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Urban Architecture and Local Spaces in Pakistan (Architecture and Urbanism in the Global South)
by Suneela AhmedThis book is set in Karachi, Pakistan and investigates the possibility of achieving localness through identifying urban process and their impact on built form, addressing how locals associate with the urban spaces and how they value it. Thus, the investigation, using the local terminology maqamiat, goes beyond the physicality of space and develops a framework that helps to understand the social, ethnic, economic, ecological and other the non-physical aspects of space, which are of value to the locals. The aim is to investigate the possibility of achieving localness through identifying urban design elements that can be incorporated into the process of designing new built forms that acknowledges what is valued by the locals instead of superimposing imported designs, negating the contextual realties, both physical and social. For this purpose, the book includes three case studies from Karachi. The book questions the aspiration of many cities in the South Asian context to imitate the built forms of Western cities (increasingly, Singapore and Shanghai) which are viewed as modern and represents future. The book will make a theoretical contribution to the existing literature on postcolonial urbanism and explore space from a local vantage point for understanding how to look inwards for aspiration.
Urban Artificial Intelligence: A Guidebook for Understanding Concepts and Technologies
by Tan YigitcanlarTan Yigitcanlar offers a comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence’s (AI) role in shaping modern cities. This volume delves into how AI‑driven analytics and big data provide city planners with deeper insights, enabling more informed decision‑making. These insights lead to more efficient resource use, improved public services, and better infrastructure management.In the digital age, AI is revolutionising various sectors, fundamentally altering our approach to problem‑solving and innovation. AI’s transformative power spans industries from healthcare to finance, and now, it is poised to redefine urban planning and development. Urban areas, as the epicentres of human activity and progress, face myriad challenges such as population growth, resource management, environmental sustainability, and infrastructure development. Traditional methods often fall short in addressing these complexities, making the integration of AI an essential frontier. Comprising seven extensive and insightful chapters, this volume bridges the gap between the theoretical potential and practical implementation of AI in urban contexts. It covers foundational concepts of urban AI, examines its applications across different domains, and explores how AI can improve urban life through smarter home technologies and personalised public services.This first volume is complemented by Urban Artificial Intelligence: A Guidebook for Understanding Perceptions and Ethics, which delves into the ethical and perceptual dimensions of AI in urban settings. Together, these volumes provide a holistic view of urban artificial intelligence, offering essential insights for urban planners, policymakers, researchers, and anyone interested in the intersection of AI and urban development.
Urban Artificial Intelligence: A Guidebook for Understanding Perceptions and Ethics
by Tan YigitcanlarThis volume thoroughly explores the perceptions and ethical considerations surrounding urban artificial intelligence (AI). Tan Yigitcanlar delves into the complex public and professional views on AI, offering invaluable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and developers.As the world rapidly advances technologically, the role of AI has become increasingly significant. AI’s transformative power spans various sectors, revolutionising how we operate and innovate in fields such as healthcare, finance, agriculture, and space exploration. Despite its wide‑reaching impact, the integration of AI into urban planning and development remains relatively underexplored. This is surprising given AI’s immense potential to revolutionise urban design, management, and experience. Comprising eight comprehensive and insightful chapters, this book examines AI’s role in urban contexts, including its applications, public perceptions, and ethical implications. The first part of the guidebook delves into varied perceptions of AI within different urban sectors, presenting detailed perception analyses on AI’s role in urban planning, local government services, disaster management, and the construction industry. The second part shifts focus to the ethical implications and responsible implementation of AI in urban settings. It provides frameworks and strategies to ensure AI technologies contribute positively to urban development while mitigating potential risks and ethical concerns.This volume, alongside its companion Urban Artificial Intelligence: A Guidebook for Understanding Concepts and Technologies, offers a holistic view of Urban Artificial Intelligence. Together, these books provide essential insights for urban planners, policymakers, researchers, and anyone interested in AI and urban development, guiding responsible AI integration to foster smarter, more sustainable, and equitable urban environments.
Urban Battle Fields of South Asia: Lessons Learned from Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan
by C. Christine FairMilitary operations in urban areas are among the most complex challenges confronting the U.S. Army. Compared to a number of other nations, the Army has relatively less experience operating in this environment. To that end, this monograph analyzes sustained campaigns of urban terrorism in Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan, identifying key innovations of the militant organizations. It also details the three states' responses to the threats, noting successful as well as unsuccessful efforts.
Urban Bikeway Design Guide
by National Association of City Transportation OfficialsThe NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition, is based on the experience of the best cycling cities in the world. Completely re-designed with an accessible, four-color layout, this second edition continues to build upon the fast-changing state of the practice at the local level. The designs in this book were developed by cities for cities, since unique urban streets require innovative solutions. To create the Guide, the authors conducted an extensive worldwide literature search from design guidelines and real-life experience. They worked closely with a panel of urban bikeway planning professionals from NACTO member cities and from numerous other cities worldwide, as well as traffic engineers, planners, and academics with deep experience in urban bikeway applications. The Guide offers substantive guidance for cities seeking to improve bicycle transportation in places where competing demands for the use of the right-of-way present unique challenges. First and foremost, the NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition will help practitioners make good decisions about urban bikeway design. The treatments outlined in this updated Guide are based on real-life experience in the world's most bicycle friendly cities and have been selected because of their utility in helping cities meet their goals related to bicycle transportation. Praised by Former Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood as an "extraordinary piece of work," the Guide is an indispensable tool every planner must have for their daily transportation design work.
Urban Biodiversity and Ecological Design for Sustainable Cities
by Keitaro ItoThis book highlights various designs for urban green spaces and their functions. It provides an interesting meeting point between Asian, European and North America specialists (researchers, planners, landscape architects) studying urban biodiversity; urban biodiversity and green space; relations between people and biodiversity. The most important feature of this book is the unique point of view from each contributor towards “the relationship between nature and people in urban areas”, in the context of the ecosystem and biodiversity in urban areas and how to manage them. All chapters explore and consider the relationship between humans and nature in cities, a subject which is taking on increasing importance as new cities are conceptualized and planned. These discussion and examples would be useful for urban ecology researchers, biologists, city planners, government staff working in city planning, architects, landscape architects, and university instructors. This book can also be used as a textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate city planning, architecture or landscape architecture courses.
Urban Blue Spaces: Planning and Design for Water, Health and Well-Being
by Simon Bell Lora E. Fleming Friedrich Kuhlmann Mathew P. White Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen James GrellierThis book presents an evidence-based approach to landscape planning and design for urban blue spaces that maximises the benefits to human health and well-being while minimising the risks. Based on applied research and evidence from primary and secondary data sources stemming from the EU-funded BlueHealth project, the book presents nature-based solutions to promote sustainable and resilient cities. Numerous cities around the world are located alongside bodies of water in the form of coastlines, lakes, rivers and canals, but the relationship between city inhabitants and these water sources has often been ambivalent. In many cities, water has been polluted, engineered or ignored completely. But, due to an increasing awareness of the strong connections between city, people, nature and water and health, this paradigm is shifting. The international editorial team, consisting of researchers and professionals across several disciplines, leads the reader through theoretical aspects, evidence, illustrated case studies, risk assessment and a series of validated tools to aid planning and design before finishing with overarching planning and design principles for a range of blue-space types. Over 200 full-colour illustrations accompany the case-study examples from geographic locations all over the world, including Portugal, the United Kingdom, China, Canada, the US, South Korea, Singapore, Norway and Estonia. With green and blue infrastructure now at the forefront of current policies and trends to promote healthy, sustainable cities, Urban Blue Spaces is a must-have for professionals and students in landscape planning, urban design and environmental design. Open Access for the book was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 666773
Urban Captivity Narratives: Women’s Writing After 9/11 (Routledge Studies in Contemporary Literature)
by Heather HillsburgEvolving from a rigorous study of post-9/11 women's writing, Dr. Heather Hillsburg's new monograph identifies an emerging genre, which she names Urban Captivity Narratives. Using examples ranging from memoir to young adult fiction, each of the texts examined in the study follows a female protagonist who has survived abduction, been held captive for months or even years, and subjected to sexual, emotional, and physical abuse by their captor. Hillsburg contextualizes these narratives, and takes into consideration our current political atmosphere, the role of patriarchy, and various social anxieties that come into play when discussing the kind of oppression seen in these narratives.
Urban Change in the Iberian Peninsula: A 2000–2030 Perspective (The Urban Book Series)
by Rubén C. Lois-González Jose A. Rio FernandesThe book addresses the situation of the urban world in Spain and Portugal in the first quarter of the 21st century. Cities and metropolitan areas have become the key to understanding the organization of the territory and the economic system in the Iberian Peninsula. Iberian cities drive financial-based business, and they constitute the main centers of commerce and tourism, since urban and economic organization are presented as two directly related variables. This reality is defined by the primacy of three main cities (Madrid, Barcelona, and Lisbon), followed by six metropolitan areas with around one or two million inhabitants (Porto, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Valencia, Seville, and Malaga). As in the large capitals, problems of income inequality and access to housing, mobility, and government also affect the remaining regional urban systems. This book examines these urban areas through six major themes, which are developed in more than 25 chapters. The themes are urbanization, inequality, finance and housing markets, consumers and new residents, mobility, and governance. Contributions from leading geographers and urban planners from the most important universities of the Iberian Peninsula comprise this overview of metropolitan areas of Spain and Portugal.
Urban China's Rural Fringe: Actors, Dimensions and Management Challenges
by Giulio Verdini Yiwen Wang Xiaonan ZhangGiulio Verdini, PhD in Economics, Urban and Regional Development, from the University of Ferrara, is Associate Professor in Urban Planning and Design and Co-Director of the Research Institute of Urbanisation at Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, People's Republic of China. Dr. Yiwen Wang, PhD in Architecture from the University of Nottingham, is Lecturer in Urban Planning and Design at Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, People's Republic of China. Dr. Xiaonan Zhang, PhD in Urban Geography at University of Salford, UK, is the former Head of the Department of Urban Planning and Design at Xian Jiaotong- Liverpool University, People's Republic of China.
Urban Christianity And Global Order: Theological Resources For An Urban Future
by Andrew DaveyThis is the first book to bring together current urban theory and theology in a form that may be used as a text book for Urban Theology courses, as well as being accessible to the general reader. It explores how globalization is affecting communities worldwide, and seeks for a new pattern of local and global Christian mission.
Urban Citizenship and American Democracy
by Amy Bridges; Michael Javen FortnerAfter decades of being defined by crisis and limitations, cities are popular again—as destinations for people and businesses, and as subjects of scholarly study. Urban Citizenship and American Democracy contributes to this new scholarship by exploring the origins and dynamics of urban citizenship in the United States. Written by both urban and nonurban scholars using a variety of methodological approaches, the book examines urban citizenship within particular historical, social, and policy contexts, including issues of political participation, public school engagement, and crime policy development. Contributors focus on enduring questions about urban political power, local government, and civic engagement to offer fresh theoretical and empirical accounts of city politics and policy, federalism, and American democracy.
Urban Climate Change Adaptation: A Nature-Based Approach (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)
by Joni Jupesta Giuseppe T. Cirella Gloria Pignatta Baojie He"Urban Climate Change Adaptation" is a timely and informative book that delves into the complex challenges posed by climate change and explores the pathways to achieving environmental sustainability. The book begins by examining the scientific consensus on climate change, detailing the causes and consequences of rising global temperatures, changing weather patterns, and the resulting impacts on ecosystems and human societies. Readers are further introduced to a range of innovative and nature-based solutions that promote environmental sustainability. These solutions encompass a diverse array of approaches, including renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, conservation of biodiversity, and the restoration of ecosystems. The book serves as an indispensable resource for anyone seeking a comprehensive understanding of complex issues on climate change and the pursuit of environmental sustainability. It also offers practical solutions for individuals, communities, and policymakers.
Urban Climate Law: An Earth Institute Sustainability Primer (Columbia University Earth Institute Sustainability Primers)
by Michael Burger Amy E. TurnerCities have taken a leading role in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As federal and state climate policy waxes and wanes, many of the largest U.S. cities have pledged themselves to ambitious sustainability goals, as have smaller communities across the country. City-level policy makers, facing a range of political constraints, a thicket of federal and state laws, and varying degrees of municipal authority, need to figure out how to meet their climate commitments.Urban Climate Law is a practical, user-friendly primer on the legal challenges and opportunities for effective and equitable decarbonization. Michael Burger and Amy E. Turner—leading experts in local climate law and policy—examine the key issues surrounding climate mitigation policies across the buildings, transportation, waste, and energy sectors, with an emphasis on environmental justice. They explore the legal frameworks and factors that can constrain or enable various approaches at the municipal level. Burger and Turner clearly and accessibly present complex legal topics like preemption, federal statutes such as the Clean Air Act, and constitutional law for readers without legal backgrounds, including students, advocates, officials, and other practitioners. Aimed at a nonspecialist audience, this book provides concise and comprehensible answers to the core questions cities confront when seeking to develop legally sound local climate policy.
Urban Climate Mitigation Techniques
by Mat Santamouris Denia KolokotsaThe urban climate is continuously deteriorating. Urban heat lowers the quality of urban life, increases energy needs, and affects the urban socio-economy. Urban Climate Mitigation Techniques presents steps that can be taken to mitigate this situation through a series of innovative technologies and examples of best practices for the improvement of the urban climate. Including tools for evaluation and a comparative analysis, this book addresses anthropogenic heat, green areas, cool materials and pavements, outdoor shading structures, evaporative cooling and earth cooling. Case studies demonstrate the success and applicability of these measures in various cities throughout the world. Useful for urban designers, architects and planners, Urban Climate Mitigation Techniques is a step by step tour of the innovative technologies improving our urban climate, providing a holistic approach supported by well-established quantitative examples.
Urban Climates
by Gerald Mills Andreas Christen James A. Voogt Timothy R. OkeUrban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.
Urban Commons, Future Smart Cities and Sustainability (Springer Geography)
by Uday Chatterjee Nairwita Bandyopadhyay Martiwi Diah Setiawati Soma SarkarThis book provides a critical theoretical framework for understanding the implementation and development of smart cities as innovation drivers, with long-term effects on productivity, livability, and the sustainability of specific initiatives. This framework is based on an empirical analysis of 21 case studies, which include pioneer projects from various regions. It investigates how successful smart city initiatives foster technological innovation by combining regulatory governance and private agency. The typologies of smart city-making approaches are thoroughly examined. This book presents the holistic approach of smart cities, which start from current issue and challenges, advanced technological development, disaster mitigation, ecological perspective, social issue, and urban governance. The book is organized into five major parts, which reflect interconnection between theories and practice. Part one explains the introduction which reflects the diversity and challenges of the urban commons and its regeneration. Part two covers the current and future situation of urban growth, anglomeration agglomeration, and urban infrastructure. This section includes rethinking urban sprawl: moving towards sustainable cities, drivers of urban growth and infrastructure, urban land use dynamics and urban sprawl and urban infrastructure sustainability and resilience. Part three describes climate crisis, urban health, and waste management. This section includes climate change and health impacts in urban areas, green spaces: an invaluable resource for delivering sustainable urban health, health and wellbeing and quality of life in the changing urban environment, urban climate and pollution—case study, sustainable urban waste management and urban sustainability and global warming and urban heat Island. Part four covers the ecological perspectives, advanced technology, and social impact for i.e., smart building, ecosystem services, society and future smart cities (SSC). This section includes urban ecosystem services, environmental planning, and city management, artificial intelligence and urban hazards and societal impact, and using geospatial application and urban/smart city energy conservation—case study. Part five covers urban governance, smart solutions, and sustainable cities. It includes good governance, especially e-governance and citizen participation, urban governance, space and policy planning to achieve sustainability, smart city planning and management and Internet of things (IoT), advances in smart roads for future smart cities, sustainable city planning, innovation, and management, future strategy for sustainable smart cities and lessons from the pandemic: the future of smart cities.
Urban Complexity and Planning: Theories and Computer Simulations
by Shih-Kung Lai Haoying HanIn recent years, there has been a new understanding of how cities evolve and function, which reflects the emergent paradigm of complexity. The crux of this view is that cities are created by differentiated actors involved in individual, small-scale projects interacting in a complex way in the urban development process. This 'bottom up' approach to urban modeling not only transforms our understanding of cities, but also improves our capabilities of harnessing the urban development process. For example, we used to think that plans control urban development in an aggregate, holistic way, but what actually happens is that plans only affect differentiated actors in seeking their goals through information. In other words, plans and regulations set restrictions or incentives of individual behaviour in the urban development process through imposing rights, information, and prices, and the analysis of the effects of plans and regulations must take into account the complex urban dynamics at a disaggregate level of the urban development process. Computer simulations provide a rigorous, promising analytic tool that serves as a supplement to the traditional, mathematical approach to depicting complex urban dynamics. Based on the emergent paradigm of complexity, the book provides an innovative set of arguments about how we can gain a better understanding of how cities emerge and function through computer simulations, and how plans affect the evolution of complex urban systems in a way distinct from what we used to think they should. Empirical case studies focus on the development of a compact urban hierarchy in Taiwan, China, and the USA, but derive more generalizable principles and relationships among cities, complexity, and planning.
Urban Computing (Information Systems)
by Yu ZhengAn authoritative treatment of urban computing, offering an overview of the field, fundamental techniques, advanced models, and novel applications.Urban computing brings powerful computational techniques to bear on such urban challenges as pollution, energy consumption, and traffic congestion. Using today's large-scale computing infrastructure and data gathered from sensing technologies, urban computing combines computer science with urban planning, transportation, environmental science, sociology, and other areas of urban studies, tackling specific problems with concrete methodologies in a data-centric computing framework. This authoritative treatment of urban computing offers an overview of the field, fundamental techniques, advanced models, and novel applications.Each chapter acts as a tutorial that introduces readers to an important aspect of urban computing, with references to relevant research. The book outlines key concepts, sources of data, and typical applications; describes four paradigms of urban sensing in sensor-centric and human-centric categories; introduces data management for spatial and spatio-temporal data, from basic indexing and retrieval algorithms to cloud computing platforms; and covers beginning and advanced topics in mining knowledge from urban big data, beginning with fundamental data mining algorithms and progressing to advanced machine learning techniques. Urban Computing provides students, researchers, and application developers with an essential handbook to an evolving interdisciplinary field.
Urban Connections in the Contemporary Pedestrian Landscape
by Philip PregillUrban Connections in the Contemporary Pedestrian Landscape explores the significant physical and cultural changes in our urban areas following the implementation of design strategies and increased pedestrian activity. Beginning with a history of the urban grid, the book then discusses experiential factors of pedestrianized urban landscapes in three scales, arterials, collectors and locals, with an emphasis on inductive and deductive design alternatives. It closely examines elements derived from current urban pedestrian experiences including form, scale, surfaces and identity and provides alternative design solutions for the future. Uniquely focusing on a hierarchical discussion of the quality of contemporary landscape design applications within the urban grid, and with illustrated examples throughout the text, this will be useful recommended reading for academics, researchers and postgraduate students on urban landscape and design courses.
Urban Crime Prevention: Multi-disciplinary Approaches (The Urban Book Series)
by Miguel SaraivaThis book provides an original cross-thematic and wide scope review of crime prevention processes in urban areas that are explicitly based on the cooperation between different scientific and professional fields. Focusing primarily on environmental and community-based crime prevention, this book compiles a peer-reviewed collection of papers and prospective essays that explore how, and to what extent, multi-disciplinarity can be used as a cornerstone for achieving safer cities.Relying on the input from specialists, researchers, decision-makers, and practitioners from around the world, it covers the various stages from theory to implementation, by discussing theoretical stances, interpreting policy and planning guidelines, uncovering unique educational experiences, and narrating insights and lessons learned from innovative research and practice. Hence, it provides vivid discussions and invaluable insights into processes of partnership building, planning, and management, oriented towards establishing successful mechanism for preventing crime and reducing feelings of insecurity in urban areas.
Urban Daily Labour Markets in Gujarat, Western India
by Dhananjay Kumar Kanchan Bharati LANCY LOBOThis volume explores one of the most complex labour landscapes of India - the urban daily labour market. These markets form an important sector of the urban informal labour market and contribute significantly to the Indian economy. This book presents an empirical, comparative picture of daily labour markets, in Gujarat, Western India. These markets consist mostly of intra-state and interstate migrant workers who suffer from layered multiple marginalities based on markers of informality, migrant status, caste, ethnicity, gender and poor agency and often live in the peripheries of the cities without any rights and entitlements to their spaces and services. This study, based on an extensive survey of three cities in Gujarat, contains descriptions and analyses of the places of migration and their causes as well as the working and living conditions of the workers along with their spending patterns on food, health, education and leisure. It mirrors the work, life and issues of these workers on the regional level while contributing to a better understanding for future policy interventions. An in-depth study, the book will be of interest to students and researchers of labour economics, labour studies, urban planning, social work, sociology, anthropology, and demography. It will also be useful to NGOs/trade unions working with migrant workers, civil servants in Labour department and other related departments, city planners and policy makers.
Urban Density Contextualized: Design Strategies for Building Density in Cities
by Emily Talen Sungduck LeeUrban Density Contextualized provides planners with the tools to understand, assess, and implement urban density successfully.It systematically explores the social context of urban density, and how it plays a role in urban design and planning strategies. Cities and places have unique cultures and identities, and a wide range of considerations need to be considered in the attempt to insert more density. This book acknowledges this relationship—between urban density and social and physical context—and investigates the ways in which density can use this context to enhance livability and promote a more sustainable world. Chapters include the following topics: density and housing, accessibility, affordability, zoning, typology, and history, as well as case studies of design strategy from across the U.S.It is essential for urban planners, architects, landscape architects, and others working in design and planning fields.
Urban Design Made by Humans: A Handbook of Design Ideas
by Anirban Adhya Philip D. PlowrightThe design of urban environments is complex and involves diverse needs, organisations, professions, authorities, and communities. It requires relationships to be constructed and sustained between infrastructure, resources, and populations across multiple scales. This can be quite daunting. However, at the core of urban design is a simple idea—our urban spaces are designed to allow people and communities to thrive. For that reason, a good starting point for urban designers is to focus on the way people think when engaging our built environment. This thinking is embodied, developed through the interactions between our mind, body, and the environment around us. These embodied concepts are central to how we see the world, how we move and gather, and how we interact with others. They are also the same ideas we use to design our environments and cities. Urban Design Made by Humans is a reference book that presents 56 concepts, notions, ideas, and agreements fundamental to the design and interpretation of our human settlements. The ideas here parallel those found in Making Architecture Through Being Human but extends them into urban environments. Urban Design Made by Humans distinctly highlights priorities in urban design in how we produce meaningful environments catering to wider groups of people. Each idea is isolated for clarity with short and concise definitions, examples, and illustrations. They are organised in five sections of increasing complexity. Taken as a whole, the entries frame the priorities and values of urban design while also being instances of a larger system of human thinking.
Urban Design Management: A Guide to Good Practice
by Antti Ahlava Harry EdelmanThis is an introduction to the secrets of Urban Design Management (UDM). The book examines the roles of the players involved in land-use projects and describes good collaborative methods of practice in project-based urban design and planning, putting emphasis on the creative co-operative skills and the wide knowledge of the participants in a working group. The role of the architect is examined in relation to design, planning and project management with particular emphasis on collaboration and negotiation skills. Specific issues considered include: The make-up of a good project team Ways to make the project team function together Objectives and benefits of project-orientated planning The need to take local characteristics into account in project-orientated planning The preparation required for a co-operative planning process and how initial information can be collected and used How to define project content, and outlining the project itself Partner-specific strategies Urban Design Management contains international examples and many diagrams and photographs, making it a useful and accessible guide for all built environment professionals working in the public realm and those studying architecture, urban design and planning at a graduate level.