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Working with Political Science Research Methods: Problems and Exercises
by Jason D. MycoffPractice makes perfect. This new, Fifth Edition of Working with Political Science Research Methods continues to support student learning by offering the perfect opportunity to practice each of the methods presented in the core text. Designed to be paired with the #em/em#olitical Science Research Methods 9th edition chapter-for-chapter, the workbook breaks out each aspect of the research process into manageable parts and features new exercises and updated data sets. More than half of the book′s exercises are new or updated and feature more international examples, greater focus on qualitative research methods, and directly correlates with the text′s more condensed layout. A solutions manual with answers to the workbook is available to adopters.
Working with Political Science Research Methods: Problems and Exercises
by Jason D. MycoffPractice makes perfect. This new, Fifth Edition of Working with Political Science Research Methods continues to support student learning by offering the perfect opportunity to practice each of the methods presented in the core text. Designed to be paired with the #em/em#olitical Science Research Methods 9th edition chapter-for-chapter, the workbook breaks out each aspect of the research process into manageable parts and features new exercises and updated data sets. More than half of the book′s exercises are new or updated and feature more international examples, greater focus on qualitative research methods, and directly correlates with the text′s more condensed layout. A solutions manual with answers to the workbook is available to adopters.
Working with Underachieving Students in Higher Education: Fostering inclusion through narration and reflexivity (Routledge Research in Higher Education)
by Maria Francesca Freda José González-Monteagudo Giovanna EspositoWorking with Underachieving Students in Higher Education: Fostering Inclusion through Narration and Reflexivity presents an international and interdisciplinary approach to the study of the relationships between narrative devices and reflexivity in higher education. Stemming from a collaborative European research project called INSTALL (Innovative Solutions to Acquire Learning to Learn), it focuses on an innovative model aimed at promoting personal resources and reflective competencies in non-traditional, disadvantaged and underachieving students. The book is divided into three parts, with the first providing an exploration of the key theoretical issues that formed the basis of the theoretical and methodological approaches in the INSTALL Project. The second part presents an innovative narrative methodology and discusses the most significant phases of the training process and of the main products. The third and last part provides a broad discussion of higher education policies and of the need to encourage innovation and reforms to improve the academic inclusion of underachieving students. Chapters in the collection examine interventions in Italy, Romania, Ireland and Spain, using a broad transnational, intercultural and comparative approach, to consider narrative tools using four channels: metaphoric, iconographic, writing, and the body. This book provides theoretical insights and practical methodologies which can be used to enhance quality teaching and innovation, as well as to help adapt to diversity in higher education. It will, therefore, be of key interest to academics, researchers and postgraduate students in the fields of higher education; sociology of education; education policy and politics; cultural and developmental psychology; and narrative research, as well as to those studying counselling, mentoring and coaching
Working with Winston: The Unsung Women Behind Britain's Greatest Statesman
by Cita StelzerAn original and insightful look at Winston Churchill through the eyes of those who knew him best—the women who worked with him throughout his life. All politicians adopt a public persona that they believe contributes to electoral success. Though they might reflect the character of the politician, they reveal only a part of the man. What we know less about are the characteristics that Winston Churchill revealed when he was out of the public eye. Much has been written about Churchill, and of the important world leaders, politicians, high-ranking military personnel with whom he interacted. But Churchill also required a vast staff to maintain the intense pace at which he worked. When Churchill strode the world stage, the secretarial and support staff positions were inevitably filled by women. Though extraordinarily talented and valuable to Churchill and his work, these women remain unheralded. He was not an easy employer. He was intimidating, with never-ending demands who would impose his relentless and demanding schedules on those around him. And yet these women were devoted to him, though there were times in his political career in which he was decidedly unpopular. Many reflect upon their years working for him as the best years of their lives. Intelligent and hard-working, these women were far from sycophants. Just as Churchill was no ordinary Prime Minister, these women were not ordinary secretaries. Indeed, in today’s terms their titles would be much grander, as their work encompassed ultra-secret documents and decrypting and reading enemy codes. A treasure trove of insight and research, Working with Winston reveals the man behind the statesman and as well as brings long-overdue recognition to the “hidden army” that, like Churchill, was never off-duty.
Working Women, Entrepreneurs, and the Mexican Revolution: The Coffee Culture of Córdoba, Veracruz (The Mexican Experience)
by Heather Fowler-SalaminiIn the 1890s, Spanish entrepreneurs spearheaded the emergence of Córdoba, Veracruz, as Mexico&’s largest commercial center for coffee preparation and export to the Atlantic community. Seasonal women workers quickly became the major part of the agroindustry&’s labor force. As they grew in numbers and influence in the first half of the twentieth century, these women shaped the workplace culture and contested gender norms through labor union activism and strong leadership. Their fight for workers&’ rights was supported by the revolutionary state and negotiated within its industrial-labor institutions until they were replaced by machines in the 1960s.Heather Fowler-Salamini&’s Working Women, Entrepreneurs, and the Mexican Revolution analyzes the interrelationships between the region&’s immigrant entrepreneurs, workforce, labor movement, gender relations, and culture on the one hand, and social revolution, modernization, and the Atlantic community on the other between the 1890s and the 1960s. Using extensive archival research and oral-history interviews, Fowler-Salamini illustrates the ways in which the immigrant and women&’s work cultures transformed Córdoba&’s regional coffee economy and in turn influenced the development of the nation&’s coffee agro-export industry and its labor force.
Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 (Women, Gender, and Sexuality in American History)
by Carole TurbinWhy have some working women succeeded at organizing in spite of obstacles to labor activity? Under what circumstances were they able to form alliances with male workers? Carole Turbin explores these and other questions by examining the case of Troy, New York. In the 1860s, Troy produced nearly all the nation's detachable shirt collars and cuffs. The city's collar laundresses were largely Irish immigrants. Their union was officially the nation's first women's labor organization, and one of the best organized. Turbin provides a new perspective on gender and shows that women's family ties are not necessarily a conservative influence but may encourage women's and men's collective action.
Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Working Class in American History)
by Leon FinkFocusing on the operation and influence of the Knights of Labor—the leading labor organization of the nineteenth century—Workingmen's Democracy explores the dreams, achievements, and failures of a movement that sought to renew the democratic potential of American institutions. Runner-up in both the John H. Dunning Prize and Albert J. Beveridge Award competitions
The Workings of Human Rights, Law and Justice: A Journey from Nepal to Nobel Nominee (Routledge Research in Human Rights Law)
by Surya P. Subedi, QCDrawing on the personal experience of a leading international jurist, this book provides insights into the workings of international law and human rights from a global perspective that transcends the traditional divide between the West and the East, and the Global South and Global North. The work follows the author’s remarkable journey from a simple village in Nepal to becoming an international jurist acclaimed for his innovative academic and influential practical legal work and nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize. It offers insights into the powers bearing on international policymaking, the dynamics of human rights negotiations with governments, and the effects of their outcomes on the lives of their citizens. While much has been written on international human rights law, this inspirational memoir casts a new light on the working of human rights, law, and justice through the eyes of a leading actor. It provides a valuable contribution to the study of justice and human rights and the importance of individual action. As such, the book presents an accessible source for current debates around the development and effectiveness of international law and human rights and practices for decolonising these debates. The book will provide inspiration and practical guidance for students, academics, international lawyers, jurists, and human rights advocates.
Workplace Conflict
by Maurizio AtzeniBased on qualitative work in car plants in Argentina, this bookoffers new insights for an understanding of workers' collective struggles in a radical perspective. Criticizing the use of injustice as the basis of mobilization, it argues that workers' collective resistance should be seen as a function of the development of solidarity. "
Workplace Democracy
by Donald V. NightingaleThis book begins with a historical review of how authority in the Canadian workplace has changed over the past century. It proceeds to outline a theory of organization which provides a broad conceptual framework for the empirical analysis which follows. This theory is based on five concepts: the values of organizational members; the administrative structure of the organization; the interpersonal and intergroup processes; the reactions and adjustments of organization members; the social, political, economic, and cultural environments of the organization.A sample of 20 industrial organizations was selected to examine the effects of significant employee participation and to test the theory. They are matched pairs: ten permit some form of participation, and ten--similar in size, location, industry, union/non-union status, and work technology--follow conventional hierarchical design.The resulting data demonstrate that greater productivity results from employee participation in decisions relating to their work, in productivity bonuses, and in profit sharing and employee share-ownership plans.
Workplace Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Management
by Christina Thompson R. Paul Maiden Rich PaulRespond quickly and effectively to workplace traumaFor years, employee assistance programs have been providing critical incidence stress management services to employees who have been involved in, or witness to, workplace fatalities and accidents that are likely to traumatize workers and affect quality of work and increase sick leave and health claims. Workplace Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Management presents successful strategies for rapid response to episodes of workplace violence, natural disasters, and acts of terrorism that have become all-too-common occurrences in the workplace. Workplace Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Management is a must read for professionals in the business of providing crisis response services and for employers responsible for planning and coordinating organizational responses to disasters. This unique book presents first-hand accounts from EAP program managers, Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) professionals, and crisis managers on their trauma response techniques and from health professionals involved in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the Sept. 11 attacks on the World Trade Centers and the Pentagon. Workplace Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Management examines: similar and dissimilar experiences of EAP professionals in responding to large scale traumatic events using military models in trauma response managing trauma in the South African mining industry trauma response techniques in high risk work settings compassion fatigue among professional helpers how various types of industries handle critical incidents EAP responses to natural disasters repetitious violence in the workplace organizational crisis intervention and much moreWorkplace Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Management also includes Bern Beidel’s first-person account as EAP Director for the United States House of Representatives of the response to anthrax contamination in mailrooms and office buildings in the nation’s capital.
Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th-Century Jobs for a 21st-Century Workforce
by Kathleen Christensen Barbara SchneiderAlthough today's family has changed, the workplace has not--and the resulting one-size-fits-all workplace has become profoundly mismatched to the needs of an increasingly diverse and varied workforce. As changes in the composition of the workforce exert new demands on employers, considerable attention is being paid to how workplaces can be structured more flexibly to achieve the goals of employers and employees. Workplace Flexibility brings together sixteen essays authored by leading experts in economics, demography, political science, law, sociology, anthropology, and management. Collectively, they make the case for workplace flexibility, as well as examine existing business practices and public policy regarding flexibility in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Japan. Workplace Flexibility underscores the need to realign the structure of work in time and place with the needs of the changing workforce. Considering the positive and negative consequences for employer and employee alike, the authors argue that, although there is not an easy solution to creating and implementing flexibility practices--in the United States or abroad--redesigning the workplace is essential if today's workers are effectively to meet the demands of life and work and if employers are successfully able to attract and retain top talent and improve performance.
Workplace Justice: Rights and Labour Resistance in Vietnam (Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific)
by Tu Phuong NguyenThis book develops an understanding of workplace justice and labour rights in Vietnam from factory workers’ voices and their resistance against abuse and exploitation. Through interviews with workers and a close analysis of their letters and petitions to the unions and state authorities, Nguyen illuminates how workers’ resistance is enabled and stifled by the legal and political systems that are supposed to protect their rights and benefits. Their calls for justice reflect socialist ideology and widely held norms within society, as well as ideals and values embedded in labour law. The book demonstrates how state law brings about social change through shaping workers’ expectations and increasing consciousness of rights and justice. This book will be of interest to scholars of law, politics and society, and scholars, students and practitioners interested in labour rights in developing countries.
The Workplace of the Future: The Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Precariat and the Death of Hierarchies (Routledge Studies in the Economics of Innovation)
by Jon-Arild JohannessenThe Fourth Industrial Revolution is a global development that shows no signs of slowing down. In his book, The Workplace of the Future: The Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Precariat and the Death of Hierarchies, Jon-Arild Johannessen sets a chilling vision of how robots and artificial intelligence will completely disrupt and transform working life. The author contests that once the dust has settled from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, workplaces and professions will be unrecognizable and we will see the rise of a new social class: the precariat. We will live side by side with the 'working poor' – people who have several jobs, but still can’t make ends meet. There will be a small salaried elite consisting of innovation and knowledge workers. Slightly further into the future, there will be a major transformation in professional environments. Johannessen also presents a typology for the precariat, the uncertain work that is created and develops a framework for the working poor, as well as for future innovation and knowledge workers, and sets out a new structure for the social hierarchy. A fascinating and thought-provoking insight into the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, The Workplace of the Future will be of interest to professionals and academics alike. The book is particularly suited to academic courses in management, economy, political science and social sciences.
Workplace Safety: Individual Differences in Behavior
by Alice F Stuhlmacher Douglas F CellarDo all you can to minimize dangerous behaviors to benefit communities, employees, and organizations!Safety is a “real world” problem that community psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists, industrial hygenists, human resources professionals, and corporate insurance groups must deal with on a day-to-day basis. In Workplace Safety: Individual Differences in Behavior you will examine safety behavior and discover practical interventions to help increase the safety awareness of the people in your life. This book takes a look at ways of defining and measuring safety as well as a variety of individual differences like gender, job knowledge, conscientiousness, self-efficacy, risk avoidance, and stress tolerance that are important in creating safety interventions and improving the selection and training of employees.Workplace safety is of prime importance in today's increasingly litigious society. It has been estimated that each year in the United States, there are 100,000 work-related accident or disease fatalities, 400,000 workers who become disabled, and 6 million workplace injuries. Of equal importance are driver safety and safety hazards in public spaces such as malls and individual stores. Workplace Safety: Individual Differences in Behavior examines: the importance of measurement in understanding worker abilities and defining safety behaviors the often-neglected issue of gender differences in safety definitions and research the relationship between personality variables, job, knowledge, and accident involvement the five-factor personality model for predicting safety behavior a model of safety consciousness types of safety hazards in public spaces monetary costs of accidents in malls and stores a practitioner's perspective on individual differences in safety behaviorWorkplace Safety: Individual Differences in Behavior takes an incisive look at these issues with a unique focus on the way individual differences in people impact safety behavior in the real world.
The Works: Anatomy Of A City
by Kate Ascher Wendy Marech Alexander Isley IncA fascinating guided tour of the ways things work in a modern city Have you ever wondered how the water in your faucet gets there? Where your garbage goes? What the pipes under city streets do? How bananas from Ecuador get to your local market? Why radiators in apartment buildings clang? Using New York City as its point of reference, The Works takes readers down manholes and behind the scenes to explain exactly how an urban infrastructure operates. Deftly weaving text and graphics, author Kate Ascher explores the systems that manage water, traffic, sewage and garbage, subways, electricity, mail, and much more. Full of fascinating facts and anecdotes, The Works gives readers a unique glimpse at what lies behind and beneath urban life in the twenty-first century.
The Workshop of Democracy, 1863–1932 (The American Experiment #2)
by James MacGregor BurnsThe second volume of Burns&’s acclaimed history of America, from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the Great Depression Abraham Lincoln&’s Gettysburg Address pointed to a new way to preserve an old hope—that democracy might prove a vibrant and lasting form of government for people of different races, religions, and aspirations. The scars of the Civil War would not soon heal, but with that one short speech, the president held out the possibility that such a nation might not simply survive, but flourish. The Workshop of Democracy explores more than a half-century of dramatic growth and transformation of the American landscape, through the addition of dozens of new states, the shattering tragedy of the First World War, the explosion of industry, and, in the end, the emergence of the United States as an new global power.
The World: A Brief Introduction
by Richard HaassThe New York Times bestseller&“A clear and concise account of the history, diplomacy, economics, and societal forces that have molded the modern global system.&” —Foreign AffairsAn invaluable primer from Richard Haass, president of the Council on Foreign Relations, that will help anyone, expert and non-expert alike, navigate a time in which many of our biggest challenges come from the world beyond our borders.Like it or not, we live in a global era, in which what happens thousands of miles away has the ability to affect our lives. This time, it is a Coronavirus known as Covid-19, which originated in a Chinese city many had never heard of but has spread to the corners of the earth. Next time it could well be another infectious disease from somewhere else. Twenty years ago it was a group of terrorists trained in Afghanistan and armed with box-cutters who commandeered four airplanes and flew them into buildings (and in one case a field) and claimed nearly three thousand lives. Next time it could be terrorists who use a truck bomb or gain access to a weapon of mass destruction. In 2016 hackers in a nondescript office building in Russia traveled virtually in cyberspace to manipulate America's elections. Now they have burrowed into our political life. In recent years, severe hurricanes and large fires linked to climate change have ravaged parts of the earth; in the future we can anticipate even more serious natural disasters. In 2008, it was a global financial crisis caused by mortgage-backed securities in America, but one day it could well be a financial contagion originating in Europe, Asia, or Africa. This is the new normal of the 21st century.The World is designed to provide readers of any age and experience with the essential background and building blocks they need to make sense of this complicated and interconnected world. It will empower them to manage the flood of daily news. Readers will become more informed, discerning citizens, better able to arrive at sound, independent judgments. While it is impossible to predict what the next crisis will be or where it will originate, those who read The World will have what they need to understand its basics and the principal choices for how to respond.In short, this book will make readers more globally literate and put them in a position to make sense of this era. Global literacy--knowing how the world works—is a must, as what goes on outside a country matters enormously to what happens inside. Although the United States is bordered by two oceans, those oceans are not moats. And the so-called Vegas rule—what happens there stays there—does not apply in today's world to anyone anywhere. U.S. foreign policy is uniquely American, but the world Americans seek to shape is not. Globalization can be both good and bad, but it is not something that individuals or countries can opt out of. Even if we want to ignore the world, it will not ignore us. The choice we face is how to respond.We are connected to this world in all sorts of ways. We need to better understand it, both its promise and its threats, in order to make informed choices, be it as students, citizens, voters, parents, employees, or investors. To help readers do just that, The World focuses on essential history, what makes each region of the world tick, the many challenges globalization presents, and the most influential countries, events, and ideas. Explaining complex ideas with wisdom and clarity, Richard Haass's The World is an evergreen book that will remain relevant and useful as history continues to unfold.
The World According to China
by Elizabeth C. EconomyAn economic and military superpower with 20 percent of the world’s population, China has the wherewithal to transform the international system. Xi Jinping’s bold calls for China to “lead in the reform of the global governance system” suggest that he has just such an ambition. But how does he plan to realize it? And what does it mean for the rest of the world? In this compelling book, Elizabeth Economy reveals China’s ambitious new strategy to reclaim the country’s past glory and reshape the geostrategic landscape in dramatic new ways. Xi’s vision is one of Chinese centrality on the global stage, in which the mainland has realized its sovereignty claims over Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the South China Sea, deepened its global political, economic, and security reach through its grand-scale Belt and Road Initiative, and used its leadership in the United Nations and other institutions to align international norms and values, particularly around human rights, with those of China. It is a world radically different from that of today. The international community needs to understand and respond to the great risks, as well as the potential opportunities, of a world rebuilt by China.
The World According to Clarkson: The World According to Clarkson Volume 1 (The World According to Clarkson #1)
by Jeremy ClarksonJeremy Clarkson, shares his opinions on just about everything in The World According to Clarkson. Jeremy Clarkson has seen rather more of the world than most. He has, as they say, been around a bit. And as a result, he's got one or two things to tell us about how it all works - and being Jeremy Clarkson he's not about to voice them quietly, humbly and without great dollops of humour. In The World According to Clarkson, he reveals why it is that:• Too much science is bad for our health• '70s rock music is nothing to be ashamed of• Hunting foxes while drunk and wearing night-sights is neither big nor clever• We must work harder to get rid of cricket• He liked the Germans (well, sometimes)With a strong dose of common sense that is rarely, if ever, found inside the M25, Clarkson hilariously attacks the pompous, the ridiculous, the absurd and the downright idiotic, whilst also celebrating the eccentric, the clever and the sheer bloody brilliant. Less a manifesto for living and more a road map to modern life, The World According to Clarkson is the funniest book you'll read this year. Don't leave home without it.The World According to Clarkson is a hilarious collection of Jeremy's Sunday Times columns and the first in his The World According to Clarkson series which also includes And Another Thing . . . , For Crying Out Loud! and How Hard Can It Be?Praise for Jeremy Clarkson:'Brilliant . . . laugh-out-loud' Daily Telegraph'Outrageously funny . . . will have you in stitches' Time OutNumber-one bestseller and presenter of the hugely popular Top Gear, Jeremy Clarkson writes on cars, current affairs and anything else that annoys him in his sharp and funny collections. Born To Be Riled, Clarkson On Cars, Don't Stop Me Now, Driven To Distraction, Round the Bend, Motorworld, and I Know You Got Soul are also available as Penguin paperbacks; the Penguin App iClarkson: The Book of Carscan be downloaded on the App Store.
The World According to Gore: The Incredible Vision of the Man Who Should Be President
by Bill KatovskyFrom election "loser," to bearded recluse, to dynamic Oscar, Emmy, and Nobel Prize winner: Al Gore has come a long way since 2000, and he has chronicled his up-and-down post-Washington journey in books, editorials, speeches, and interviews. In The World According to Gore, Bill Katovsky collects the best of the former vice president's writings and sayings, and gives us a picture of the new Al Gore that is more revealing and up-to-date than any other. Gore speaks out-on the environment, that election, the Bush presidency, and the next election. The World According to Gore shows that Gore is still our foremost prophet on the climate crisis, technology, and the war on terror, and more, and that he will have a major impact the 2008 presidential election-whether he decides to run or not.
The World After COVID: The Munk Dialogues on a Pandemic (The Munk Debates)
by Rudyard GriffithsFrom the world-renowned Munk Debates comes a collection of dialogues by leading intellectuals envisioning our post-pandemic future. During this time of social distancing, the acclaimed Munk Debates series have been reimagined into a series of dialogues by leading intellectuals who examine the geopolitical, economic, technological, and historical angles of this unprecedented new era. How will the world look after COVID-19? What is the future for the international economy and institutions? Will the global balance of power shift? Can technology save us? These are the questions that have occupied the best minds since the beginning of the pandemic. In a series of one-on-one conversations with moderator Rudyard Griffiths, renowned author Malcolm Gladwell, journalist Fareed Zakaria, and New York Times columnist David Brooks, along with six other thinkers, dissect what brought us here and what comes next.
A World after Liberalism: Philosophers of the Radical Right
by Matthew RoseA bracing account of liberalism&’s most radical critics, introducing one of the most controversial movements of the twentieth century In this eye-opening book, Matthew Rose introduces us to one of the most controversial intellectual movements of the twentieth century, the &“radical right,&” and discusses its adherents&’ different attempts to imagine political societies after the death or decline of liberalism. Questioning democracy&’s most basic norms and practices, these critics rejected ideas about human equality, minority rights, religious toleration, and cultural pluralism not out of implicit biases, but out of explicit principle. They disagree profoundly on race, religion, economics, and political strategy, but they all agree that a postliberal political life will soon be possible. Focusing on the work of Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, Francis Parker Yockey, Alain de Benoist, and Samuel Francis, Rose shows how such thinkers are animated by religious aspirations and anxieties that are ultimately in tension with Christian teachings and the secular values those teachings birthed in modernity.
The World After the War: America Confronts the British Superpower, 1945–1957
by Derek LeebaertOne of the great myths of the twentieth century is that after the Second World War Britain simply relinquished its power and America quickly embraced its worldwide political and military commitments. Instead the two allies improvised an uneasy, shifting partnership for twelve long years while most of western Europe lay in turmoil and Russia grew more aggressive. But in 1957 Washington issued a &‘declaration of independence&’ from British authority. It was then that everything changed, and America assumed leadership of the new world order just taking shape. Derek Leebaert spins a riveting global narrative of Britain as the original superpower and shows why the Americans kept believing it to be indispensable. It&’s the story of secret ties, diplomatic quarrels and military interventions that casts political giants Churchill, Truman, Eisenhower and Johnson in a new light. In a volatile world of decolonisation, a uniting Europe and the Suez Crisis, shrewd men in London were leveraging the empire&’s long-established resources and influence to maintain their grip on power. The enduring notion of a special relationship, rising tensions with Russia and China, and the sources of much of the world&’s turmoil can&’t be understood without knowing what really occurred.
World Agricultural Trade
by Andrew SchmitzBetween 1961 and 1983, Turkish agriculture was subject to negative protection as a result of indirect measures, such as macroeconomic policies and industrial protection. Until the early 1980s, Turkey maintained an overvalued exchange rate, which served as an implicit tax on Turkish farmers. This policy was changed in 1982 when Turkey allowed its