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Electron Holography for Electromagnetic Materials (Springer Series in Materials Science #347)
by Daisuke Shindo Zentaro AkaseThis book discusses the direct imaging of electric and magnetic fields of various functional materials using electron holography, providing indispensable information for understanding their electromagnetic properties. In order to clearly demonstrate the principles of this cutting-edge technology, easy-to-understand explanations are accompanied by numerous illustrations and figures throughout the book. The book highlights the dynamic nature of electromagnetic fields in novel materials, as revealed by changing temperature, or applying electric current and magnetic fields. Furthermore, it showcases, as a new development of the technique, the direct observation of accumulation and collective motion of electrons around charged insulators. Clear experimental data on electromagnetic fields and the motions of electrons help the reader understand their importance in materials science and fundamental physics. Seeing is believing!
Electron-Ion-Plasma Modification of a Hypoeutectoid Al-Si Alloy
by Dmitrii Zaguliaev Victor Gromov Sergey Konovalov Yurii IvanovElectron-Ion-Plasma Modification of a Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy details theoretical and experimental research and computer simulation of structural phase transformations in AlSi10Mn2Ni Silumin on different scale levels under electroexplosion alloying, electron beam processing and electron-plasma alloying at the nanolevel in order to create new materials. The authors summarize and analyze more than 10 years of research on the electron-ion-plasma effect on strength properties and structure-phase states’ transformations of hypoeutectic Silumin. Key Features: Details physical and mathematical models of mechanisms of surface layer hardening under conditions of varying energy effects Offers insights into improved strength characteristics of Silumin Explores optimal processing modes for increased strength and improved tribological characteristics This book is a valuable resource to researchers and engineers involved with the modification of light alloy surfaces for the automotive and aeronautical industry.
Electron Lenses for Super-Colliders
by Vladimir D. ShiltsevThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the operating principles and technology of electron lenses in supercolliders. Electron lenses are a novel instrument for high energy particle accelerators, particularly for the energy-frontier superconducting hadron colliders, including the Tevatron, RHIC, LHC and future very large hadron colliders. After reviewing the issues surrounding beam dynamics in supercolliders, the book offers an introduction to the electron lens method and its application. Further chapters describe the technology behind the electron lenses which have recently been proposed, built and employed for compensation of beam-beam effects and for collimation of high-energy high-intensity beams, for compensation of space-charge effects and several other applications in accelerators. The book will be an invaluable resource for those involved in the design, construction and operation of the next generation of hadron colliders.
Electron Localization-Delocalization Matrices (Lecture Notes in Chemistry #112)
by Chérif F. Matta Ronald Cook Paul W. AyersThis book builds bridges between two yet separated branches of theoretical and mathematical chemistry: Chemical Graph Theory and Electronic Structure Calculations. Although either of the fields have developed their own techniques, problems, methods, and favorite benchmark cases independent from each other, the authors have managed to bring them together by using the localization-delocalization matrix (LDM). The LDM is a novel molecular descriptor that fingerprints a molecule by condensing the complicated electronic information in one, mathematically manageable, object. In this book, the authors introduce the readers to modeling techniques based on LDMs. Their technique offers a high accuracy as well as robust predictive power, often dramatically surpassing the potential of either of the constituting methods on their own. In addition to the comprehensive and accessible introduction to this new field of theoretical chemistry, the authors offer their self-developed software free to download, so that readers can try running their own simulations. The described methods are very general and can easily be implemented for calculating various properties and parameters such as mosquito repelling activity, ionic liquid properties, local aromaticity of ring molecules, log P's, pKa's, LD50, corrosion inhibition activities, and Lewis acidities and basicities – to only name a few. The free downloadable software helps readers automate the analysis of the matrices described in this book and hence facilitates application of the described methodology.
The Electron Mass and Calcium Isotope Shifts
by Florian Köhler-LangesThis thesis presents the first isotope-shift measurement of bound-electron g-factors of highly charged ions and determines the most precise value of the electron mass in atomic mass units, which exceeds the value in the literature by a factor of 13. As the lightest fundamental massive particle, the electron is one of nature’s few central building blocks. A precise knowledge of its intrinsic properties, such as its mass, is mandatory for the most accurate tests in physics - the Quantum Electrodynamics tests that describe one of the four established fundamental interactions in the universe. The underlying measurement principle combines a high-precision measurement of the Larmor-to-cyclotron frequency ratio on a single hydrogen-like carbon ion studied in a Penning trap with very accurate calculations of the so-called bound-electron g-factor. For the isotope-shift measurement, the bound-electron g-factors of two lithium-like calcium isotopes have been measured with relative uncertainties of a few 10^{-10}, constituting an as yet unrivaled level of precision for lithium-like ions.
Electron Microscopy
by John J. Bozzola Lonnie D. RussellElectron Microscopy covers all of the important aspects of electron microscopy for biologists, including theory of scanning and transmission, specimen preparation, digital imaging and image analysis, laboratory safety and interpretation of images. The text also contains a complete atlas of ultrastructure. The text assumes minimal experience in physics and mathematics and is written so that readers will achieve a basic understanding of underlying principles so that these can be applied in a real laboratory setting.
Electron Microscopy
by John KuoThis book presents the newest technology in electron microscopy. It comprises two major areas of electron microscopy - transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The volume provides clear, concise instructions on processing biological specimens and includes discussion on the underlying principles of the majority of the processes presented. A notes section enables efficient adaptation and troubleshooting of protocols.
Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1997, Proceedings of the Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group Conference, University of Cambridge, 2-5 September 1997
by John M. RodenburgElectron Microscopy and Analysis 1997 celebrates the centenary anniversary of the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in Cambridge and the fiftieth anniversary of this distinguished Institute group. The book includes papers on the early history of electron microscopy (from P. Hawkes), the development of the scanning electron microscope at Cambridge (from K. Smith), electron energy loss spectroscopy (from L.M. Brown), imaging methods (from J. Spence), and the future of electron microscopy (from C. Humphreys). Covering a wide range of applications of advanced techniques, it discusses electron imaging, electron energy-loss and x-ray analysis, and scanning probe and electron beam microscopies. This volume is a handy reference for professionals using microscopes in all areas of physics, materials science, metallurgy, and surface science to gain an overview of developments in our understanding of materials microstructure and of advances in microscope interrogation techniques.
Electron Microscopy and Analysis 2001 (Institute of Physics Conference Series)
by M Aindow C J KielyElectron microscopy is now a mainstay characterization tool for solid state physicists and chemists as well as materials scientists. Electron Microscopy and Analysis 2001 presents a useful snapshot of the latest developments in instrumentation, analysis techniques, and applications of electron and scanning probe microscopies. The book is ideal for
Electron Microscopy and Analysis 2003: Proceedings of the Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group Conference, 3-5 September 2003
by Stephen MeVitie David McCombElectron microscopy is now a mainstay characterization tool for solid state physicists and chemists as well as materials scientists. Containing the proceedings from the Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group (EMAG) conference in September 2003, this volume covers current developments in the field, primarily in the UK. These conferences are biennial
Electron Microscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis (Series in Microscopy in Materials Science)
by P.L Gai E.D BoyesCatalysis is one of the most important technologies in the industrial world, controlling more than 90% of industrial chemical processes and essential for large-scale production of plastics and fuel. Exploring the most common type of catalysis used in industry, Electron Microscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis provides a coherent account of heterogeneo
Electron Microscopy in Science and Engineering (IITK Directions #6)
by Krishanu Biswas Sri Sivakumar Nilesh GuraoThis issue of Direction focuses on the rapid proliferation of electron microscopy (EM) for scientific as well as technological research. The content written by leading experts is intended to provide the capabilities of EM facilities, set at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur to solve various problems and caters to the needs of both internal and external users. The book provides a detailed and comprehensive viewpoint of the basic features and advanced capabilities of EM facilities to the scientific community. A large number of electron microscopes have been installed and utilized by researchers across various engineering and science departments; hence, this volume provides both breadth as well as depth of various EM facilities available at the institute.
Electron Microscopy in Viral Diagnosis
by Erskine L. PalmerThis text on electron microscopy in viral diagnosis is an invaluable reference investigators interested in the detection of viruses or viral subcomponents in liquid preparations or in thin sectioned cells. It contains an extensive collection of negative stain, thin section, and immunolabelled electron micrographs useful for reference viral diagnosis. The salient features of the replication of many virus families are presented in schematic form and all viruses now known to cause disease in humans, including the recently recognized human retroviruses, are described in separate chapter.
Electron Microscopy Methods and Protocols
by M. A. HajibagheriHands-on experts describe in detail the key electron microscopy techniques used for examining cells, tissue, biological macromolecules, molecular structure, and their interactions. With emphasis on cryotechniques for quantitative biological X-ray microanalysis, the book also includes those methods that use antibodies to locate proteins within cells and that prepare and analyze nucleic acids, proteins, and protein-nucleic acid complexes. Numerous immunogold labeling techniques for precise ultrastructural localization, distribution, and quantitation of macromolecules in cryofixed or chemically-fixed cells are described in sufficient detail to provide practical insight into their advantages and limitations. Electron Microscopy Methods and Protocols offers both newcomers and established researchers across experimental biology and medicine wanting to expand their repertoire a gold-standard laboratory manual of cutting-edge electron microscopy techniques-each optimized for reproducibility and robust results-today's gold-standard laboratory manual.
Electron Microscopy of Interfaces in Metals and Alloys
by L.M ClarebroughElectron Microscopy of Interfaces in Metals and Alloys examines the structure of interfaces in metals and alloys using transmission electron microscopy. The book presents quantitative methods of analysis and reviews the most significant work on interface structure over the last 20 years. It provides the first book description of the methods used for quantitative identification of Burgers vectors of interfacial dislocations, including the geometric analysis of periodicities in interface structure and the comparison of experimental and theoretical electron micrographs. The book explores low- and high-angle grain boundaries and interphase interfaces between neighboring grains, emphasizing interfacial dislocations and rigid-body displacements to the structure and properties of interfaces. It also analyzes the use of two-beam images and diffraction patterns for analysis and studies n-beam lattice imaging. The book includes numerous worked examples of the analysis of the structure of grain boundaries and interphase interfaces, which are particularly useful to those who need to consider the nature of intercrystalline interfaces.
Electron Nano-Imaging
by Nobuo TanakaIn this book, the bases of imaging and diffraction in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are explained in the style of a textbook. The book focuses on the explanation of electron microscopic imaging of TEM and STEM without including in the main text distracting information on basic knowledge of crystal diffraction, wave optics, electron lens, and scattering and diffraction theories, which are explained separately in the appendices. A comprehensive explanation is provided on the basis of Fourier transform theory, and this approach is unique in comparison with other advanced resources on high-resolution electron microscopy. With the present textbook, readers are led to understand the essence of the imaging theories of TEM and STEM without being diverted by other knowledge of electron microscopy. The up-to-date information in this book, particularly on imaging details of STEM and aberration corrections, is valuable worldwide for today's graduate students and professionals just starting their careers.
Electron Nano-imaging: Basics of Imaging and Diffraction for TEM and STEM
by Nobuo TanakaIn this second edition, most chapters of the first edition, which published in 2017, have been revised and recent advancement of electron microscopy such as differential phase contrast (DPC) STEM, sparse-coding image processing and quantum electron microscopy have been supplemented with further details. This book explains the basis of imaging and diffraction in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in the style of a textbook. The book focuses on the explanation of electron microscopic imaging of TEM and STEM without including in the main text distracting information on basic knowledge of crystal diffraction, wave optics, electron lens, and scattering and diffraction theories, which are explained separately in the appendices. The comprehensive explanation is provided on the basis of Fourier transform theory, and this approach is unique in comparison with other advanced resources on high-resolution electron microscopy. With the present textbook, readers are led to understand the essence of the imaging theories of TEM and STEM without being diverted by various kinds of knowledge around electron microscopy. The up-to-date information in this book, particularly on imaging details of STEM and aberration corrections, is valuable worldwide for today’s graduate students and professionals just starting their careers.
Electron-Phonon Interaction in Conventional and Unconventional Superconductors
by Pegor AynajianThe problem of conventional, low-temperature superconductivity has been regarded as solved since the seminal work of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) more than 50 years ago. However, the theory does not allow accurate predictions of some of the most fundamental properties of a superconductor, including the superconducting energy gap on the Fermi surface. This thesis describes the development and scientific implementation of a new experimental method that puts this old problem into an entirely new light. The nominee has made major contributions to the development and implementation of a new experimental method that enhances the resolution of spectroscopic experiments on dispersive lattice-vibrational excitations (the "glue" responsible for Cooper pairing of electrons in conventional superconductors) by more than two orders of magnitude. Using this method,he has discovered an unexpected relationship between the superconducting energy gap and the geometry of the Fermi surface in the normal state, both of which leave subtle imprints in the lattice vibrations that could not be resolved by conventional spectroscopic methods. He has confirmed this relationship on two elemental superconductors and on a series of metallic alloys. This indicates that a mechanism qualitatively beyond the standard BCS theory determines the magnitude and anisotropy of the superconducting gap.
Electron-Photon Cascades: A Probabilistic Point of View (Nonlinear Physical Science)
by Vladimir V. UchaikinThis book demonstrates the practical application of an alternative approach to current problems in high-energy astrophysics. In high-energy astrophysical processes, single collisions are accompanied by the appearance of many secondary particles with different properties. To describe the infinitesimal evolution of such a system at a measurement instant, as is commonly done when deriving the kinetic equation for the system with conserved number of particles, one must know either its prehistory or the infinite family of many-particle distributions. An alternative to this approach is to use an adjoint (in the sense of Lagrange) mathematical formalism, where the independent active variable is the phase position of a primary particle generating the cascade, and the dependent variable has the form of a functional of the cascade as a whole, interpreted as the reading of some not necessarily linear (additive) detector. This approach is characterized by mathematical efficiency: no matter how many particles are formed in a cascade, the active argument of the desired functional always remains one particle. The second advantage is its generality: the formalization of the readings of the detector, which performs real measurements through the functionality of a random implementation of the cascade, allows it to be applied to a wide range of actually used devices and installations.Readers will be able to master the fundamentals of particle astrophysics in the context of the latest developments in the field. It will benefit graduate students and established researchers alike, equipping them with the knowledge and tools necessary to design and interpret their own experiments and, ultimately, to address a number of questions about the nature and origin of cosmic particles that have arisen in recent research.
Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) Spectroscopy
by Sergei A. Dikanov Yuri TsvetkovThe first volume devoted entirely to Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) SpectroscopyThis valuable book provides an introduction and broad survey of topics in ESEEM spectroscopy, including the theory, instrumentation, peculiarities of ESE experiments, and analysis of experimental data with particular emphasis on orientationally disordered systems. Applications of ESEEM spectroscopy to study chemically and biologically important paramagnetic centers in single crystals, amorphous solids, and powders are discussed as well. Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) Spectroscopy will benefit specialists in magnetic resonance spectroscopy, physicists, chemists, and biologists who use magnetic resonance in their research.
Electron Spin Interactions in Chemistry and Biology
by Gertz LikhtenshteinThis book presents the versatile and pivotal role of electron spin interactions in nature. It provides the background, methodologies and tools for basic areas related to spin interactions, such as spin chemistry and biology, electron transfer, light energy conversion, photochemistry, radical reactions, magneto-chemistry and magneto-biology. The book also includes an overview of designing advanced magnetic materials, optical and spintronic devices and photo catalysts. This monograph will be of interest to scientists and graduate students working in the areas related to spin interactions physics, biophysics, chemistry and chemical engineering.
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy in Medicine
by Ashutosh Kumar ShuklaThis book examines various applications of electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) in medicine, covering topics such as interactions between blood and nanoparticles, physical intricacy of HbNO complexes, parasitic diseases, oxidative stress measurement, polymerization of resinous materials used in dentistry, tooth dosimetry and dermatological applications. Instead of providing mathematical details, it focuses on the applications and data interpretation of ESR as an emerging tool. This book is intended for students and researchers interested in the field of ESR applications in translational research and medicine.
Electron Transfer: Mechanisms and Applications
by Shunichi FukuzumiWritten by one of the top scientists in this field, this is a systematic overview of the fundamental concepts and powerful applications. The author presents the central theories and mechanisms in electron transfer, followed by several systems in nature where this is important, while also covering modern green applications. An invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers working in this field in academia and industry.
Electron Waves in Solids: Exploring the Foundations of Modern Technology (Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences #203)
by Navin KhanejaThis book explores the intricate world of electron behavior within solids, revealing them to be waves—a fundamental insight crucial to grasping modern electronics, computing, and solid-state devices. This comprehensive examination elucidates the factors determining material conductivity, distinguishing between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Through detailed analysis, the text illuminates the thermal agitation of solids, manifesting as vibrations known as phonons, which impede electron flow and contribute to electrical resistance. Readers gain insight into the production of electronic devices through semiconductor doping, exploring various device types and their functionalities. The book further investigates the temperature-dependent behavior of metal resistance, including the phenomenon of superconductivity, wherein resistance vanishes entirely at low temperatures—a phenomenon comprehensively elucidated within these pages. Moreover, the text unravels the mysteries of magnetism in solids, exploring how certain metals, such as iron, exhibit permanent magnetism. By probing into the underlying causes of magnetism, readers gain a deeper understanding of solid-state physics. Additionally, the book explores imaging techniques such as X-rays, offering insights into how scientists peer inside solids to decipher their internal structures and properties. Geared toward scientists and engineers, the book serves as an indispensable resource for mastering the foundational concepts of solid-state physics—a discipline indispensable to modern technology.
Electronic and Electrical Servicing: Level 2
by John DuntonElectronic and Electrical Servicing provides a thorough grounding in the electronics and electrical principles required by service engineers servicing home entertainment equipment such as TVs, CD and DVD machines, as well as commercial equipment including PCs.In the printed book, this new edition covers all the core units of the Level 2 Progression Award in Electrical and Electronics Servicing (Consumer/Commercial Electronics) from City & Guilds (C&G 6958), plus two of the option units. For those students who wish to progress to Level 3, a further set of chapters covering all the core units at this level is available as a free download from the book’s companion website or as a print-on-demand book. The book and website material also offer a fully up-to-date course text for the City & Guilds 1687 NVQs at Levels 2 and 3.The book contains numerous worked examples to help students grasp the principles. Each chapter ends with review questions, for which answers are provided at the end of the book, so that students can check their learning.Level 2 units covered in the book:Unit 1 – d.c. technology, components and circuitsUnit 2 – a.c. technology and electronic componentsUnit 3 – Electronic devices and testingUnit 4 – Electronic systemsUnit 5 – Digital electronicsUnit 6 – Radio and television systems technologyUnit 8 – PC technologyIan Sinclair has been an author of market-leading books for electronic servicing courses for over 20 years, helping many thousands of students through their college course and NVQs into successful careers. Now with a new co-author, John Dunton, the new edition has been brought fully up-to-date to reflect the most recent technical advances and developments within the service engineering industry, in particular with regard to television and PC servicing and technology.Level 3 units covered in free downloads at http://books.elsevier.com/companions/9780750669887:Unit 1 - Electronic principlesUnit 2 - Test and measurementUnit 3 - Analogue electronicsUnit 4 - Digital electronics