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Tightwads and Spendthrifts: Navigating the Money Minefield in Real Relationships
by Scott RickA revolutionary guide to navigating the financial aspects of real relationshipsHave you ever asked yourself “What if I’m a tightwad and my significant other is a spendthrift?” or vice versa? Scott Rick, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, knows that many people do. He also knows that the financial aspects of an intimate relationship can become a money minefield if couples try to navigate it without first discussing all of the financial issues between them, especially if those two people have different approaches to spending.Tightwads and Spendthrifts is a science-based guide to understanding and transforming how we manage money, both on our own and in relationships. Building on his original research, and surveying a vast body of interdisciplinary work, Tightwads and Spendthrifts will help you understand your own financial psychology and how it plays out in your relationships. Can tightwads and spendthrifts live together in harmony? Rick says “yes,” but not without first asking hard questions about whose opinion should count most when making a financial decision. After all of the issues have been aired, he tells readers how to create a game plan for navigating financial decision making that both Tightwads and Spendthrifts can rely on for a happy life together.
Tilt: Teaching Individuals To Live Together
by Kalman J. KaplanAn alternative to existing bipolar choices, this book looks at individuals and their distances from the self (individuation-deindividuation) and from others (attachment-detachment). Simultaneously theoretical, empirical, and applied, this book can be reasonably applied to all types of individuals involved in interpersonal situations regardless of culture, age, gender, or sexual orientations. Broken into four parts, In the first part, Definitions and Measurements, the author includes an introduction to the Individuation-Attachment Questionnaire.Implications of TILT for Individuals is the basis for part two and includes a view of TILT across the life span. The next section extends the analysis to TILT for Couples and Families. The clinician, counselors, and individuals attempting to help himself/herself are addressed in the final part: TILT for the Clinician and includes application of TILT to everyday life.The text brings to life, through extensive description, the questions and situations consistently raised in couples therapy: space-too much or not enough. TILT: Teaching Individuals To Live Together presents a unique model of individuation and attachment and was developed to facilitate the understanding of the complex relationship between these two developmental processes across the life span. The model shows how we gradually develop our boundaries and hence reduce the need for defensive interpersonal walls. The TILT Model has applications in the fields of therapy, education, and organizational development. Thus, it will be of interest to mental health professionals including psychotherapists, psychologists, counselors, social workers, and marriage and family therapists. Practitioners of transactional analysis will find this book of supreme interest and usefulness.
Tim Burton: A Post-Jungian Perspective
by Helena Bassil-MorozowTim Burton’s films are well known for being complex and emotionally powerful. In this book, Helena Bassil-Morozow employs Jungian and post-Jungian concepts of unconscious mental processes along with film semiotics, analysis of narrative devices and cinematic history, to explore the reworking of myth and fairytale in Burton’s gothic fantasy world. The book explores the idea that Burton’s lonely, rebellious ‘monstrous’ protagonists roam the earth because they are unable to fit into the normalising tendencies of society and become part of ‘the crowd’. Divided into six chapters the book considers the concept of the archetype in various settings focusing on: the child the monster the superhero the genius the maniac the monstrous society. Tim Burton: The Monster and the Crowd offers an entirely fresh perspective on Tim Burton’s works. The book is essential reading for students and scholars of film or Jungian psychology, as well as anyone interested in critical issues in contemporary culture. It will also be of great help to those fans of Tim Burton who have been searching for a profound academic analysis of his works.
Time Expansion Experiences: The Psychology of Time Perception and the Illusion of Linear Time
by Steve TaylorHave you ever been in an accident and felt that time slowed down? Have you felt time stretch radically, or even apparently disappear, in a state of deep meditation? Psychologist Dr Steve Taylor calls these Time Expansion Experiences, and in this book he shares his years of research into this life-changing phenomenon.Most of us will have experienced a TEE, an experience of time slowing down in an extreme situation, and yet it is a phenomenon that has never been fully explored or explained - until now.Psychologist Dr. Steve Taylor has spent several years analysing &“time expansion experiences&” (or TEEs), after collecting hundreds of reports. He has also found many examples of "time cessation experiences" (or TCEs), in which time appears to disappear altogether. In this book he shares the fascinating psychology and shared features behind all of these case studies, coming to an incredible conclusion: TEEs are a real altered state of consciousness, rather than a trick of recollection. Not only this, but TEEs and TCEs are almost always positive, with a sense of calm well-being, clarity and heightened awareness. In this ground-breaking book, discover profound implications: What do unusual states of consciousness such as mystical experiences, psychedelic experiences, and near-death experiences tell us about time and consciousness?What can the countless reports of &“life review&” - when people view a whole lifetime of events and experiences within a few seconds - tell about the past, present and the future?What does modern physics have to say about the idea that linear time is illusory?If our perception of time is an illusion, is it possible to speed up and slow down time at will, including inducing TEEs?
Time Hacks: The psychology of time and how to spend it
by Ian TaylorWe think of time as scarce and finite. We say we 'don't have enough time', that 'time is against us', and that 'time waits for no one'. But what if we could make time feel more abundant? How can we make time work for rather than against us?In Time Hacks, Dr Ian Taylor - a world-leading expert in the science of the human mind - draws on the latest psychological research to reveal how we can develop a healthier relationship to time; one where we can break free of the cycle of boredom and mania, be more productive, and bring balance to all parts of our lives.In the process, he demonstrates why all difficult tasks should be done early in the morning, the detrimental effects of relying on willpower, why we should use 'be' goals to sustain motivation, and how to replace 'dead time' with activities that nourish the soul.Fascinating and eye-opening, Time Hacks will show you how to use the power of psychology to feel less time pressured, boost your mental and physical health, and break free from the tyranny of your alarm clock.
Time Hacks: The psychology of time and how to spend it
by Ian TaylorWe think of time as scarce and finite. We say we 'don't have enough time', that 'time is against us', and that 'time waits for no one'. But what if we could make time feel more abundant? How can we make time work for rather than against us?In Time Hacks, Dr Ian Taylor - a world-leading expert in the science of the human mind - draws on the latest psychological research to reveal how we can develop a healthier relationship to time; one where we can break free of the cycle of boredom and mania, be more productive, and bring balance to all parts of our lives.In the process, he demonstrates why all difficult tasks should be done early in the morning, the detrimental effects of relying on willpower, why we should use 'be' goals to sustain motivation, and how to replace 'dead time' with activities that nourish the soul.Fascinating and eye-opening, Time Hacks will show you how to use the power of psychology to feel less time pressured, boost your mental and physical health, and break free from the tyranny of your alarm clock.
Time Limited Therapy in Primary Care: A Person-Centred Dialogue (Living Therapies Series)
by Richard Bryant-Jefferies"Many counsellors who work in primary care find it difficult to explain to colleagues in the primary care team what they actually do with clients behind the closed door of their room. In this book the author brings to life in a gripping way what really does go on when a counsellor sees a patient in the primary healthcare setting. It’s good to read for once a book that describes so realistically and movingly the minute-by-minute account of what actually happens, not a book describing clever therapists getting it right all the time. The book should be required reading for newly appointed non-clinical managers of counselling services and for primary healthcare staff about to start working with a counsellor as a member of their team."— Graham Curtis Jenkins in his Foreword
Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application
by Maciej Stolarski Nicolas Fieulaine Wessel Van BeekThis book is about time and its powerful influence on our personal and collective daily life. It presents the most comprehensive and up-to-date overview of contemporary knowledge on temporal psychology inspired by Zimbardo's work on Time Perspective (TP). With contributions from renowned and promising researchers from all over the globe, and at the interface of social, personality, cognitive and clinical psychology, the handbook captures the breadth and depth of the field of psychological time. Time perspective, as the way people construe the past, the present and the future, is conceived and presented not only as one of the most influential dimensions in our psychological life leading to self-impairing behaviors, but also as a facet of our person that can be de-biased and supportive for well-being and happiness. Written in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo on his 80th birthday and in acknowledgement of his leading role in the field, the book contains illustrations of the countless studies and applications that his theory has stimulated, and captures the theoretical, methodological and practical pathways he opened by his prolific research.
Time Present and Time Past: Selected Papers of Pearl King
by Pearl KingThis remarkable collection of papers is divided into three sections: clinical issues; psychoanalysis and the life cycle; and underlying theories of practice. The papers span the years 1951 to 2004, recording five decades of British psychoanalysis, through various angles. The papers in the clinical part include a unique, lengthy case study of the psychoanalysis of a four-year-old boy, and a follow-up of his life over five decades later. After reading the paper at the age of 54, the patient agreed to write his own version of his life, which is included in the book. The second part of the book, on psychoanalysis and the life cycle, includes renowned chapters on ageing. The author looks at the ageing psychoanalyst as well as the characteristics of analysis with older patients. The third part discusses the theories underlying the author's practice and puts forward her views on such concepts as alienation, transference, and the importance of time in psychoanalytic work with patients.
Time Series in Psychology
by R. A.M. GregsonFirst published in 1983. Psychological data are segments of life histories; as such they are ordered sequences of observations and by definition time series. Yet they are often anything but well behaved; what regularities and invariances they have are buried from all but the most persistent investigator. The most common methods of representing quantitative results in psychology are frozen outside time; thus they deliberately average out much of the sequential structure that holds any sparse clues to the nature of processes within the organism. This review, whose simple aim is to bring together in an illuminating juxtaposition on basic results in both time series analysis and in experimental psychology, thus. cuts across traditions within psychology.
Time Warped: Unlocking the Mysteries of Time Perception
by Claudia HammondAn award–winning BBC podcast host “has a steady touch . . . adding user-friendly charm” to “intriguing” research on the psychology of time perception (New York Times).Why does life seem to speed up as we get older? Why does the clock in your head move at a different speed from the one on the wall? Why is it almost impossible to go a whole day without checking your watch? Is it possible to retrain our brains and improve our relationship with it? In Time Warped, Claudia Hammond offers insight into how to manage our time more efficiently, how to speed time up and slow it down at will, how to plan for the future with more accuracy, and she teaches how to use the warping of time to our own benefit.“An ideal read for those looking for science-based theories of time perception without the scientific jargon. . . . Hammond demonstrates how life’s circumstances can make minutes seem an eternity and decades the blink of an eye.” —Library Journal“A well-researched meditation on how we see the future.” —Slate“This lively introduction to the psychology of time perception is an intriguing take on the fluidity of reality.” —Publishers Weekly“. . . a fascinating foray into the idea that our experience of time is actively created by our own minds and how these sensations of what neuroscientists and psychologists call “mind time” are created.” —Maria Popova, The Marginalian
Time and Body: Phenomenological and Psychopathological Approaches
by Giovanni Stanghellini Christian TewesTime and Body promotes the application of phenomenological psychopathology and embodied research to a broad spectrum of mental disorders. In a new and practical way, it integrates the latest research on the temporal and intersubjective constitution of the body, self and its mental disorders from phenomenological, embodied and interdisciplinary research perspectives. The authors investigate how temporal processes apply to the contribution of embodiment and selfhood, as well as to their destabilization, such as in eating disorders and borderline personality disorders, schizophrenia, depression, social anxiety or dementia. The chapters demonstrate the applicability of phenomenological psychopathology to a range of illnesses and its relevance to treatment and clinical practice.
Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives of Intertemporal Choice
by Roy F. Baumeister George Loewenstein Daniel ReadHow do people decide whether to sacrifice now for a future reward or to enjoy themselves in the present? Do the future gains of putting money in a pension fund outweigh going to Hawaii for New Year's Eve? Why does a person's self-discipline one day often give way to impulsive behavior the next? Time and Decision takes up these questions with a comprehensive collection of new research on intertemporal choice, examining how people face the problem of deciding over time. Economists approach intertemporal choice by means of a model in which people discount the value of future events at a constant rate. A vacation two years from now is worth less to most people than a vacation next week. Psychologists, on the other hand, have focused on the cognitive and emotional underpinnings of intertemporal choice. Time and Decision draws from both disciplinary approaches to provide a comprehensive picture of the various layers of choice involved. Shane Frederick, George Loewenstein, and Ted O'Donoghue introduce the volume with an overview of the research on time discounting and focus on how people actually discount the future compared to the standard economic model. Alex Kacelnik discusses the crucial role that the ability to delay gratification must have played in evolution. Walter Mischel and colleagues review classic research showing that four year olds who are able to delay gratification subsequently grow up to perform better in college than their counterparts who chose instant gratification. The book also delves into the neurobiology of patience, examining the brain structures involved in the ability to withstand an impulse. Turning to the issue of self-control, Klaus Wertenbroch examines the relationship between consumption and available resources, showing, for example, how a high credit limit can lead people to overspend. Ted O'Donoghue and Matthew Rabin show how people's awareness of their self-control problems affects their decision-making. The final section of the book examines intertemporal choice with regard to health, drug addiction, dieting, marketing, savings, and public policy. All of us make important decisions every day-many of which profoundly affect the quality of our lives. Time and Decision provides a fascinating look at the complex factors involved in how and why we make our choices, so many of them short-sighted, and helps us understand more precisely this crucial human frailty.
Time and Intimacy: A New Science of Personal Relationships (LEA's Series on Personal Relationships)
by Joel B. BennettThere is a mysterious connection between our experiences of intimacy--of love, the longing to feel connected, and sexual embrace--and the human sense of time--eternity, impermanence, and rhythm. In this critical analysis of the time-intimacy equation, Bennett shows how the scientific study of personal relationships can address this mystery. As a study of transpersonal science, this book points to the possible evolution of intimacy and of our consciousness of time, and how the two evolutionary paths weave together. Dr. Bennett draws from a wide array of resources to advance and marry two compelling themes: first, the social and clinical science of personal relationships should integrate the spiritual or transpersonal dimension of intimacy, and second, science can contribute to lay understandings by describing the richly temporal aspects of relationships. In blending popular literature, transpersonal psychology, and scientific research and theory, this work also attempts to address the lack of dialogue between academics who study personal intimacy and those writers in the popular press who give advice and guidelines for building intimacy. Time and Intimacy is written for a broad audience, intended for those with a general interest in relationships, as well as for students, counselors, and psychologists. It can be used as a text in courses on personal relationships, as well as to supplement courses in humanistic psychology, transpersonal psychology, interpersonal communication, relationships, marital and family counseling, human relations, and related areas. Because it advances an interdisciplinary understanding of personal relationships, this book is certain to challenge prevailing views about the meaning of intimacy in both the academic and popular literatures.
Time and Memory (Psychoanalytic Ideas Ser.)
by Paul Williams Rosine Jozef Perelberg Inge WiseThe concern with time permeates Freud's work, from Studies on Hysteria to Analysis Terminable and Interminable, which point out to a network of concepts that indicate Freud's complex theories on temporality. Indeed no other psychoanalytic thinker has put forward such revolutionary vision on the dimensions of time in human existence. This volume brings together some of the most important papers written on the topic by members of the British Psychoanalytical Society. In the richness of the detailed clinical discussions the ways in which patients deal with time and memory are viewed as crucial indications about their internal world and ways of relating to their objects. Disorientation regarding time tends to reflect levels of disruption to internal object relationships, inability to mourn or to experience guilt. Examples from literature and history are considered in order to examine the power of the repetition compulsion - Nachtreglichkeit - as well as how the impossibility of bearing the mental pain can lead to the creation of a timeless world.
Time and Timelessness: Temporality in the theory of Carl Jung (Research in Analytical Psychology and Jungian Studies)
by Angeliki YiassemidesTime and Timelessness examines the development of Jung's understanding of time throughout his opus, and the ways in which this concept has affected key elements of his work. In this book Yiassemides suggests that temporality plays an important role in many of Jung's central ideas, and is closely interlinked with his overall approach to the psyche and the cosmos at large. Jung proposed a profound truth: that time is relative at large. To appreciate the whole of our experience we must reach beyond causality and temporal linearity, to develop an approach that allows for multidimensional and synchronistic experiences. Jung’s understanding surpassed Freud's dichotomous approach which restricted timelessness to the unconscious; his time theory allows us to reach beyond the everyday time-bound world into a greater realm, rich with meaning and connection. Included in the book: -Jung’s time theory -the death of time -time and spatial metaphors -the role of time in precognition, telepathy and synchronicity -Unus mundus and time -a comparison of Freud’s and Jung’s time theories: temporal directionality, dimensionality, and the role of timelessness. This book is the first to explore time and timelessness in a systematic manner from a Jungian perspective, and the first to investigate how the concept of time affected the overall development of Jung's theory. It will be key reading for psychoanalytic scholars and clinicians, as well as those working in the field of phenomenological philosophy.
Time and Trauma in Analytical Psychology and Psychotherapy: The Wisdom of Andean Shamanism
by Deborah BryonThis book explores the experience of time in psychoanalysis and Andean shamanism. It plots ways to work through unresolved trauma by expanding how we conceptualize both implicit and nonverbal atemporal experience, drawing from the rituals, narratives, and medicine of Andean shamans and quantum theory.Shifting between subjective states in time is fundamental in trauma work and psychoanalysis. Integrating traumatic experiences that have become split off and held in “timeless” unconscious states of implicit memory is an essential aspect of psychic healing. Becoming familiar with the Andean shamans’ understanding of atemporal experience, as well as learning about their ways of “grounding” the experience consciously, can offer a route through which psychoanalysis and therapy may deepen the therapeutic process and open new states of consciousness. Theories developed in quantum physics are included to parallel the shamans’ experience and for describing the analytic process.Written by a noted expert in this field, this insightful volume will interest trainee and practitioner analytical psychologists, as well as any professional interested in the resolution of trauma within a psychotherapeutic setting.
Time and Work, Volume 1: How time impacts individuals
by Abbie J. Shipp Yitzhak FriedThe concept of time is a crucial filter through which we understand any events or phenomena; nothing exists outside of time. It conditions not only the question of ‘when’, but also influences the ‘what, how and why’ of our ideas about management. And yet management scholars have rarely considered this ‘temporal lens’ in understanding how time affects employees at work, or the organizations for which they work. This 2-volume set provides a fresh, temporal perspective on some of the most important and thriving areas in management research today. Volume 1 considers how time impacts the individual, and includes chapters on identity, emotion, motivation, stress and creativity. Volume 2 considers time in context with the organization, exploring a temporal understanding of leadership, HRM, entrepreneurship, teams and cross-cultural issues. There is an overall concern with the practical implications of understanding individuals and organizations within the most relevant timeframes, while the two volumes provide an actionable research agenda for the future. This is a highly significant contribution to management theory and research, and will be important reading for all students and researchers of Organizational Behavior, Organizational Psychology, Occupational Psychology, Business and Management and HRM.
Time and Work, Volume 2: How time impacts groups, organizations and methodological choices
by Abbie J. Shipp Yitzhak FriedThe concept of time is a crucial filter through which we understand any events or phenomena; nothing exists outside of time. It conditions not only the question of ‘when’, but also influences the ‘what, how and why’of our ideas about management. And yet management scholars have rarely considered this ‘temporal lens’ in understanding how time affects employees at work, or the organizations for which they work. This 2-volume set provides a fresh, temporal perspective on some of the most important and thriving areas in management research today. Volume 1 considers how time impacts the individual, and includes chapters on identity, emotion, motivation, stress and creativity. Volume 2 considers time in context with the organization, exploring a temporal understanding of leadership, HRM, entrepreneurship, teams and cross-cultural issues. There is an overall concern with the practical implications of understanding individuals and organizations within the most relevant timeframes, while the two volumes provide an actionable research agenda for the future. This is a highly significant contribution to management theory and research, and will be important reading for all students and researchers of Organizational Behavior, Organizational Psychology, Occupational Psychology, Business and Management and HRM.
Time and the Psyche: Jungian Perspectives
by Angeliki YiassemidesIn Time and the Psyche, a diverse selection of contributors explores the multi-layered aspects of time through the lens of analytical psychology. The book aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, emphasising time's fundamental role in the workings and expressions of the psyche, and additionally exploring cultural and clinical dimensions. The contributors deal with temporality in our inner world and its manifestations as expressed by products of our psyche, covering topics including disturbances of temporality within the psychoanalytic session, the acausal connecting principle of synchronicity, time as expressed in film, objects, literature, and culture, and temporality as understood in various types of dreams and imaginary practices. The book also explores the time-bound world, time versus timelessness, the realm of the eternal, human versus cosmic time, Chronos versus Kairos and other temporality-related dimensions and their relationship to our psyche and our experience in the world. With contributors from backgrounds in clinical work, the arts, literature, and philosophy, this collection is unique in its scope. Time and the Psyche is a thought-provoking reading for academics and students of Jungian and post-Jungian studies, analytical psychologists and Jungian analysts in practice and in training.
Time and the Unconscious: Daring and Creativity in Wilfred R. Bion (Psychoanalytic Field Theory Book Series)
by Goriano RugiBion’s unfashionable thought is a challenge for our times in which anaesthesia and mass thinking prevail. The themes this book addresses are time and the unconscious.In the present/past, the here and now reveals its relationship with the unredeemable time, which conditions our behaviour and is at the root of a state of hallucinosis in the form of a short-sighted view that is distorted by deep-seated wounds. This book also highlights the resonances with contemporary epistemology and physics that underlie the new paradigm of psychoanalytic field theory. The topic of the unconscious raises questions about its origin and the difference between the Bionian and the Freudian unconscious. In Bion we see an evolutionary, process character emerge, with a double movement of repetition and expansion within a single system in unstable equilibrium, for which there is no conscious feeling that does not also carry with it the shadow of the unconscious.Drawing on psychoanalytic and philosophical concepts this book is essential reading for psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, philosophers and anyone who wishes to understand more fully what it means to be human.
Time for Change: Tracking Transformations in Psychoanalysis - The Three-Level Model (The International Psychoanalytical Association Psychoanalytic Ideas and Applications Series)
by Marina Altmann de LitvanThis book presents a research work on transformations in psychoanalysis and clinical observation of changes in psychoanalysis. It compares, based on the "three-level model", the different points of view of psychoanalysts from all over the world and from different psychoanalytical cultures.
Time in Practice: Analytical Perspectives on the Times of Our Lives
by Mary Lynne EllisThis book is an original exploration of the importance in the analytical relationship of an attentiveness to lived, conscious and unconscious experiences of time in its three dimensions. It critically discusses the diverse concepts of time implied in different writings in the psychoanalytic tradition, namely those of Freud, Jung, Klein, Lacan, and Winnicott. "Time in Practice" highlights the limitations of spatial metaphors and the emphasis on the past as determinative. It discusses the contributions of modern European philosophical concepts of temporality. Eva Hoffman's interweaving of time and language in her autobiographical descriptions is shown to be crucially relevant to psychoanalytic practices. Exploring psychoanalytic notions of 'cure', the book emphasizes the importance of language and imagination in opening out future possibilities for the patient. Lively references to case material illustrate the relevance of its arguments.
Time in Practice: Temporality, Intersubjectivity, and Listening Differently
by Mary Lynne EllisTime in Practice: Temporality, Intersubjectivity, and Listening Differently is an original exploration of diverse ways in which individuals ‘live’ time, consciously and unconsciously. Challenging the psychoanalytic emphasis on the past as determinative, Mary Lynne Ellis explores the significance of present and future dimensions of individuals’ experiences which catalyses change in the analytical relationship. Through critical analyses of the theorizing of Freud, Jung, Klein, Winnicott, and Lacan, Ellis highlights the limitations of spatial metaphors, binaries of ‘inner’/‘outer’, in addressing the socio-political and historical specificity of patients’ experiences, including questions of identity and discrimination. She explores how intersectional and interdisciplinary perspectives allow for the development of new interpretations of temporality/intersubjectivity/language/embodiment in analytical practices. Ellis reflects on the dynamism of conceptualizations emergent in autobiography, fiction, phenomenological and postmodern philosophy, gender, post-colonial, queer, and cultural studies, for contemporary relational psychoanalytic practices. This revised and updated edition includes discussion of experiences of loss, vulnerability, mortality, inequalities, and powerlessness associated with the profound impact of the spread of the coronavirus, climate change, and the Ukraine war. It also includes a new chapter on mourning, time, and identities. The book will be of interest to psychotherapists, art therapists, counsellors, psychologists, and those working in the fields of gender, sexuality, class, race, and post-colonial studies, literature, and allied disciplines.
Time to Listen to Children: Personal and Professional Communication
by Pat Milner Birgit CarolinTime to Listen to Children is a practical guide to effective communication with children. Professionals working with children in a variety of settings examine the skills required to help children articulate their problems and feelings. They discuss issues such as training, cultural background and religion and give accounts of their work in the following settings: * education * social services * voluntary organizations * medical settings * law Contributors practice a variety of therapeutic techniques, including play, music and art therapy. Time to Listen to Children will be a valuable resource for social workers, teachers and counsellors in training and for all professionals who wish to adopt a skilled, reflective and active approach to their work with children.