research and a rubric that can be applied to burgeoning democracies offer readers valuable tools and information.
Transitions to School - International Research, Policy and Practice
by Bob Perry Sue Dockett Anne PetriwskyjThis book provides an important compilation and synthesis of current work in transition to school research. The book focuses strongly on the theoretical underpinnings of research in transition to school. It outlines key theoretical positions and connects those to the implications for policy and practice, thereby challenging readers to re-conceptualize their understandings, expectations and perceptions of transition to school. The exploration of this range of theoretical perspectives and the application of these to a wide range of research and research contexts makes this book an important and innovative contribution to the scholarship of transition to school research. A substantial part of the book is devoted to detailed examples of transition to school practice. These chapters provide innovative examples of evidence-based practice and contribute in turn, to practice-based evidence. The book is also devoted to considering policy issues and implications related to the transition to school. It records a genuine, collaborative effort to bring together a range of perspectives into a Transition to School Position Statement that will inform ongoing research, practice and policy. The collaborative, research, policy and practice based development of this position statement represents a world-first.
Transitions to School: Research, Policy, and Practice (International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Development #37)
by Bob Perry Sue Dockett Divya Jindal-Snape Benilde García-Cabrero Angel Urbina-GarcíaThis book showcases the quality work that Latin American researchers have done on transition to school in Latin American countries by offering the English-speaking world, first-hand access to some Latin American transitions research, practices, and policies. This book shows the work carried out in countries such as Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico with regards to the way in which the transition to primary school is experienced from different stakeholders' perspectives, and how Latin American educational policies and cultural practices shape such an important process for stakeholders. This book was importantly framed by the COVID-19 pandemic which placed the world in a global health emergency, and it is our hope that this book will trigger future international collaborations between researchers, policy makers, and practitioners interested in transitions which could help produce a wealth of empirical evidence to inform educational policies and transitions practices across the world. Building networks where diverse experiences are valued and respected, as well as analysed, can help provide a platform that supports educators and researchers as they continue their work and branch out in new and challenging directions.
Translanguaging for Empowerment and Equity: Language Practices in Philippine Education and Other Public Spaces
by Maria Luz Elena Nabong Canilao Robin Atilano De Los ReyesThis book investigates how translanguaging is employed for pedagogical purposes and describes how speakers use translanguaging in specific multilingual contexts. It examines the beliefs and perceptions that shape translanguaging in different public spaces and interrogates the notion of translanguaging through the lens of various Philippine public spaces. This book also focuses on the breakthroughs that may be achieved through translanguaging in the academic field and other domains. It presents studies conducted in the Philippines, a multilingual and post-colonial setting where many multilingual speakers engage in translanguaging practices while recognizing the significance of each language in their communication repertoire in expressing their ideas and identities. It provides insights and knowledge on the current language practices in basic and tertiary education and offers more information about the crucial role of translanguaging in the government, media, and church domains in the Philippines. While this book mainly covers the use of translanguaging in various domains in the Philippines, it remains relevant to other multilingual societies around the world. Being a highly multilingual society, the Philippines serves as a global case study for understanding multilingualism. This book demonstrates how blocks to translanguaging may be overcome and explores possibilities that may be considered in introducing it as an effective pedagogical and communication tool. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing the translingual paradigm as a strong force that has been adopted by multilingual language users to promote empowerment and equity.
Translanguaging in Higher Education: Beyond Monolingual Ideologies
by Catherine M. Mazak Kevin S. CarrollThis book examines translanguaging in higher education and provides clear examples of what translanguaging looks like in practice in particular contexts around the world. While higher education has historically been seen as a monolingual space, the case studies from the international contexts included in this collection show us that institutions of higher education are often translingual spaces that reflect the multilingual environments in which they exist. Chapters demonstrate how the use of translanguaging practices within the context of global higher education, where English plays an increasingly important role, allows students and professors to build on their linguistic repertoires to more efficiently and effectively learn content. The documentation of such practices within the context of higher education will further legitimatize translanguaging practices and may lead to their increased use not only in higher education but also in both primary and secondary schools.
Translating Global Ideas: How Policy Legacies and Domestic Politics Shape Education Governance in Latin America (SUNY series, Education in Global Perspectives)
by Claudia Diaz-RiosInternational organizations have consistently influenced education reforms in Latin America, but not all countries have adopted the same policy recommendations. This book offers a unique comparative analysis of secondary education reforms in Chile, Argentina, and Colombia, from the 1960s to the 2010s, with a focus on three key areas: manpower planning, state-retrenchment (market-based versus active-state), and ideas about having a right to a quality education in an era of government accountability. While responding to similar policy recommendations, these countries have differed in how they have implemented decentralization, incorporated private actors, allocated authority over curriculum, and established instruments of accountability. Claudia Diaz-Rios traces the legacies of previous education policies and local struggles among stakeholders in reshaping—and sometimes rejecting—foreign recommendations. Translating Global Idea will be an invaluable resource for scholars of comparative politics and the globalization of education—particularly those interested in policy development in middle- and low-income countries, as well as practitioners invested in promoting education policy changes in Latin America.
Translating Global Policy into Local Reality: Key Competencies-Based Education Reform in China
by Li DengThis book analyses the global diffusion of key competencies-based education (CBE) as a “global education policy” (GEP), focusing on China’s process of adoption and adaptation.Based on a six-year empirical study combining interviews, observations, and document analysis, it examines how national and local actors interpret, modify, and resist CBE. Constructing and applying a four-stage framework for the GEP transfer process, the book integrates macro-level analysis of global forces with micro-level analysis of specific policy changes at the national level, and bridges theoretical and practical perspectives through both macro-level policy analysis and micro-level case studies.The book provides valuable insights and implications of policy formulation and educational practice for educators, policy makers, and researchers interested in the dynamics of global policy transfer, localised educational reforms, and the complexities of reform in a globalised world. The case study of China’s implementation and localisation of CBE will also inform global efforts to adapt and integrate CBE in diverse educational contexts.
Translating International Women's Rights
by Susanne ZwingelThis book looks at the centerpiece of the international women's rights discourse, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and asks to what extent it affects the lives of women worldwide. Rather than assuming a trickle-down effect, the author discusses specific methods which have made CEDAW resonate. These methods include attempts to influence the international level by clarifying the meaning of women's rights and strengthening the Convention's monitoring procedure, and building connections between international and domestic contexts that enable diverse actors to engage with CEDAW. This analysis shows that while the Convention has worldwide impact, this impact is fundamentally dependent on context-specific values and agency. Hence, rather than thinking of women's rights exclusively as normative content, Zwingel suggests to see them as in process. This book will especially appeal to students and scholars interested in transnational feminism and gender and global governance.
Translating National Identities Between China and the West: Diplomatic Political Discourse 1792–1867 (Routledge Studies in Empirical Translation and Multilingual Communication)
by Xinnian ZhengThis book explores the discursive construction of national identities in diplomatic political discourse, focusing on translation’s pivotal role. It examines diplomatic exchanges between China and the West from 1792 to 1867, a period marked by China’s national identity crisis. By combining Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) with Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA), the book uncovers how translation shaped the national identities of both China and the West during a time of intercultural conflict and change.Through the analysis of 29 authentic historical documents, the book offers a groundbreaking analysis of how translators at the Qing court initially portrayed China as superior and the West as inferior. However, as China’s global position shifted, so did its translation strategies, gradually transforming China’s national identity to be seen as equal to the West. During diplomatic interactions, translators played a crucial role in shaping perceptions of both Chinese and Western identities, thereby influencing international relations.Essential for scholars and students of translation studies, political discourse, and Chinese history, this book goes beyond traditional analysis, offering a new perspective on the intricate relationship between translation, power, and identity. Its blend of qualitative and quantitative methods provides a comprehensive view of East-West relations during a pivotal period in world history.
Translating National Policy to Improve Environmental Conditions Impacting Public Health Through Community Planning
by Beth Ann FiedlerThis first-of-its-kind volume traces rarely explored links between public policy, the state of the environment, and key issues in public health, with recommendations for addressing longstanding intractable problems. Experts across diverse professions use their wide knowledge and experience to discuss hunger and food sustainability, land use, chronic and communicable diseases, child mortality, and global water quality. Interventions described are varied as well, from green technology breakthroughs to regulatory accountability, innovative urban planning and community policing programs. Chapters build and expand on each other’s themes inspiring deeper understanding and critical thinking that further prompts readers to develop practical solutions leading to improvements in planetary and population health outcomes. Included in the coverage:· The challenge of implementing macroeconomic policy in an increasingly microeconomic world· Green aid flows: trends and opportunities for developing countries· Planning healthy communities: abating preventable chronic diseases· Foundations of community health: planning access to public facilities · International changes in environmental conditions and their personal health consequences Translating National Policy to Improve Environmental Conditions Impacting Public Health is developed for educators, students, and policymakers to generate awareness and review options to help create change in their communities. Federal agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, the EPA, and Housing and Urban Development will also find it salient.
Translating the City: Interdisciplinarity In Urban Studies
by Yves Pedrazzini Yafiza Zorro Hossam Aldy Stéphanie Vincent-GeslinThe city is a highly fragmented, heterogeneous subject; those who study, analyze and question it make a use of a variety of disciplines and methods and have different areas of expertise. How is a dialogue built between heterogeneous urban contexts and urban researchers, architects, developers, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists? What capacity do concepts and methods have to travel from one context to another? How can they be transferred? The strength of Urban Translations lies in its disciplinary and geographical comparison and dialogue on a global scale. It openly targets an international audience, bringing together leading researchers from a variety of disciplines (urban planning, sociology, architecture and anthropology) and presenting case studies from highly contrasting urban settings, including Rio de Janeiro, Mumbai, Cape Town, Dubai, Montreal, Geneva, Lisbon, Ljubljana and Berlin.
Translation Under Communism
by Christopher Rundle Anne Lange Daniele MonticelliThis book examines the history of translation under European communism, bringing together studies on the Soviet Union, including Russia and Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Poland. In any totalitarian regime maintaining control over cultural exchange is strategically important, so studying these regimes from the perspective of translation can provide a unique insight into their history and into the nature of their power. This book is intended as a sister volume to Translation Under Fascism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) and adopts a similar approach of using translation as a lens through which to examine history. With a strong interdisciplinary focus, it will appeal to students and scholars of translation studies, translation history, censorship, translation and ideology, and public policy, as well as cultural and literary historians of Eastern Europe, Soviet communism, and the Cold War period.
Translation under Fascism
by Christopher Rundle Kate SturgeThe history of translation has focused on literary work but this book demonstrates the way in which political control can influence and be influenced by translation choices. New research and specially commissioned essays give access to existing research projects which at present are either scattered or unavailable in English.
Translation, Disinformation, and Wuhan Diary: Anatomy of a Transpacific Cyber Campaign
by Michael BerryDuring the early days of the COVID-19 health crisis, Fang Fang’s Wuhan Diary provided an important portal for people around the world to understand the outbreak, local response, and how the novel coronavirus was impacting everyday people. But when news of the international publication of Wuhan Diary appeared online in early April of 2020, Fang Fang’s writings became the target of a series of online attacks by “Chinese ultra-nationalists.” Over time, these attacks morphed into one of the most sophisticated and protracted hate Campaigns against a Chinese writer in decades. Meanwhile, as controversy around Wuhan Diary swelled in China, the author was transformed into a global icon, honored by the BBC as one of the most influential women of 2020 and featured in stories by dozens of international news outlets. This book, by the translator of Wuhan Diary into English, alternates between a first-hand account of the translation process and more critical observations on how a diary became a lightning rod for fierce political debate and the target of a sweeping online campaign that many described as a “cyber Cultural Revolution.” Eventually, even Berry would be pulled into the attacks and targeted by thousands of online trolls. This book answers the questions: why would an online lockdown diary elicit such a strong reaction among Chinese netizens? How did the controversy unfold and evolve? Who was behind it? And what can we learn from the “Fang Fang Incident” about contemporary Chinese politics and society? The book will be of interest to students and scholars of translation, as well as anyone with special interest in translation, US-Chinese relations, or internet culture more broadly.
Translation, Globalization and Translocation
by Concepción B. GodevThis book examines the spaces where translation and globalization intersect, whether they be classrooms, communities, or cultural texts. It foregrounds the connections between cultural analysis, literary critique, pedagogy and practice, uniting the disparate fields that operate within translation studies. In doing so, it offers fresh perspectives that will encourage the reader to reappraise translation studies as a field, reaffirming the directions that the subject has taken over the last twenty years. Offering a comprehensive analysis of the links between translation and globalization, this ambitious edited collection will appeal to students and scholars who work in any area of translation studies.
Translational Criminology and Counterterrorism
by Leslie W. Kennedy Yasemin Irvin-Erickson Alexis R. KennedyThis brief focuses on translational criminology practices as they relate to counter-terrorism and homeland security. The work provides a detailed and practical examination of how global threats (such as, terrorism and cybercrime) are managed through local response. It covers emerging strategies in data collection procedures, inter-agency cooperation, and new analytical techniques including risk-terrain modeling. In addition, it presents a common methodology, including steps in risk assessment, risk management, and decision-making, that can be used to frame and analyze global and local threats. The authors examine these issues using examples of how law enforcement responded to specific security threats including the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, the 2003 terrorist attack in Istanbul, Turkey, and the 2010 Stuxnet attack on the Natanz nuclear facility in Iran. This work expands on existing literature covering the impact that globalization has on cross national threats, drawing on disciplines related to criminology, such as international relations and political science.
Translations of Security: A Framework for the Study of Unwanted Futures (Routledge New Security Studies)
by Ulrik Pram Gad Ole Waever Karen Lund Petersen Trine Villumsen BerlingThis book scrutinizes how contemporary practices of security have come to rely on many different translations of security, risk, and danger. Institutions of national security policies are currently undergoing radical conceptual and organizational changes, and this book presents a novel approach for how to study and politically address the new situation. Complex and uncertain threat environments, such as terrorism, climate change, and the global financial crisis, have paved the way for new forms of security governance that have profoundly transformed the ways in which threats are handled today. Crucially, there is a decentralization of the management of security, which is increasingly handled by a broad set of societal actors that previously were not considered powerful in the conduct of security affairs. This transformation of security knowledge and management changes the meaning of traditional concepts and practices, and calls for investigation into the many meanings of security implied when contemporary societies manage radical dangers, risks and threats. It is necessary to study both what these meanings are and how they developed from the security practices of the past. Addressing this knowledge gap, the book asks how different ideas about threats, risk, and dangers meet in the current practices of security, broadly understood, and with what political consequences. This book will be of interest to students of critical security studies, anthropology, risk studies, science and technology studies and International Relations. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.routledge.com/Translations-of-Security-A-Framework-for-the-Study-of-Unwanted-Futures/Berling-Gad-Petersen-Waever/p/book/9781032007090, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license
Translocal China: Linkages, Identities and the Reimagining of Space (Routledge Studies on China in Transition #Vol. 24)
by Louisa Schein Tim OakesInter-disciplinary in approach, this collection of essays explores China’s reform era development within the concept of translocality. A key element of spatial change in today’s China has been the unprecedented geographic mobility of millions of labour migrants, tourists, brides, entrepreneurs, and many others. But translocality doesn’t just mean people. It is crucially constituted by the circulation of capital, ideas, images, goods, styles, services, and disease to name but a few. With contributions from well-respected China specialists, the essays focus simultaneously on mobilities and localities, drawing our attention to the multiplying forms of mobility in China whilst retaining the importance of localities in people’s lives. The book provides a clear path to understanding the importance of translocality as a concept along with concrete examples of its operation in China. Unique in approach, it is at once a study of the connections between location and culture, politics, economics, bodies, gender and technology.
Translocal Ruralism
by Charlotta Hedberg Renato Miguel do CarmoRural areas are often viewed as isolated and stagnating areas and urban areas as their opposites. Against such a backdrop, this book seeks to unveil a set of dynamics that view rural areas as 'translocal' in the sense that they are 'changing' and 'interconnected'. Social transformations take place in rural areas as the result of intense exchanges between different people, settings and geographies. Accordingly, rural-urban but also rural-rural interrelations on international and national scales are strongly contributing to rural change. Translocal ruralism is exemplified through the analysis of local and global migratory flows, the activities of rural firms in national and global arenas, the spread of different forms of transportation and dislocation, and the growing information society, which enables rural spaces to be connected to the world and improves new ways of interconnection and sociability practices. The book is structured into two parts, which intertwine the dynamics of rural spaces. The first part, 'Linking nodes: people and networks connecting places', is concerned with mobilities such as migration and commuting, and the establishment of national and global networks. The second part, 'International mobilities: a tension between scales', analyses the dynamics of international migration and mobilities in rural areas.