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Condensed and Melting Droplet Behavior on Superhydrophobic Surfaces (Springer Theses)
by Fuqiang ChuThis book introduces the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces and some unique droplet behaviors during condensation and melting phase change on superhydrophobic surfaces, and discusses the relationship between droplet behavior and surface wettability. The contents in this book, which are all research hotspots currently, shall not only bring new insights into the physics of condensation and icing/frosting phenomena, but also provide theoretical support to solve the heat transfer deterioration, the ice/frost accretion and other related engineering problems. This book is for the majority of graduate students and researchers in related scientific areas.
Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics
by Anne Myers KelleyAn introduction to one of the fundamental tools in chemical research--spectroscopy and photophysics in condensed-phase and extended systemsA great deal of modern research in chemistry and materials science involves the interaction of radiation with condensed-phase systems such as molecules in liquids and solids as well as molecules in more complex media, molecular aggregates, metals, semiconductors, and composites. Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics was developed to fill the need for a textbook that introduces the basics of traditional molecular spectroscopy with a strong emphasis on condensed-phase systems. It also examines optical processes in extended systems such as metals, semiconductors, and conducting polymers, and addresses the unique optical properties of nanoscale systems.Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics begins with an introduction to quantum mechanics that sets a solid foundation for understanding the text's subsequent topics, including:Electromagnetic radiation and radiation-matter interactionsMolecular vibrations and infrared spectroscopyElectronic spectroscopyPhotophysical processes and light scatteringNonlinear and pump-probe spectroscopiesElectron transfer processesEach chapter contains problems ranging from simple to complex, enabling readers to gradually build their skills and problem-solving abilities. Written for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in physical and materials chemistry, this text is uniquely designed to equip readers to solve a broad array of current problems and challenges in chemistry.
Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics
by Anne Myers KelleyCondensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics An introduction to one of the fundamental tools in chemical research—spectroscopy and photophysics in condensed-phase and extended systems Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics comprehensively covers radiation-matter interactions for molecules in condensed phases along with metallic and semiconductor nanostructures, examining optical processes in extended systems such as metals, semiconductors, and conducting polymers and addressing the unique optical properties of nanoscale systems. The text differs from others through its emphasis on the molecule-environment interactions that strongly influence spectra in condensed phases, including spectroscopy and photophysics of molecular aggregates, molecular solids, and metals and semiconductors, as well as more modern topics such as two-dimensional and single-molecule spectroscopy. To aid in reader comprehension, the text includes case studies and illustrated examples. An online manual with solutions to the problems in the book is available to all readers on a companion website. Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics begins with an introduction to quantum mechanics that sets a solid foundation for understanding the text’s subsequent topics, including: Electromagnetic radiation and radiation-matter interactions, molecular vibrations and infrared spectroscopy, and electronic spectroscopy Photophysical processes and light scattering, nonlinear and pump-probe spectroscopies, and electron transfer processes Basic rotational spectroscopy and statistical mechanics, Raman scattering, 2D and single-molecule spectroscopies, and time-domain pictures of steady-state spectroscopies Time-independent quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, group theory, radiation-matter interactions, and system-bath interactions Atomic spectroscopy, photophysical processes, light scattering, nonlinear and pump-probe spectroscopies, two-dimensional spectroscopies, and metals and plasmons Written for researchers and upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in physical and materials chemistry, Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics is a valuable learning resource that is uniquely designed to equip readers to solve a broad array of current problems and challenges in the vast field of chemistry.
Conditional Function Control of Aircraft (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Yury Grigorievich Shatrakov Andrey Vyacheslavovich Yakovlev Andrey Sergeevich IstominThis book highlights the prevention of possible accidents and crashes of aircrafts by analyzing the many factors that affect such events. It includes the theoretical study of known ideas and concepts, as well as a set of new methods and mathematical models. It contains factual information to investigate famous disasters and aviation accidents with aircrafts. The book proposes methods and models that can be the basis in developing guidance material for decision-making by the flight crew and experts in air traffic control. Some of the contents presented in this book are also useful in the design and operation of data transmission systems of aircraft. The book is intended for engineering and technical specialists engaged in the development, manufacturing and operations of onboard radio electronic systems of aircraft and ground-based radio engineering support for flights, as well as graduate students and senior students of radio engineering specialties. It is useful to researchers and managers whose activities are related to air traffic control.
Conditionally Toxic Proteins
by Catherine H. ScheinHuman health depends upon access to high-quality proteins for our diet and pharmaceutical use. This book deals with the nature of toxicity as it applies to proteins in food and drugs. Many proteins, such as glutens and allergens, are valuable food sources but toxic for sensitized individuals. Even proteins produced in the human body can become toxic through mutation or aggregation. For example, Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease are characterized by plaques in the brain of insoluble protein aggregations. Paradoxically, even toxins produced by the most pathogenic microorganisms, such as Botox, have found use in the clinic and industry. This book discusses how many proteins, including interferons and cytokines, can be valuable therapeutics, while still associated with autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis or lupus erythematosus. Key Features: Shows why gluten proteins are different from all others and how this can account for symptoms throughout the body in those with celiac disease Illustrates that "multiple allergy syndrome" is not only real and related to similar allergens in extremely different plants Discusses the difficulties in using human proteins and cytokines as therapeutics Presents examples of how protein aggregates are vital to many physiological processes but also characterize renal and neurological syndromes Shows examples of protein toxins that have medical and industrial uses Related Titles Almeida, P. Proteins: Concepts in Biochemistry (ISBN 978-0-8153-4502-2) Williamson, M. How Proteins Work (ISBN 978-0-8153-4446-9) Lopata, A. L., ed. Food Allergy: Molecular and Clinical Practice (ISBN 978-0-3677-8199-6) Wegrzyn, R. D. & A. S. Rudolph, eds. Alzheimer’s Disease: Targets of New Clinical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies (ISBN 978-1-4398-2708-6)
Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin (Cosmetic Science And Technology Ser. #21)
by Randy SchuellerDiscussing the history, benefits, formulations and future developments of hair and skin conditioning products, this work offers an overview of the subject and unique analysis of the elements of conditioning. It offers the novice chemist a solid foundation of technical knowledge and the seasoned scientist the latest state-of-the-art ingredients and testing procedures used in evaluation.
Conditioning: Situation Versus Intermittent Stimulus
by Wanda WyrwickaIn laboratory research, the process of conditioning is traditionally initiated with a single intermittent stimulus (such as a tone or flash of light). This is true of both classical and instrumental research. Because of its role in evoking conditioned behavior, the use of an intermittent stimulus has become an indispensable part of laboratory research on conditioned behavior. The question arises whether the same scheme of conditioning may be applied to behaviors occurring in real life.In Conditioning, Wanda Wyrwicka analyzes evidence of the influence of situations on behavior in laboratory studies. She looks at cases in which the subject's reaction was dependent on complex situations rather than a single stimulus. Wyrwicka suggests that beyond external situations there exists internal factors located in the brain that consist of previous and present experiences that may influence behavior. In Chapter 1, Wyrwicka summarizes Ivan Pavlov's concept of the conditioned reflex using intermittent stimuli. Chapter 2 deals with the mechanisms of motor conditioned behavior and the results of instrumental conditioning studies. Chapter 3 covers the phenomenon called "switching," which is the appearance of a conditioned reaction different than the original conditioned stimulus. In Chapter 4, Wyrwicka describes various studies in which situation becomes a potent factor in conditioned reactions. Chapter 5 describes research pertaining to defensive and alimentary behaviors. Chapter 6 analyzes three examples of complex conditioning: detour, feeding, and presleep behaviors. Chapters 7 and 8 focus on the functions of various internal organs, and the conditioning of electrical brain activity leading to inhibition of epileptic seizures. In her concluding chapter, Wyrwicka discusses theoretically the data mentioned previously.Conditioning opens up rich possibilities for continued exploration. This revealing work will interest scientists specializing in behavioral sciences, psychologists, neuroscientists, educators, as well as students of biology.
Condor Comeback (Scientists in the Field Series)
by Sy MontgomerySibert Medalist, National Book Award Honoree, and New York Times best-selling author Sy Montgomery turns her formidable talents to the story of California condors and the scientists who have fought against their extinction in this installment in the award-winning Scientists in the Field series. In April of 1987 the last wild California condor was captured and taken to live in captivity like the other twenty-six remaining birds of its kind. Many thought that the days were over of of this remarkable, distinguished bird that had roamed the skies of North and Central American for thousands of years. Sy Montgomery employs her skill for on-the-ground reporting, shrewd observation, and stunning narrative prose to detail the efforts of scientists, volunteers, and everyday citizens to get California condors back in the wild. In particular, Montgomery profiles employees at the Santa Barbara Zoo who have worked tirelessly to raise abandoned chicks, nurse sick birds back to health, and conduct research that can support legislation to ban what is probably the largest threat to the existence of the wild condor: lead bullets. In turns affectionate and frustrated, hopeful and heartbreaking, Montgomery&’s powerful prose does justice to these ancient, sociable, and elegant creatures. Complete with world-class, full-color photography and helpful sidebars that provide details such as the history of the bird&’s fight back from extinction, the dangers of lead poisoning, and the relationship of condors to the Chumash nation, Condor Comeback is an inspiring story of groundbreaking science, perseverance, and cooperation.
Conduct of Operations and Operational Discipline
by CcpsProcess safety management (PSM) systems are only as effective as the day-to-day ability of the organization to rigorously execute system requirements correctly every time. The failure of just one person in completing a job task correctly just one time can unfortunately lead to serious injuries and potentially catastrophic incidents. In fact, the design, implementation, and daily execution of PSM systems are all dependent on workers at all levels in the organization doing their job tasks correctly every time. High levels of Operational Discipline, therefore, help ensure strong PSM performance and overall operational excellence. This book details management practices which help ensure rigor in executing process safety programs in order to prevent major accidents.
Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (Power Systems)
by Robert SmolenskiAs power systems develop to incorporate renewable energy sources, the delivery systems may be disrupted by the changes involved. The grid's technology and management must be developed to form Smart Grids between consumers, suppliers and producers. Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Smart Grids considers the specific side effects related to electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the application of these Smart Grids. Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Smart Grids presents specific EMI conducted phenomena as well as effective methods to filter and handle them once identified. After introduction to Smart Grids, the following sections cover dedicated methods for EMI reduction and potential avenues for future development including chapters dedicated to: *potential system services, *descriptions of the EMI spectra shaping methods, *methods of interference voltage compensation, and theoretical analysis of experimental results. By focusing on these key aspects, Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Smart Grids provides a concise and comprehensive coverage of an extensive subject matter. It constitutes a key resource for any industry practitioners, researchers or system designers with interest in Smart Grids, particularly their electromagnetic compatibility in the conducted EMI frequency range.
Conducting Biosocial Surveys: Collecting, Storing, Accessing, and Protecting Biospecimens and Biodata
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesRecent years have seen a growing tendency for social scientists to collect biological specimens such as blood, urine, and saliva as part of large-scale household surveys. By combining biological and social data, scientists are opening up new fields of inquiry and are able for the first time to address many new questions and connections. But including biospecimens in social surveys also adds a great deal of complexity and cost to the investigator's task. Along with the usual concerns about informed consent, privacy issues, and the best ways to collect, store, and share data, researchers now face a variety of issues that are much less familiar or that appear in a new light. In particular, collecting and storing human biological materials for use in social science research raises additional legal, ethical, and social issues, as well as practical issues related to the storage, retrieval, and sharing of data. For example, acquiring biological data and linking them to social science databases requires a more complex informed consent process, the development of a biorepository, the establishment of data sharing policies, and the creation of a process for deciding how the data are going to be shared and used for secondary analysis--all of which add cost to a survey and require additional time and attention from the investigators. These issues also are likely to be unfamiliar to social scientists who have not worked with biological specimens in the past. Adding to the attraction of collecting biospecimens but also to the complexity of sharing and protecting the data is the fact that this is an era of incredibly rapid gains in our understanding of complex biological and physiological phenomena. Thus the tradeoffs between the risks and opportunities of expanding access to research data are constantly changing. Conducting Biosocial Surveys offers findings and recommendations concerning the best approaches to the collection, storage, use, and sharing of biospecimens gathered in social science surveys and the digital representations of biological data derived therefrom. It is aimed at researchers interested in carrying out such surveys, their institutions, and their funding agencies.
Conducting Network Penetration and Espionage in a Global Environment
by Bruce MiddletonWhen it's all said and done, penetration testing remains the most effective way to identify security vulnerabilities in computer networks. Conducting Network Penetration and Espionage in a Global Environment provides detailed guidance on how to perform effective penetration testing of computer networks-using free, open source, and commercially avai
Conducting Polymers-Based Energy Storage Materials
by Inamuddin Abdullah Mohamed Asiri Rajender Boddula Mohammad Faraz AhmerConducting polymers are organic polymers which contain conjugation along the polymer backbone that conduct electricity. Conducting polymers are promising materials for energy storage applications because of their fast charge–discharge kinetics, high charge density, fast redox reaction, low-cost, ease of synthesis, tunable morphology, high power capability and excellent intrinsic conductivity compared with inorganic-based materials. Conducting Polymers-Based Energy Storage Materials surveys recent advances in conducting polymers and their composites addressing the execution of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical power sources. Key Features: Provides an overview on the conducting polymer material properties, fundamentals and their role in energy storage applications. Deliberates cutting-edge energy storage technology based on synthetic metals (conducting polymers) Covers current applications in next-generation energy storage devices. Explores the new aspects of conducting polymers with processing, tunable properties, nanostructures and engineering strategies of conducting polymers for energy storage. Presents up-to-date coverage of a large, rapidly growing and complex conducting polymer literature on all-types electrochemical power sources. This book is an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists, and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of advanced science, nanodevices, flexible electronics, and energy science.
Conducting Polymers: A New Era in Electrochemistry (Monographs in Electrochemistry)
by György InzeltThis second edition of a well-received volume has been thoroughly updated and expanded to cover the most recent developments. Coverage now includes additional polymers such as polyindole and polyazines, composites of polymers with carbon nanotubes, metals, and metal oxides, as well as bending-beam techniques for characterization. Again, the author provides a systematic survey of the knowledge accumulated in this field in the last thirty years. This includes thermodynamic aspects, the theory of the mechanism of charge transport processes, the chemical and physical properties of these compounds, the techniques of characterization, the chemical and electrochemical methods of synthesis as well as the application of these systems. The book contains a compilation of the polymers prepared so far and covers the relevant literature with almost 2000 references. From reviews of the previous edition 'a comprehensive reference guide for those interested in this field' (Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry)
Conducting Polymers: Chemistries, Properties and Biomedical Applications
by Ram K. GuptaConducting polymers are versatile materials that possess both the unique properties of polymeric materials (elastic behavior, reversible deformation, flexibility, etc.) and the ability to conduct electricity with bulk conductivities comparable to those of metals and semiconductors. Conducting Polymers: Chemistries, Properties and Biomedical Applications provides current, state-of-the-art knowledge of conducting polymers and their composites for biomedical applications. This book covers the fundamentals of conducting polymers, strategies to modify the structure of conducting polymers to make them biocompatible, and their applications in various biomedical areas such as drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, antimicrobial activities, biosensors, etc. FEATURES Covers the state-of-the-art progress on biodegradable conducting polymers for biomedical applications Presents synthesis, characterization, and applications of conducting polymers for various biomedical research Provides the fundamentals of biodegradation mechanisms and the role of conduction in biomedical devices Offers details of novel methods and advanced technologies used in biomedical applications using conducting polymers Highlights new directions for scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the chemistry, technologies, and applications of conducting polymers This book is essential reading for all academic and industrial researchers working in the fields of materials science, polymers, nanotechnology, and biomedical technology.
Conducting Research Surveys via E-mail and the Web
by Marc N. Elliott Matthias Schonlau Ronald D. FrickerInternet-based surveys, although still in their infancy, are becoming increasingly popular because they are believed to be faster, better, cheaper, and easier to conduct than surveys using more traditional telephone or mail methods. Based on evidence in the literature and real-life case studies, this book examines the validity of those claims. The authorsd iscuss the advantages and disadvantages of using e-mail and the Web to conduct research surveys, and also offer practical suggestions for designing and implementing Internet surveys most effectively. Among other findings, the authors determined that Internet surveys may be preferable to mail or telephone surveys when a list of e-mail addresses for the target population is available, thus eliminating the need for mail or phone invitations to potential respondents. Internet surveys also are well-suited for larger survey efforts and for some target populations that are difficult to reach by traditional survey methods. Web surveys are conducted more quickly than mail or phone surveys when respondents are contacted initially by e-mail, as is often the case when a representative panel of respondents has been assembled in advance. And, although surveys incur virtually no coding or data-entry costs because the data are captured electronically, the labor costs for design and programming can be high.
Conducting and Magnetic Organometallic Molecular Materials (Topics in Organometallic Chemistry #27)
by Lahcène Ouahab Marc FourmiguéConducting and Magnetic Organometallic Molecular Materials
Conduction Aphasia (Institute for Research in Behavioral Neuroscience Series)
by Susan E. KohnOver the past decade, questions about the clinical classification and experimental examination of aphasic patients have been raised. Growing doubts about the validity and reliability of standard clinical diagnoses have been responsible, in part, for the explosion of case studies in the neurolinguistic literature. In turn, rejection of classical aphasia diagnoses has made it difficult to synthesize much of this literature, and no alternative method for selecting and comparing aphasic patients has emerged. This volume was motivated by a desire to take a fresh look at the benefits that aphasia diagnosis has for both clinical and experimental work. This is accomplished by exploring one classical aphasia syndrome from a multidisciplinary perspective; that is, by presenting information from the disciplines of neurology, speech-language pathology, and experimental neurolinguistics. Given this scope, it is hoped that this work will appeal to an equally broad range of readers.
Conduction in Carbon Nanotube Networks: Large-Scale Theoretical Simulations (Springer Theses)
by Robert A. BellThis thesis exploits the ability of the linear-scaling quantum mechanical code ONETEP to analyze systems containing many thousands of atoms. By implementing an electron transport capability to the code, it also investigates a range of phenomena associated with electrical conduction by nanotubes and, in particular, the process of transport electrons between tubes. Extensive work has been done on the conductivity of single carbon nanotubes. However, any realistic wire made of nanotubes will consist of a large number of tubes of finite length. The conductance of the resulting wire is expected to be limited by the process of transferring electrons from one tube to another. These quantum mechanical calculations on very large systems have revealed a number of incorrect claims made previously in the literature. Conduction processes that have never before been studied at this level of theory are also investigated.
Conductive Atomic Force Microscope
by Mario LanzaThe first book to summarize the applications of CAFM as the most important method in the study of electronic properties of materials and devices at the nanoscale. To provide a global perspective, the chapters are written by leading researchers and application scientists from all over the world and cover novel strategies, configurations and setups where new information will be obtained with the help of CAFM. With its substantial content and logical structure, this is a valuable reference for researchers working with CAFM or planning to use it in their own fields of research.
Conductive Polymers and Their Composites
by Wei Feng Yanmin WangThis book provides a comprehensive overview on the recent significant advancements of conductive polymers and their composites in terms of conductive mechanism, fabrication strategies, important properties, and various promising applications. The corresponding knowledge was systematically compiled in the logical order and demonstrated as seven chapters. The special structure, influencing factors of the conductivity, the charge carrier transport model, the wettability and classical categories of the conductive polymers are narrated. Both conventional and novel strategies undertaken to fabricate the conductive polymers are introduced, as provided the overall master of the progress. In comparison with the bulk counterpart, nanostructured conductive polymers with different dimensions such as nanospheres, nano-networks, nanotubes and nanowire arrays are produced through distinct methods, thus presenting unique and distinct performance endowed by the nanometer scale. The combination of conductive polymers with other functional materials results in a number of the composites with improved properties by synergistic effect. The superior performance of conductive polymers and their composites greatly facilitates their development toward various important applications in the advanced and sophisticated fields such as biological utilization, energy storage and sensors. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, conductive polymers and their composites stand out to be useful in the biological field including tissue engineering, drug delivery and artificial muscle. To meet the urgent demand of the energy storage, conductive polymers and their composites play an important role in the devices including supercapacitors, solar cells and fuel cells. Finally, development of conductive polymers and their composites in the modern industry is greatly enhanced by their applications in smart sensors such as conductometric sensors, gravimetric sensors, optical sensors, chemical sensors and biosensors. This book has significant value for researchers, graduate students, and engineers carrying out the fundamental research or industrial production of conductive polymers and their composites.
Conductive Polymers: Electrical Interactions in Cell Biology and Medicine (Series in Materials Science and Engineering)
by Ze Zhang Mahmoud Rouabhia Simon E. MoultonThis book is dedicated to the field of conductive polymers, focusing on electrical interactions with biological systems. It addresses the use of conductive polymers as the conducting interface for electrical communications with the biological system, both in vitro and in vivo. It provides an overview on the chemistry and physics of conductive polymers, their useful characteristics as well as limitations, and technologies that apply conductive polymers for medical purposes. This groundbreaking resource addresses cytotoxicity and tissue compatibility of conductive polymers, the basics on electromagnetic fields, and commonly used experimental methods. Readers will also learn how cells are cultured in vitro with conductive polymers, and how conductive polymers and living tissues interact electrically. Throughout the contents, chapter authors emphasize the importance of conductive polymers in biomedical engineering and their potential applications in medicine.
Conductors And Insulators
by Chris OxladeThis book looks at electrical conductors and insulators, examining what they are and how we use them. The book considers a range of examples that will be familiar to young readers, and explains the scientific concepts behind electricity in clear, simple language.
Conductors, Semiconductors, Superconductors: An Introduction to Solid State Physics (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)
by Rudolf P. HuebenerIn the second half of the last century solid state physics and materials science experienced a great advance and established itself as an important and independent new field. This book provides an introduction to the fundamentals of solid state physics, including a description of the key people in the field and the historic context. The book concentrates on the electric and magnetic properties of materials. It is written for students up to the bachelor in the fields of physics, materials science and electric engineering. Because of its vivid explanations and its didactic approach, it can also serve as a motivating pre-stage and supporting companion in the study of the established and more detailed textbooks of solid state physics. The book is suitable for a quick repetition prior to examinations. For his scientific accomplishments, in 1992 the author received the Max-Planck Research Price and in 2001 the Cryogenics Price. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Marburg, as well at the Technical Universities of Munich and Darmstadt. In 1958 he obtained his PhD in experimental physics at the University of Marburg. After working at the Research Center Karlsruhe and at a research institute near Albany, New York, he worked for 12 years at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois. In 1974 he accepted an appointment at a chair of Experimental Physics at the University of Tübingen. There he taught and performed research until his retirement in 1999.
Conductors, Semiconductors, Superconductors: An Introduction to Solid-State Physics (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)
by Rudolf P. HuebenerThis compact undergraduate textbook provides a concise yet thorough introduction to the fundamentals of solid-state physics, while also briefly discussing the historical context surrounding key scholars in the field. The vivid explanations and unique didactic approach adopted in the book aim to generate interest in these subjects while also serving as a motivating primer and supporting companion for studying more detailed and advanced textbooks in solid-state physics. The book is also suitable as a quick refresher for students preparing for examinations. The third edition features many extensions, including an up-to-date discussion of topological materials, a rapidly developing area at the forefront of solid-state physics. Primarily concentrating on the electric and magnetic properties of materials, the book will benefit undergraduate students in the fields of physics, materials science, and electrical engineering.