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Environments: FOSS Science Stories
by Lawrence Hall of Science University of California at BerkeleyNIMAC-sourced textbook
Environments and Survival: Snails, Robots, and Biomimicry
by The Lawrence Hall of ScienceNIMAC-sourced textbook
Environments and Survival: Snails, Robots, and Biomimicry, Investigation Notebook (Amplify Science)
by The Lawrence Hall of ScienceNIMAC-sourced textbook
The Environments of Architecture: Environmental Design in Context
by Randall Thomas Trevor GarnhamThis well-illustrated 'think piece' provides a much needed and topical philosophical introduction to the place of environmental design in architecture. The Environments of Architecture sets out a range of considerations necessary to produce appropriate internal environments in the context of a wider discussion on the effect of building decisions on the broader environment. The authors, from architecture and engineering, academia and practice, provide a rounded and well-balanced introduction to this important topic. Starting from a belief that the built environment can contribute more positively to the planet and the pleasure of places as well as answering the practical demands of comfort, they cover site planning, form, materials, construction and operation as well as looking at design on a city level. Presenting a thoughtful and stimulating approach to the built environment, this book forms an excellent guide for practitioners, students and academics concerned with our built environment.
Environments of Empire: Networks and Agents of Ecological Change (Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges)
by Ulrike Kirchberger and Brett M. BennettThe age of European high imperialism was characterized by the movement of plants and animals on a historically unprecedented scale. The human migrants who colonized territories around the world brought a variety of other species with them, from the crops and livestock they hoped to propagate, to the parasites, invasive plants, and pests they carried unawares, producing a host of unintended consequences that reshaped landscapes around the world. While the majority of histories about the dynamics of these transfers have concentrated on the British Empire, these nine case studies--focused on the Ottoman, French, Dutch, German, and British empires--seek to advance a historical analysis that is comparative, transnational, and interdisciplinary to understand the causes, consequences, and networks of biological exchange and ecological change resulting from imperialism. Contributors: Brett M. Bennett, Semih Celik, Nicole Chalmer, Jodi Frawley, Ulrike Kirchberger, Carey McCormack, Idir Ouahes, Florian Wagner, Samuel Eleazar Wendt, Alexander van Wickeren, Stephanie Zehnle
Environments of Intelligence: From natural information to artificial interaction (History and Philosophy of Technoscience)
by Hajo GreifWhat is the role of the environment, and of the information it provides, in cognition? More specifically, may there be a role for certain artefacts to play in this context? These are questions that motivate "4E" theories of cognition (as being embodied, embedded, extended, enactive). In his take on that family of views, Hajo Greif first defends and refines a concept of information as primarily natural, environmentally embedded in character, which had been eclipsed by information-processing views of cognition. He continues with an inquiry into the cognitive bearing of some artefacts that are sometimes referred to as 'intelligent environments'. Without necessarily having much to do with Artificial Intelligence, such artefacts may ultimately modify our informational environments. With respect to human cognition, the most notable effect of digital computers is not that they might be able, or become able, to think but that they alter the way we perceive, think and act. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781315401867, has been made available under a Creative Commons CC-BY licence
The Environments of the Sun and the Stars
by Coralie Neiner Jean-Pierre RozelotBased on lectures given at a CNRS summer school in France, this book covers many aspects of stellar environments (both observational and theoretical) and offers a broad overview of the field. More specifically, Part I of the book focuses on the Sun, the properties of the ejected plasma, of the solar wind and on space weather. The second part deals with tides in planetary systems and in binary stellar systems, as well as with interactions in massive binary stars as seen by interferometry. Finally the chapters of Part III discuss the environments of young or evolved stars, stellar winds, agnetic fields and disks. With its broad approach the book will provide advanced students as well as researchers with a good overview of the environments of the Sun and the stars.
Envy And Gratitude And Other Works 1946-1963: A Study Of Unconscious Sources
by Melanie KleinA perfect introduction to Melanie Klein’s modern neuroscientific research. Melanie Klein's writings, particularly on infant development and psychosis, have been crucial both to theoretical work and to clinical practice. Envy and Gratitude collects her writings from 1946 until her death in 1960, including two papers published posthumously. Klein's major paper, 'Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms', introduces the concept of the paranoid-schizoid position, in which the infant ego splits, projects and introjects its objects - most particularly the mother - during the first few months of life. Envy and Gratitude, her last major work, introduces her theory of primary envy.
Enzymatic Analysis
by Oliver H. Lowry Janet V. PassonneauThis new edition of a classic laboratory manual covers the general principles, specific methods and procedures, and quantitative histochemistry of enzymatic analysis. It presents a systematic scheme for analyzing biological materials and explains the theory and techniques in terms simple enough for anyone to follow. The protocols are written in a clear, easy to follow style as if the author had just performed the technique himself and knows exactly the problems to be encountered.
Enzymatic and Chemical Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives
by Jesús Fernández Lucas María-José Camarasa RiusA review of innovative tools for creative nucleic acid chemists that open the door to novel probes and therapeutic agents Nucleic acids continue to gain importance as novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents. With contributions from noted scientists and scholars, Enzymatic and Chemical Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives is a practical reference that includes a wide range of approaches for the synthesis of designer nucleic acids and their derivatives. The book covers enzymatic (including chemo-enzymatic) methods, with a focus on the synthesis and incorporation of modified nucleosides. The authors also offer a review of innovative approaches for the non-enzymatic chemical synthesis of nucleic acids and their analogs and derivatives, highlighting especially challenging species. The book offers a concise review of the methods that prepare novel and heavily modified polynucleotides in sufficient amount and purity for most clinical and research applications. This important book: -Presents a timely and topical guide to the synthesis of designer nucleic acids and their derivatives -Addresses the growing market for nucleotide-derived pharmaceuticals used as anti-infectives and chemotherapeutic agents, as well as fungicides and other agrochemicals. -Covers novel methods and the most recent trends in the field -Contains contributions from an international panel of noted scientistics Written for biochemists, medicinal chemists, natural products chemists, organic chemists, and biotechnologists, Enzymatic and Chemical Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Derivatives is a practice-oriented guide that reviews innovative methods for the enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid species.
Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis (Springerbriefs In Molecular Science Ser.)
by Kenji Kano Osamu Shirai Yuki Kitazumi Kento Sakai Hong-Qi XiaThis book covers the fundamental aspects of the electrochemistry and redox enzymes that underlie enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis, in which a redox enzyme reaction is coupled with an electrode reaction. Described here are the basic concept and theoretical aspects of bioelectrocatalysis and the various experimental techniques and materials used to study and characterize related problems. Also included are the various applications of bioelectrocatalysis to bioelectrochemical devices including biosensors, biofuel cells, and bioreactors. This book is a unique source of information in the area of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis, approaching the subject from a cross-disciplinary point of view.
Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis
by W. KullmanThis book was first published in 1987. Comprehensive overview of enzyme peptide synthesis.
Enzymatic Polymerisation
by Anja R. Palmans Andreas HeiseOxireductases in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Water-Soluble Conducting Polymers, by E. Ochoteco and D. Mecerreyes * Transferases in Polymer Chemistry, by J. van der Vlist and K. Loos * Hydrolases Part I: Enzyme Mechanism, Selectivity and Control in the Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers, by M.A.J. Veld and A.R.A. Palmans * Hydrolases in Polymer Chemistry: Chemoenzymatic Approaches to Polymeric Materials, by A. Heise and A.R.A. Palmans * Hydrolases in Polymer Chemistry: Part III: Synthesis and Limited Surface Hydrolysis of Polyesters and Other Polymers, by G.M. Guebitz * Exploiting Biocatalysis in the Synthesis of Supramolecular Polymers, by S. Roy and R. V. Ulijn
Enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds by oxidoreductases
by Latifa Chebil Mohamed GhoulThe enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds has been generating interest in several fields such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. These compounds are employed for their antioxidant properties; however, their use is limited by their low solubility and thermal stability. Polymerization can improve their solubility and their thermal stability though and create new properties which are dependent on the molecular mass and the structure of polymers. The reaction yield, the polydispersity, the molecular mass, the structure and the properties of synthesized polymers can be controlled by the mode of control of the reaction and by the reaction conditions. Enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds by oxidoreductases analyze the processes used and the key factors (temperature, solvent, origin of the enzyme, structure of the substrate, reactor design, ...) which control the polymerization of phenolic species by these oxidoreductase enzymes in order to obtain polymers with desired characteristics and properties.
Enzymatic Polymerization towards Green Polymer Chemistry (Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology)
by Shiro Kobayashi Hiroshi Uyama Jun-Ichi KadokawaThis book comprehensively covers researches on enzymatic polymerization and related enzymatic approaches to produce well-defined polymers, which is valuable and promising for conducting green polymer chemistry. It consists of twelve chapters, including the following topics: <p><p> The three classes of enzymes, oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for enzymatic polymerization and modification; <p> Well-defined polysaccharides are produced by enzymatic polymerization catalyzed by hydrolases and transferases; Hydrolase-catalyzed polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization are disclosed to produce a variety of polyesters; <p> Polyesters are synthesized by in-vivo acyltransferase catalysis produced by microorganisms; <p> Enzymatic polymerization catalyzed by appropriate enzymes also produces polypeptides and other polymers; <p> Poly(aromatic)s are obtained by enzymatic polymerization catalyzed by oxidoreductases and their model complexes; <p> Such enzymes also induce oxidative polymerization of vinyl monomers; <p> Enzymatic modification of polymers is achieved to produce functionalized polymeric materials; <p> The enzymatic polymerization is a green process with non-toxic catalysts, high catalyst efficiency, green solvents and renewable starting materials, and minimal by-products; <p> Moreover, renewable resources like biomass are potentially employed as a starting substrate, producing useful polymeric materials. <p> This book is not only educative to young polymer chemists like graduate students but also suggestive to industrial researchers, showing the importance of the future direction of polymer synthesis for maintaining a sustainable society.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Triglycerides
by María Luján Ferreira Gabriela Marta TonettoThis brief presents the state of the art on enzymatic synthesis of structured triglycerides and diglycerides, focusing on glycerol as the substrate and covering interesterification of vegetable oils in one and two steps. It critically reviews the available literature on enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of di- and triglycerides in one or more steps. The effects of the structure, length and unsaturation of the fatty acids are carefully considered, as well as the inhibitory potential of highly unsaturated complex fatty acid structures. The brief also addresses acyl migration and the use of adsorbents, taking into account the most recent literature and presenting the problem in an industrial context. It discusses experimental and analytical problems concerning, e.g. the lab scale and the scaling up to bench and pilot plants. Several examples are presented, and their successes and failures are assessed. Biocatalysts based on lipases are analyzed with regard to problems of immobilization, stability on storage time and activity after multiple uses. The need for specific Sn-2 lipases is presented and strategies for optimizing Sn-2 esterification are discussed. Lastly, practical aspects are examined, e.g. lipase “leaching” with loss of activity, taking into account the latest findings on continuous and batch reactor configurations and presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides
by Antonio TrinconeThe bioactivity potential of marine polysaccharides has long been considered an underexploited aspect. These molecules found in seaweed, microalgae, bacteria, and animal fish (shellfish, mollusks, etc.) and the derived oligosaccharides need to be explored thoroughly with an interdisciplinary approach. They are an extraordinary source of chemical diversity, and the literature highlights many applicative fields, including the food industry, cosmetics, biomedicine, agriculture, environmental protection, wastewater management, etc. More recently, a new challenge has emerged: the exploitation of marine biomass as the source of sustainable energy to participate in the future replacement of fossil resources. Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides provides insight into the recent research developments of marine polysaccharides and their current and potential applications. The first section of the book explores the diversity of marine polysaccharides from various angles, including a description of the chemical complexity and current applications and new perspectives in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and biomaterials offered by recent research. Efficient valorization of the marine polysaccharide biomass requires a rigorous analysis of the polysaccharides structure and their biological properties. The second section of the book concerns the development of extraction techniques and the improvement of the methods aimed at the characterization of their structure and function. Finally, the third and last section of the book articulates the enzymatic technologies from the discovery of novel enzymes to their production pipelines related to the fields of biorefinery, food, pharmaceutics, and other fine chemicals. Presents the latest research in marine oligosaccharides and polysaccharides Written by world-class researchers in marine enzyme technology Discusses the latest developments in extraction methods Presents a detailed overview of enzymatic routes for modification, production, and synthesis of marine oligosaccharides Contains extensive references at the end of each chapter to enhance further study
Enzymatic Transformation
by Soundar DivakarTransformations using enzymes have been extensively investigated in the last two decades and the results promise great potential for this growing field, especially in the area of synthetic organic chemistry mainly due to of its many advantages. Accordingly, this book has attempted to bring out the advantages of using enzymes involving complex underivatized and unprotected substrates in non-polar media under homogenous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. Merits and demerits of using enzymes in terms of yields and selectivity/specificity are presented without any prejudice. Almost all the reactions dealt with are from the author's laboratory comprising diverse substrates, and the catalysis involves two important hydrolyzing enzymes, extensively examined for the reverse reactions. Thus, esterification involving lipses and glycosylation involving glycosidases were investigated with respect to various strategies like optimization of reaction conditions, response surface methodology and kinetics, carrying out reactions under solvent, non-solvent and super critical carbon dioxide conditions. In short, the work presented is to ensure the comprehension of the problems faced by the researchers in this area so as to work out further efficient strategies for carrying out enzymatic transformations in the laboratory successfully with better yields and specificity.
Enzyme and Microbial Biosensors
by Kim Rogers Ashok MulchandaniA cutting-edge collection of detailed, step-by-step techniques and protocols for constructing, evaluating, and using enzyme- and microbial-based biosensors. Ideal for novices starting research in their field or experienced researchers wanting to use a biosensor for a specific analytical measurement, the methods detailed here allow biochemists, analytical chemists, microbiologists, and engineers to successfully apply biosensor technology to their specific problems. The techniques include classical enzyme biosensors based on potentiometric, amperometric, conductimetric, optical, and thermal transducers, as well cell-based biosensors based on amperometric and optical transducers. A companion volume, Affinity Biosensors: Protocols and Techniques, by Rogers & Mulchandani, concentrates on cell- and affinity-based biosensors.
Enzyme- and Transporter-Based Drug-Drug Interactions
by A. David Rodrigues Raimund M. Peter K. Sandy PangGermination of the thought of "Enzymatic- and Transporter-Based Drug-Drug Interactions: Progress and Future Challenges" Proceedings came about as part of the annual meeting of The American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) that was held in San Diego in November of 2007. The attendance of workshop by more than 250 pharmaceutical scientists reflected the increased interest in the area of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), the greater focus of PhRMA, academia, and regulatory agencies, and the rapid pace of growth in knowledge. One of the aims of the workshop was to address the progress made in quantitatively predicting enzyme- and transporter-based DDIs as well as highlighted areas where such predictions are poor or areas that remain challenging for the future. Because of the serious clinical implications, initiatives have arisen from the FDA (http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/interactstud.htm) to highlight the importance of enzyme- and transporter-based DDIs. During the past ten to fifteen years, we have come to realize that transporters, in addition to enzymes, play a vital role in drug elimination. Such insight has been possible because of the continued growth in PK-ADME (pharmacokinetics-absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion) knowledge, fueled by further advances in molecular biology, greater availability of human tissues, and the development of additional and sophisticated model systems and sensitive assay methods for studying drug metabolism and transport in vitro and in vivo. This has sparked an in-depth probing into mechanisms surrounding DDIs, resulting from ligand-induced changes in nuclear receptors, as well as alterations in transporter and enzyme expression and function. Despite such advances, the in vitro and in vivo study of drug interactions and the integration of various data sets remain challenging. Therefore, it has become apparent that a proceeding that serves to encapsulate current strategies, approaches, methods and applications is necessary. As Editors, we have assembled a number of opinion leaders and asked them to contribute chapters surrounding these issues. Many of these are the original Workshop speakers whereas others had been selected specially to contribute on topics related to basic and applied information that had not been covered in other reference texts on DDI. The resulting tome, entitled Enzyme- and Transporter-Based Drug Interactions: Progress and Future Challenges, comprises of four sections. Twenty-eight chapters covering various topics and perspectives related to the subject of metabolic and transporter-based drug-drug interactions are presented.
Enzyme-based Biosensors: Recent Advances and Applications in Healthcare
by Sanjukta Patra Debasree Kundu Manashjit GogoiThis book summarizes the principles, protocols, and applications of enzyme-based biosensors in healthcare. After providing a brief history and discussing the development of various biosensors used for medical applications, it explores the principles of enzyme-based biosensors and reviews a number of enzyme immobilization techniques. It then addresses the potential of enzyme-based biosensors in the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases; illustrates the potential of enzyme-based biosensors for non-invasive monitoring of biochemical biomarkers; and assesses the application of paper-based and microfluidic-based nanobiosensors in medical diagnostics. A one-stop resource on recent advances in enzyme-based biosensors in healthcare, this book will appeal to students, researchers and scientists in a range of disciplines, as well as entrepreneurs, and medical/healthcare professionals.
Enzyme-Based Computing Systems
by Evgeny KatzThis systematic and comprehensive overview of enzyme-based biocomputing is an excellent resource for scientists and engineers working on the design, study and applications of enzyme-logic systems.
Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis
by Cheanyeh ChengEnzyme-Based Organic Synthesis An insightful exploration of an increasingly popular technique in organic chemistry In Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis, expert chemist Dr. Cheanyeh Cheng delivers a comprehensive discussion of the principles, methods, and applications of enzymatic and microbial processes for organic synthesis. The book thoroughly explores this growing area of green synthetic organic chemistry, both in the context of academic research and industrial practice. The distinguished author provides a single point of access for enzymatic methods applicable to organic synthesis and focuses on enzyme catalyzed organic synthesis with six different classes of enzyme. This book serves as a link between enzymology and biocatalysis and serves as an invaluable reference for the growing number of organic chemists using biocatalysis. Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis provides readers with multiple examples of practical applications of the main enzyme classes relevant to the pharmaceutical, medical, food, cosmetics, fragrance, and health care industries. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to foundational topics, including the discovery and nature of enzymes, enzyme structure, catalytic function, molecular recognition, enzyme specificity, and enzyme classes Practical discussions of organic synthesis with oxidoreductases, including oxidation reactions and reduction reactions Comprehensive explorations of organic synthesis with transferases, including transamination with aminotransferases and phosphorylation with kinases In-depth examinations of organic synthesis with hydrolases, including the hydrolysis of the ester bond Perfect for organic synthetic chemists, chemical and biochemical engineers, biotechnologists, process chemists, and enzymologists, Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis is also an indispensable resource for practitioners in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and fragrance industries that regularly apply this type of synthesis.
Enzyme Cascade Design and Modelling
by Selin Kara Florian RudroffThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments achieved in the field of chemo/enzymatic cascades with topics spanning from design (in vitro and in vivo) to kinetic- and process modelling as well as process control. Opportunities and challenges of building multi-step chemo/enzymatic reactions are discussed, whereby the latter are critically assessed in each chapter and methods to ease the implementation are explored. Both, multi-enzymatic cascades and chemo-enzymatic cascades are presented with the motivation of combining the strengths of these two worlds (e.g. selectivity, activity and robustness) not neglecting the obstacles and challenges of such endeavour. Furthermore, the use of non-conventional media for catalytic cascade reactions, recent achievements and potential for future developments in a technical environment are addressed.
Enzyme Catalysis Today and the Chemistry of the 21st Century
by Gertz I. LikhtenshteinThis book examines enzymatic reactions from the standpoint of physical chemistry. An introductory chapter gives a brief overview of the role of enzymes in metabolism, biotechnology and medicine, while describing the framework for chemical mimicry of enzyme reactions. Subsequent chapters of the book are devoted to a general overview of vital enzyme processes, methods of enzyme kinetic reactions, the theory of elementary mechanisms, oriental, dynamic and polar factors affecting enzyme catalysts, as well as the current status and prospects of enzyme chemical modeling. The book gives particular attention to chemical reactions highly important in modern research efforts, such as the conversion of light energy into chemical energy with a high quantum yield, photooxidation of water, reduction of atmospheric nitrogen, and utilization of carbon dioxide in ambient conditions. The book is intended for scientists working on enzyme catalysis and the adjacent areas such as chemical modeling of biological processes, homogeneous catalysis, biomedical research, biotechnology and bioengineering. In addition, it can serve as secondary instructional material for graduate and undergraduate students of chemistry, medicine, biochemistry, biophysics, biophysiology, and bioengineering.