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High-Pressure Physics (Scottish Graduate Series)
by John LovedayHigh-pressure science has undergone a revolution in the last 15 years. The development of intense new x-ray and neutron sources, improved detectors, new instrumentation, greatly increased computation power, and advanced computational algorithms have enabled researchers to determine the behavior of matter at static pressures in excess of 400 GPa. Sh
High-Pressure Silicates and Oxides: Phase Transition and Thermodynamics (Advances in Geological Science)
by Masaki AkaogiThis book presents a summary of high-pressure phase transitions of minerals and related inorganic compounds. The first part reviews the methods to investigate phase transitions by direct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments together with thermodynamic approaches that consist of calorimetric measurements and thermodynamic calculation. In the second part, phase relations and thermodynamic properties of olivine, pyroxene, garnet, spinel, perovskite, rutile, and related inorganic compounds with A2BO4, ABO3, AB2O4, and AO2 stoichiometries are described. Particular emphasis is placed on spinel- and perovskite-structured phases and their high-pressure polymorphs called post-spinel and post-perovskite phases. The last part of the book focuses on phase relations of mantle rocks and on natural high-pressure minerals from the Earth’s deep mantle and in shocked meteorites.
High-Productivity Drilling Tools: Design and Geometry
by Viktor P. AstakhovThis completely updated volume covers the design, manufacturing, and inspection of high‑productivity drilling tools (HPDT) and addresses common issues with drilling system components. It discards old notions and beliefs as it introduces scientifically and technically sound concepts and rules with detailed explanations and multiple practical examples.High‑Productivity Drilling Tools: Design and Geometry introduces the development of the concept of high‑productivity (HP) drill design and its manufacturing and application features. This book continues to develop the concept of a drilling system in the new edition and includes new practical examples. It explains how to properly design and manufacture drilling tools for a specific application and includes a detailed explanation of the design features, tool manufacturing and implementation practices, metrology of drilling and drilling tools, and the tool failure analysis. Using the coherency law as the guidelines introduced in the first edition, the new edition shows how to formulate the requirements for the components of the drilling system, pointing out that the drilling tool is the key component to be improved.This practical book should be on the shelves of all industrial engineers, those working in production and manufacturing, process designers, tool material designers, cutting tool designers, and quality specialists. Researchers, senior undergraduate students, and graduate students will also find this book full of very helpful reference information.
High-Productivity Drilling Tools: Materials, Metrology, and Failure Analysis
by Viktor P. AstakhovThis completely updated volume covers tool materials, tolerances, an inspection of drilling tools, requirements of tool drawings with examples, and methodologies and procedures of failure analysis. It introduces a new line of HP drilling tools called VPA designs and brings it into sharp focus signifying its importance in drilling operations.High-Productivity Drilling Tools: Materials, Metrology, and Failure Analysis further develops the concept of the metrology of the drilling tools introduced in the first edition. For the first time, the relevant metrological parameters are clearly defined with tolerance for HPHD with practical examples of step-by-step inspection/measurement using advanced tool measurement microscopes and CNC machines. A pros and cons list as a quick and easy decision-making tool for the choice of measuring equipment for a particular application is offered along with practical examples of drilling tool drawings to help tool designers, cutting tool and manufacturing engineers, and users in their everyday activities in the design and selection of HPDT for a particular application. An unparalleled presentation of metalworking fluids (MWFs, a.k.a. coolants) is given and covers all the start of the business: selection, implementation in HPDT and drilling operation, monitoring, and maintenance. A two-step procedure for successful implementation of near-dry machining (NDM) or minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is presented, and a discussion of the wear of the drilling tool, its proper assessments, and metrics are provided in the evaluation of tool life and quality of machined holes.This practical book should be on the shelves of all industrial engineers, those working in production and manufacturing, process designers, tool material designers, cutting tool designers, and quality specialists. Researchers, senior undergraduate students, and graduate students will also find this book full of very helpful reference information and the source of new ideas and notions in drilling tool development.
High-Quality Outdoor Learning: Evidence-based Education Outside the Classroom for Children, Teachers and Society
by Rolf Jucker Jakob Von AuThis open access book reviews evidence and case studies on the effects of outdoor learning on teachers and learners. It shows how real-world learning outside the classroom contributes to unlocking the full potential of learners, demonstrating its benefits for academic learning, social competencies, personal and emotional development, psychological well-being, and physical activity and health. In addition, the book highlights how outdoor learning nurtures environmental awareness and helps learners to tackle current sustainability challenges. Its focus on high-quality learning makes it a unique contribution to the implementation of SDG 4. Aimed at lecturers at teacher training universities, teachers, professional educators, coaches, and multipliers who train staff of educational NGOs, as well as decision makers on all levels of education systems, this book is of interest to all those who seek a more in-depth understanding of the future of education.
High-Rate, High-Dimensional Quantum Key Distribution Systems (Springer Theses)
by Nurul T. IslamThis book describes a broad research program on quantum communication. Here, a cryptographic key is exchanged by two parties using quantum states of light and the security of the system arises from the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics. The author developed new communication protocols using high-dimensional quantum states so that more than one classical bit is transferred by each photon. This approach helps circumvent some of the non-ideal properties of the experimental system, enabling record key rates on metropolitan distance scales. Another important aspect of the work is the encoding of the key on high-dimensional phase-randomized weak coherent states, combined with so-called decoy states to thwart a class of possible attacks on the system. The experiments are backed up by a rigorous security analysis of the system, which accounts for all known device non-idealities. The author goes on to demonstrate a scalable approach for increasing the dimension of the quantum states, and considers attacks on the system that use optimal quantum cloning techniques. This thesis captures the current state-of-the-art of the field of quantum communication in laboratory systems, and demonstrates that phase-randomized weak coherent states have application beyond quantum communication.
High-Resolution Experiments on Strong-Field Ionization of Atoms and Molecules
by Lutz FechnerIn this thesis, the ionization of atoms and small molecules in strong laser fields is experimentally studied using a reaction microscope. The population of autoionizing doubly excited states in the laser fields is proven and a possible connection to the well-known dielectronic recombination processes is discussed. The fundamental process of tunnel ionization in strong laser fields is subject of investigation in a pump-probe experiment with ultrashort laser pulses. A coherent superposition of electronic states in singly charged argon ions is created within the first, and subsequently tunnel-ionized with the second pulse. This gives access to state-selective information about the tunneling process and allows to test common models. Moreover, the ionization of krypton and argon at different wavelengths is studied, from the multiphoton to the tunneling regime. The wavelength-dependent investigations are furthermore extended to molecular hydrogen. In addition to ionization, this system might undergo different dissociative processes. Channel-selective electron momentum distributions are presented and compared to each other.
High-Resolution Imaging of Cellular Proteins
by Steven D. Schwartzbach Omar Skalli Thomas SchikorskiThis volume presents authoritative and cutting-edge methods and protocols focusing on three tool boxes covering the increasingly diverse methodologies used to image selected proteins and to investigate their function by light and electron microscopy. The first tool box includes the development of a wide range of molecular and immunological probes to target specific proteins. The second details the use of these probes for high resolution fluorescence microscopy and the third focuses on applications for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls thus ensuring successful results in the further study of this vital field.
High-Resolution Profiling of Protein-RNA Interactions
by Mathias MunschauerThe work reported in this book represents an excellent example of how creative experimentation and technology development, complemented by computational data analysis, can yield important insights that further our understanding of biological entities from a systems perspective. The book describes how the study of a single RNA-binding protein and its interaction sites led to the development of the novel 'protein occupancy profiling' technology that for the first time captured the mRNA sequence space contacted by the ensemble of expressed RNA binders. Application of protein occupancy profiling to eukaryotic cells revealed that extensive sequence stretches in 3' UTRs can be contacted by RBPs and that evolutionary conservation as well as negative selection act on protein-RNA contact sites, suggesting functional importance. Comparative analysis of the RBP-bound sequence space has the potential to unravel putative cis-acting RNA elements without a priori knowledge of the bound regulators. Here, Dr. Munschauer provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of post-transcriptional gene regulation, examines state-of-the-art technologies, and combines the conclusions from several journal articles into a coherent and logical story from the frontiers of systems-biology inspired life science. This thesis, submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy at Freie Universität Berlin, was selected as outstanding work by the Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology at the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany.
High-Resolution Spin-Resolved Photoemission Spectrometer and the Rashba Effect in Bismuth Thin Films
by Akari TakayamaIn this thesis, the author has developed a high-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer that achieves the world-best energy resolution of 8 meV. The author has designed a new, highly efficient mini Mott detector that has a large electron acceptance angle and an atomically flat gold target to enhance the efficiency of detecting scattered electrons. The author measured the electron and spin structure of Bi thin film grown on a Si(111) surface to study the Rashba effect. Unlike the conventional Rashba splitting, an asymmetric in-plane spin polarization and a tremendous out-of-plane spin component were observed. Moreover, the author found that the spin polarization of Rashba surface states is reduced by decreasing the film thickness, which indicates the considerable interaction of Rashba spin-split states between the surface and Bi/Si interface.
High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy: Instrumentation, Data Analysis, and Science (Springer Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology)
by Cosimo Bambi Jiachen JiangNASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton Observatory have been the pioneering satellites for studying the Universe with X-rays and the cornerstone of X-ray spectroscopy since their launches more than 20 years ago. The onboard gratings provide us a unique opportunity to distinguish individual spectral lines from different atoms thanks to their high energy resolutions. Enormous discoveries have been achieved by these two missions when observing a variety of X-ray-emitting astronomical objects, such as black holes, supernova remnants, clusters of galaxies, and stars. However, the data are limited to fairly bright X-ray sources. The recent JAXA's mission Hitomi opened a new window of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy thanks to its onboard X-ray calorimeter. Although this mission was shortly terminated due to a mishap, Hitomi left behind a few sets of observations awaiting more data mining. The first half of this book introduces the history of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and different generations of X-ray spectrometers. A tutorial guide on how to reduce, analyze, and understand the astronomical data from Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Hitomi is also included. The second half of the book reviews past results obtained by the high-resolution spectrometers on these missions on multiple topics and discusses possible discoveries by upcoming missions in the next decade.
High-Resolution XAS/XES: Analyzing Electronic Structures of Catalysts
by Jacinto SáPhoton-in-photon-out core level spectroscopy is an emerging approach to characterize the electronic structure of catalysts and enzymes, and it is either installed or planned for intense synchrotron beam lines and X-ray free electron lasers. This type of spectroscopy requires high-energy resolution spectroscopy not only for the incoming X-ray beam b
High-Rise Urban Form and Microclimate: Climate-Responsive Design for Asian Mega-Cities (The Urban Book Series)
by Feng Yang Liang ChenThe book comprehensively investigates the relationship between critical urban form and fabric parameters and urban microclimate in the high-rise urban environment that prevails in Asian megacities such as Shanghai. It helps readers gain a deeper understanding of climate-responsive urban design strategies and tactics for effectively mitigating the negative impacts of deteriorating urban thermal environments on pedestrian thermal comfort, outdoor air quality and building energy consumption. It also reviews the latest advances in urban climate research, with a focus on the challenges in terms of outdoor space comfort, health, and livability posed by the high-rise and high-density development in emerging Asian megacities, and proposes an integrated framework in response to the pressing need for microclimate research. It then presents a series of studies on high-rise residential and non-residential urban neighborhoods and districts based on instrumented field study, validated numerical simulation, and spatial analysis using a GIS platform. The book includes extensive, valuable experimental data presented in a clear and concise manner. The thermal atlas methodology based on empirical modeling and spatial analysis described is a useful climate-responsive design tool for both urban designer and architects. As such, the book is of particular interest to researchers, professionals, and graduate students in the fields of urban planning and design, building science and urban climatology.
High-Risk Atherosclerotic Plaques: Mechanisms, Imaging, Models, and Therapy
by Levon Michael KhachigianVulnerable plaque development is the result of a complex series of molecular and cellular events involving inflammation, apoptosis, rupture, and thrombosis. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of high-risk plaques, along with the ability to visualize and diagnose these vulnerable lesions, will lead to the effective
High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy in Biology: Directly Watching Dynamics of Biomolecules in Action (NanoScience and Technology)
by Toshio AndoThis first book on high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is intended for students and biologists who want to use HS-AFM in their research. It provides straightforward explanations of the principle and techniques of AFM and HS-AFM. Numerous examples of HS-AFM studies on proteins demonstrate how to apply this new form of microscopy to specific biological problems. Several precautions for successful imaging and the preparation of cantilever tips and substrate surfaces will greatly benefit first-time users of HS-AFM. In turn, the instrumentation techniques detailed in Chapter 4 can be skipped, but will be useful for engineers and scientists who want to develop the next generation of high-speed scanning probe microscopes for biology.The book is intended to facilitate the first-time use of this new technique, and to inspire students and researchers to tackle their own specific biological problems by directly observing dynamic events occurring in the nanoscopic world. Microscopy in biology has recently entered a new era with the advent of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). Unlike optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and conventional slow AFM, it allows us to directly observe biological molecules in physiological environments. Molecular “movies” created using HS-AFM can directly reveal how molecules behave and operate, without the need for subsequent complex analyses and roundabout interpretations. It also allows us to directly monitor morphological change in live cells, and dynamic molecular events occurring on the surfaces of living bacteria and intracellular organelles. As HS-AFM instruments were recently commercialized, in the near future HS-AFM is expected to become a common tool in biology, and will enhance and accelerate our understanding of biological phenomena.
High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications (Devices, Circuits, and Systems #30)
by Jung Han ChoiPresenting the cutting-edge results of new device developments and circuit implementations, High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications covers the recent advancements of nano devices for terahertz (THz) applications and the latest high-speed data rate connectivity technologies from system design to integrated circuit (IC) design, providing relevant standard activities and technical specifications. Featuring the contributions of leading experts from industry and academia, this pivotal work: <P><P> Discusses THz sensing and imaging devices based on nano devices and materials Describes silicon on insulator (SOI) multigate nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) Explains the theory underpinning nanoscale nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), simulation methods, and their results Explores the physics of the silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), as well as commercially available SiGe HBT devices and their applications Details aspects of THz IC design using standard silicon (Si) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, including experimental setups for measurements, detection methods, and more <P><P> An essential text for the future of high-frequency engineering, High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications offers valuable insight into emerging technologies and product possibilities that are attractive in terms of mass production and compatibility with current manufacturing facilities.
High-Speed Dreams: NASA and the Technopolitics of Supersonic Transportation, 1945–1999 (New Series in NASA History)
by Erik M. ConwayIn High-Speed Dreams, Erik M. Conway constructs an insightful history that focuses primarily on the political and commercial factors responsible for the rise and fall of American supersonic transport research programs. Conway charts commercial supersonic research efforts through the changing relationships between international and domestic politicians, military/NASA contractors, private investors, and environmentalists. He documents post-World War II efforts at the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics and the Defense Department to generate supersonic flight technologies, the attempts to commercialize these technologies by Britain and the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, environmental campaigns against SST technology in the 1970s, and subsequent attempts to revitalize supersonic technology at the end of the century.High-Speed Dreams is a sophisticated study of politics, economics, nationalism, and the global pursuit of progress. Historians, along with participants in current aerospace research programs, will gain valuable perspective on the interaction of politics and technology.
High-Speed Photography in Fluid Mechanics (SpringerBriefs in Energy)
by Jian Chang Yuning Zhang Junwei Shen Shaowu MaThis brief overviews the application and significance of high-speed photography in experimental fluid mechanics, specifically focusing on the detailed observation and analysis of bubble dynamics, drop dynamics, and wake dynamics. It explores the development and various application scenarios of high-speed imaging technology, using it to investigate microscopic phenomena within these areas. The book covers key topics such as bubble collapse and deformation, particle acceleration mechanisms, and cavitating flow patterns in bubble dynamics; droplet impact, coalescence, and fragmentation in drop dynamics; and the wake phenomena of bluff bodies during translation, rotation, and interactions with flat surfaces in wake dynamics. Through experimental observations and mechanism research, the book provides insights into the underlying processes and behaviors in fluid systems, making it a valuable resource for researchers and students in fluid mechanics and energy related fields.
High-Speed Photonic Devices
by Nadir DagliWith the ongoing, worldwide installation of 40 Gbit/s fiber optic transmission systems, there is an urgency to learn more about the photonic devices supporting this technology. Focusing on the components used to generate, modulate, and receive optical signals, High-Speed Photonic Devices presents the state-of- the-art enabling technologies behind h
High-Speed Precision Motion Control
by Takashi Yamaguchi, Mitsuo Hirata and Chee Khiang PangEdited by Takashi Yamaguchi, Mitsuo Hirate, and Chee Khiang Pang, with contributions from pioneers known for their ground-breaking work, High-Speed Precision Motion Control discusses high-precision and fast servo controls in hard disk drives (HDDs). The chapter authors describe the control technologies they’ve developed, most of which have already been successfully applied to mass production of HDDs. As the proposed methodologies have been verified on commercial HDDs at the very least, these advanced control technologies can also be readily applied to precision motion control of other mechatronic systems, e.g., scanners, micro-positioners, photocopiers, atomic force microscopes (AFMs), etc. Each self-contained chapter progresses from concept to technique and presents application examples in automotive, aerospace, aeronautical, and manufacturing engineering. The control technologies are categorized into high-speed servo control, precision control, and environment-friendly control, making it easy to find an appropriate control technology according to their domain of application. The book also makes MATLAB®/SIMULINK® codes for benchmark problems available for download. The control technologies described range from fundamental classical control theories to advanced topics such as multi-rate control. The content contains a healthy balance between materials from the contributor’s research works and that in the wider literature. The resulting resource empowers engineers and managers with the knowledge and know-how to make important decisions and policies.
High-Temperature Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage: Fundamentals and Applications (Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion)
by Jiujun Zhang Yixiang Shi Ningsheng Cai Tianyu CaoAs global demands for energy and lower carbon emissions rise, developing systems of energy conversion and storage becomes necessary. This book explores how Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion (EESC) devices are promising advanced power systems that can directly convert chemical energy in fuel into power, and thereby aid in proposing a solution to the global energy crisis. The book focuses on high-temperature electrochemical devices that have a wide variety of existing and potential applications, including the creation of fuel cells for power generation, production of high-purity hydrogen by electrolysis, high-purity oxygen by membrane separation, and various high-temperature batteries. High-Temperature Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage: Fundamentals and Applications provides a comprehensive view of the new technologies in high-temperature electrochemistry. Written in a clear and detailed manner, it is suitable for developers, researchers, or students of any level.
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor for Process Heat Applications (Power Systems)
by Kurt Kugeler Zuoyi ZhangThis book highlights the process of heat applications driven by modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) which have inherent safety characteristics and high outlet temperature. The book systematically covers related principles, guidelines and discussion about circuits, components and the coupling with HTGR, recommendations of safety measures, and economic and environmental requirements, with examples and experience from long-term practice. The combination of the HTGR technology and process heat applications not only is important for promoting the use of HTGR but also provides an option of significant potential for the replacement of conventional fossil fuels. With over a thousand illustrations, the book is of outstanding reference value for researchers and professionals to develop a thorough understanding.
High-Temperature Levitated Materials
by David L. PriceOne of the major experimental difficulties in studying materials at extreme temperatures is unwanted contamination of the sample through contact with the container. This can be avoided by suspending the sample through levitation. This technique also makes metastable states of matter accessible, opening up new avenues of scientific enquiry, as well as possible new materials for technological applications. This book describes several methods of levitation, the most important being aerodynamic, electromagnetic and electrostatic. It summarizes the state-of-the-art of the measurement of structural, dynamic and physical properties with levitation techniques, the considerable progress made in this field in the past two decades, and prospects for the future. It also explores the concepts behind the experiments and associated theoretical ideas. Aimed at researchers in physics, physical chemistry and materials science, the book is also of interest to professionals working in high-temperature materials processing and the aerospace industry.
High-Temperature Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Heterocyclic Networks from Nitrile Monomers (Springer Series in Materials Science #334)
by Vladimir A. Bershtein Pavel N. YakushevThis book presents an overview of polymer nanocomposites for use in various high-temperature applications. Specifically, it focuses on the structure and physical properties of nanocomposites based on heterocyclic matrices derived from nitrile monomers such as cyanate esters or phthalonitriles. Due to increasing interest in new heat-resistant, lightweight materials for use in extreme conditions, such as in aeronautics, microelectronics, and various industrial machinery, the high thermal stability of heterocyclic polymer networks, in particular, has attracted much attention from materials researchers and engineers. Featuring a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in research on the structure and physical properties of these promising high-temperature polymer nanocomposites, this book will be of particular interest to materials scientists and engineers working throughout the fields of aeronautical and microelectronic engineering. In general, this book is intended for use by researchers of composite materials and specialists engaged in material selection for work in extreme conditions; for students specializing in materials science; for polymer physicists, and for university libraries.
High-Temperature Superconducting Microwave Circuits and Applications
by Haiwen Liu Baoping Ren Xuehui Guan Pin Wen Tao ZuoHigh-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials are becoming more and more attractive in the context of designing RF/microwave filters because of their lower losses and excellent performance. This book focuses on the superconducting microwave filter and its application in modern communication. It first presents the basic principles, HTS materials and processing and then introduces several types of multi-band HTS bandpass filter (BPF), discussing their properties and analyzing equivalent circuit models and their performances. This book is a valuable resource for students and researchers who are interested in wireless communication and RF/microwave design.