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Ionic Liquids for Better Separation Processes
by Héctor RodríguezThis book discusses capital separation processes of industrial interest and explores the potential for substantial improvement offered by a promising class of substances: ionic liquids. These low melting point salts, with their unique characteristics, have been gaining relevance in the field of separation through a variety of approaches. The chapters are structured from an application perspective, and cover the utilisation of ionic liquids in different unit operation contexts (distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-liquid extraction), giving an idea of their remarkable versatility. The final chapters focus on the use of ionic liquids in analytical applications based on separation procedures. This volume combines the review of the main advances to date with the analysis of the potential future use of ionic liquids in separation processes across a variety of fields, ranging from enhancement of state-of-the-art technologies to a revolution in the technological bases currently in use. It provides a valuable resource for engineers and scientists working in the field of separation, as well as for all readers generally interested in ionic liquids, in particular from an application standpoint. Héctor Rodríguez is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Ionic Liquids further UnCOILed: Critical Expert Overviews
by Kenneth R. Seddon Natalia V. PlechkovaCritical overviews from the front line of ionic liquids research Ionic Liquids Further UnCOILed: Critical Expert Overviews continues the discussion of new processes and developments in ionic liquid technology introduced in the first volume. Written by an international group of key academic and industrial chemists, this next book in the series includes eleven overviews of specific areas of ionic liquid chemistry including: Physicochemical properties of ionic liquids A patent survey Ionic liquid membrane technology Engineering simulations Molecular simulations The goal of this volume is to provide expert overviews that range from applied to theoretical, synthetic to analytical, and biotechnological to electrochemical, while also offering consistent abbreviations of ionic liquids throughout the text. The value of Ionic Liquids Further UnCOILed: Critical Expert Overviews lies in the authors’ expertise and their willingness to share it with the reader. Included in the book is insight into typical problems related to experimental techniques, selection of liquids, and variability of data—all of which were overseen by Professor Ken Seddon, one of the book’s editors and a world leader in ionic liquids. This book is a must read for R&D chemists in industrial, governmental, and academic laboratories, and for commercial developers of environmentally sustainable processes. It offers insight and appreciation for the direction in which the field is going, while also highlighting the best published works available, making it equally valuable to new and experienced chemists alike.
Ionic Liquids in Biotransformations and Organocatalysis
by Pablo Domínguez de MaríaThis book addresses the use of ionic liquids in biotransformation and organocatalysis. Its major parts include: an overview of the fundamentals of ionic liquids and their interactions with proteins and enzymes; the use of ILs in biotransformations; non-solvent applications such as additives, membranes, substrate anchoring, and the use of ILs in organocatalysis (from solvents to co-catalysts and new reactivities, as well as non-solvent applications such as anchoring and immobilization).
Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis (Analytical Chemistry)
by Mihkel KoelAn Overview of a Rapidly Expanding Area in ChemistryExploring the future in chemical analysis research, Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis focuses on materials that promise entirely new ways to perform solution chemistry. It provides a broad overview of the applications of ionic liquids in various areas of analytical chemistry, in
Ionic Liquids in Flow Assurance (SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering)
by Bhajan Lal Ali Qasim Azmi Mohammad ShariffThis book focuses on the application of ionic liquids in flow assurance in the oil and gas industry. It discusses their physiochemical properties, and considers the role of ionic liquids as gas hydrate inhibitors in offshore pipelines. Gas hydrate occurrence can pose a major threat to pipeline integrity. Therefore, different categories of gas hydrate inhibitors and the main factors influencing ionic liquids during gas hydrate inhibition are examined thoroughly. The use of ionic liquids as corrosion inhibitors, their application in flow assurance industry to mitigate corrosion, and factors affecting their performance are discussed. Finally, the applications of ionic liquids in wax, scale and asphaltenes deposition control is explored. The extensive discussion of ionic liquids in flow assurance mean that this book will be of use to researchers, engineers, and industry professionals in upstream processing of the oil and gas sector.
Ionic and Electrochemical Equilibria
by Michel SoustelleThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been paid to the rigor of mathematical developments. This sixth volume is made up of two parts. The first part focuses on the study of ionic equilibria in water or non-aqueous solvents. The following are then discussed in succession: the dissociation of electrolytes, solvents and solvation, acid-base equilibria, formation of complexes, redox equilibria and the problems of precipitation. Part 2 discusses electrochemical thermodynamics, with the study of two groups: electrodes and electrochemical cells. The book concludes with the study of potential-pH diagrams and their generalization in an aqueous or non-aqueous medium.
Ionic-Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems
by Mara G. FreireThis book offers comprehensive information on the fundamentals and applications of ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems, which have predominantly (and successfully) been employed as alternative platforms for the extraction, separation and purification of diverse high-value products. The book consists of an initial introduction providing a brief overview, from fundamentals to applications, followed by nine chapters addressing the respective phase diagrams (interpretation and characterization) and remarkable examples of their applications. It also includes two final chapters focusing on recent developments in the search for more environmentally-benign and biocompatible ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems, and on the progress made to date concerning the recovery, recycling and reuse of the phase-forming components, the goal being the development of cost-effective and sustainable processes. The book offers an interesting and useful guide for a broad readership in the fields of green chemistry, biotechnology, chemical engineering, and biochemistry, among others. Mara G. Freire is a Coordinator Researcher at CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
Ionically Gelled Biopolysaccharide Based Systems in Drug Delivery (Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)
by Amit Kumar Nayak Md Saquib Hasnain Dilipkumar PalThis volume provides a thorough insight into the chemistry and mechanism of ionic gelations of various ionic biopolysaccharides, like alginate, gellan gum, pectin, chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc., and the applications of various ionically gelled biopolysaccharides in drug delivery fields, with chapters emphasizing the recent advances in the field by the experts. This book will be of interest to graduate students and academic and industry researchers from pharmacy, biotechnology, bioengineering, biomedical and material sciences fields.
Ionising Radiation Protection: A Primer (Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology)
by Jordan WainThis concise yet comprehensive primer on ionising radiation protection includes chapters on foundational nuclear physics, radiation units, the biological effects of radiation exposure, radiation risk and epidemiological studies, internal and external radiation hazards, background radiation, radioactive waste management, and radiation detection. The background knowledge to understand each topic is included early in the book. Each topic is introduced slowly and the complexity and depth are increased to a level commensurate with a master's degree. End-of-chapter exercises enable the reader to consolidate their knowledge. This text is ideal for anyone wanting to gain insight into the most important areas of the field and will well-equip those wishing to explore the subject in further depth/detail/breadth.
Ionization and Plasma Dynamics of Single Large Xenon Clusters in Superintense XUV Pulses
by Daniela RuppAt the heart of this thesis is the young field of free electron laser science, whose experimental and theoretical basics are described here in a comprehensible manner. Extremely bright and ultra short pulses from short wavelength free-electron lasers (FELs) have recently opened the path to new fields of research. The x-ray flashes transform all matter into highly excited plasma states within femtoseconds, while their high spatial and temporal resolution allows the study of fast processes in very small structures. Even imaging of single molecules may be within reach if ultrafast radiation damage can be understood and brought under control. Atomic clusters have proven to be ideal model systems for light-matter interaction studies in all wavelength regimes, being size scalable, easy-to-produce gas phase targets with a simple structure. With FELs, "single cluster imaging and simultaneous ion spectroscopy" makes possible experiments under extremely well defined initial conditions, because the size of the cluster and the FEL intensity can be extracted from the scattering images. For the first time large xenon clusters up to micron radius were generated. Their single cluster scattering images were analyzed for cluster morphology and traces of the ultrafast plasma built-up during the femtosecond FEL pulse. The simultaneously measured single cluster ion spectra yield unprecedented insight into the ion dynamics following the interaction. The results will feed both future experimental effort and theoretical modeling.
Ionizing Radiation Effects in Electronics: From Memories to Imagers (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Marta Bagatin Simone GerardinIonizing Radiation Effects in Electronics: From Memories to Imagers delivers comprehensive coverage of the effects of ionizing radiation on state-of-the-art semiconductor devices. The book also offers valuable insight into modern radiation-hardening techniques.The text begins by providing important background information on radiation effects, their underlying mechanisms, and the use of Monte Carlo techniques to simulate radiation transport and the effects of radiation on electronics. The book then: Explains the effects of radiation on digital commercial devices, including microprocessors and volatile and nonvolatile memories—static random-access memories (SRAMs), dynamic random-access memories (DRAMs), and Flash memories Examines issues like soft errors, total dose, and displacement damage, together with hardening-by-design solutions for digital circuits, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and mixed-analog circuits Explores the effects of radiation on fiber optics and imager devices such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors and charge-coupled devices (CCDs) Featuring real-world examples, case studies, extensive references, and contributions from leading experts in industry and academia, Ionizing Radiation Effects in Electronics: From Memories to Imagers is suitable both for newcomers who want to become familiar with radiation effects and for radiation experts who are looking for more advanced material or to make effective use of beam time.
Ionospheric Delay Investigation and Forecasting (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by N. A. Elmunim M. AbdullahThis book highlights ionospheric delay investigation and forecasting using GPS-TEC measurements in the equatorial region. The ionospheric delay error is the main source of error and a major concern for GPS applications as it corrupts the positioning and time transfer results. In the equatorial region, the variations of the total electron content (TEC) and the ionospheric delay are recognized to be high when compared with other regions such as mid-latitude and high latitude. The investigation and forecasting of trans-ionospheric propagation errors are essential for precise measurement and further contribute valuable information to satellite and space probe navigation, space geodesy, radio astronomy and other applications.
Ionospheric Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Tools: Approaches for Deriving Ionospheric Parameters (ISSI Scientific Report Series #17)
by Hermann Lühr Malcolm Wray DunlopThis open access book provides a comprehensive toolbox of analysis techniques for ionospheric multi-satellite missions. The immediate need for this volume was motivated by the ongoing ESA Swarm satellite mission, but the tools that are described are general and can be used for any future ionospheric multi-satellite mission with comparable instrumentation. In addition to researching the immediate plasma environment and its coupling to other regions, such a mission aims to study the Earth’s main magnetic field and its anomalies caused by core, mantle, or crustal sources. The parameters for carrying out this kind of work are examined in these chapters. Besides currents, electric fields, and plasma convection, these parameters include ionospheric conductance, Joule heating, neutral gas densities, and neutral winds.
Ions in Solution and their Solvation
by Yizhak MarcusThe book starts with an exposition of the relevant properties of ions and continues with a description of their solvation in the gas phase. The relevant properties of prospective liquid solvents for the ions are dealt with. The process of the transfer of ions from the gas phase into a liquid where they are solvated is then taken care of. Various aspects of the solutions of the ions, such as structural and transport ones and the effects of the ions on the solvent dynamics and structure are then described. In cases where the solvent is a mixture selective solvation takes place and is discussed. The interactions of ions with one another that may lead to ion pairing and with other solutes in the solution as well as their dependence on the solvent are also dealt with. The book concludes with applications of the concepts expounded previously in fields such as electrochemistry, hydrometallurgy, separation chemistry, biophysics, and synthetic methods. The book contains a large amount of factual information in the form of extensive tables of critically examined data and illustrations of the points made throughout.
Ions in Water and Biophysical Implications
by Yizhak MarcusOver the past decade, numerous books have attempted to explain ions in aqueous solutions in relation to biophysical phenomena. Ions in Water and Biophysical Implications, from Chaos to Cosmos offers a physicochemical point of view of the spread of this matter and suggests innovative solutions that will challenge the biophysics research establishment. Starting with a throughout discussion of the properties of liquid water, in particular as a structured liquid with an extensive hydrogen bonded structure, the book examines water as a solvent for gases, non-electrolytes, and electrolytes and reviews the properties, sizes and thermodynamics of isolated and aqueous ions, as well as their interactions, including those of polyelectrolytes. The effects of ions on water structure, including those on solvent dynamics and certain thermodynamic quantities, are presented. This volume investigates water surfaces with its vapour, with another liquid, and with a solid, as well as the effects of solutes, including simple ions and the water-miscible non-electrolytes. Surfaces are relevant to biomolecular and colloidal systems and the book discusses briefly surfactants, micelles and vesicles. Finally, the book concludes with a review of the various biophysical implications involving chaotropic and kosmotropic ions in homogeneous solutions and the Hofmeister series for ions concerning biomolecular and colloidal systems and some aspects of protein hydration and K+/Na+ selectivity in ion channels. Ions in Water and Biophysical Implications, from Chaos to Cosmos will appeal to physical chemists, biophysicists, biochemists, as well as to all students and researchers involved in the study of aqueous solutions.
Iontronics: Ionic Carriers in Organic Electronic Materials and Devices
by Janelle Leger Magnus Berggren Sue CarterWith contributions from a community of experts, the book focuses on the use of ionic functions to define the principle of operation in polymer devices. It begins by reviewing the scientific understanding and important scientific discoveries made on the electrochemistry of conjugated polymers. It examines the known effects of ion incorporation, including the theory and modulation of electrochemistry in polymer films, and it explores the coupling of electronic and ionic transport in polymer films.
Ipazia di Alessandria
by Laurel A. Rockefeller Traduzione a cura di Laura LucardiniMentre il mondo occidentale cadeva nell'oscurità, lei ebbe il coraggio di difendere la Luce. Nata nel 355 d.C, dopo il regno di Costantino, Ipazia di Alessandria visse il declino dell'Impero Romano, in un mondo in cui l'obbedienza alle autorità religiose era più importante della scienza e dove la ragione e la logica erano viste come una minaccia per il nuovo ordine mondiale. Era il mondo precedente al Medioevo, un mondo impegnato a decidere il rapporto tra scienza e religione, libertà e ortodossia, tolleranza e odio. Per più di 40 anni Ipazia visse al confine tra gli anni bui e la luce della filosofia classica, delle arti e delle scienze. Sebbene nessuno dei suoi libri sia sopravvissuto ai feroci roghi del fanatismo religioso, Ipazia rimane una delle scienziate più importanti di tutti i tempi. Questa è la sua affascinante storia. Include bibliografia, cronologia dettagliata e coordinate di latitudine e longitudine delle principali città dell'Impero romano per consentire al lettore di esplorare le meraviglie celesti con Ipazia.
Ipazia di Alessandria: Edizione per studenti e insegnanti (Libri di testo Le leggendarie donne della storia mondiale #9)
by Laurel A. RockefellerMentre il mondo occidentale cadeva nell’oscurità, lei ebbe il coraggio di difendere la luce. Nata nel 355 d.C, dopo il regno di Costantino, Ipazia di Alessandria visse il declino dell’Impero Romano, in un mondo in cui l’obbedienza alle autorità religiose era più importante della scienza e dove la ragione e la logica erano viste come una minaccia per il nuovo ordine mondiale. Era il mondo precedente al Medioevo, un mondo impegnato a decidere il rapporto tra scienza e religione, libertà e ortodossia, tolleranza e odio. Per più di 40 anni Ipazia visse al confine tra gli anni bui e la luce della filosofia classica, delle arti e delle scienze. Sebbene nessuno dei suo libri sia sopravvissuto ai feroci roghi del fanatismo religioso, Ipazia rimane una delle scienziate più importanti di tutti tempi. L’edizione per studenti e insegnanti include domande alla fine di ogni capitolo, così come una cronologia dettagliata e letture consigliate.
Iptycenes Chemistry
by Chuan-Feng Chen Ying-Xian MaIptycenes Chemistry: From Synthesis to Applications provides a comprehensive overview of the development of iptycene chemistry in the past seventy years. This book covers: (1) the basic nomenclature and general properties of iptycenes and their derivatives; (2) the synthesis and functionalization reactions of triptycenes, pentiptycenes, higher iptycenes, heterotriptycenes, and homotriptycenes; (3) the methods for the preparation of iptycene-based polymers with different types; and (4) the applications of iptycenes and their derivatives in molecular machines, materials science, host-guest chemistry, self-assembly, coordination chemistry, physical organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and so on. Consequently, such a book is not only helpful to researchers working in iptycene chemistry, but can also facilitate future research in wide areas.
Iqbal’s Poetic Vision, Metaphysics, and Evolution (Islam & Science)
by Logan David SilerThis book explores Muhammad Iqbal&’s poetic vision of a universe in a state of becoming, and, by putting this vision in conversation with contemporary metaphysical models, articulates the contribution Iqbal&’s vision makes to discussions about Islamic theology, philosophy, and science. To do so, the book articulates Iqbal&’s critique of the Islamic tradition and distinguishes his system from classical Islamic thought while also highlighting his positive influences in this regard (Al-Biruni, Suhrawardi, etc). It explores features of Iqbal&’s vision in light of contemporary metaphysical models by emphasizing three key elements of his thought—metaphysics of becoming, panentheism and panpsychism. While locating Iqbal within the spectrum of these particular schools of thought, Logan David Siler discusses the strengths of his position, and reveals the relevance of his thought to the religion and science conversation—particularly in the realm of evolutionary biology. It is these realms of thought that articulate the most formidable challenges to the theistic view. Yet, Iqbal offers a vision which provides a means to challenge the more metaphysical claims of scientism. Additionally, Siler critiques the shortcomings of Iqbal's vision and offers suggestions for how to improve it.
Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities
by Keith Crane Rollie LalIran is one of the United States' most important foreign policy concerns. It has also been an extraordinarily difficult country with which to engage. Ironically, while the leadership has been hostile to the United States, Iranian society has evolved in ways friendly to the United States and U.S. interests. This monograph assesses current political, ethnic, demographic, and economic trends and vulnerabilities in Iran. For example, the numbers of young people entering the Iranian labor force are at an all-time high. The authors then provide recommendations for U.S. policies that might foster trends beneficial to U.S. interests. For example, greater use of markets and a more-vibrant private sector would contribute to the development of sources of political power independent from the current regime. The authors finally note a need for patience. Even if favorable trends take root, it will take time for them to come to fruition.
Iraq: Threat and Response
by Gerhard BeestermoellerThis volume of essays about the ongoing crisis concerning Iraq is written from the perspective of the "thoughtful opposition." German and American scholars from diverse backgrounds--moral theology, policy analysis, political science, Middle Eastern history--all criticize, albeit sometimes for different reasons, unilateral U.S. military action against Iraq.The chapters are uniformly free of intemperate language and careless argumentation characteristic of much opposition to American foreign policy. The authors address the moral, legal, political, or historical dimensions of the Iraq problem. They also assess the threat Saddam Hussein represents to his region and the world as well as the prospects for alternative strategies. The reasoning is well-informed, sensitive to complexity, and attentive to detail.Contributions include: Klaus Dicke, "Peace Through International Law and the Case of Iraq"; Hans J. Giessmann, "The Dubious Legitimacy of Preventive Military Action against Iraq"; John Langan, "Is Attacking Iraq a Good Idea?" and "Is There a Just Cause for War against Iraq?"; Gerhard Beestermller, "The United States: Legitimate Authority for War against Iraq?"; Drew Christiansen, "Holy See Policy towards Iraq"; Henner Frtig, "Iraq: How Severe is the Threat?"; and David Cortright, Alistair Millar, and George A. Lopez, "Sanctions, Inspections and Containment. Viable Policy Options in Iraq."While Iraq: Threat and Response may not be welcomed by uncritical supporters of U.S. policy, it is a reasoned, compassionate exploration of alternatives to military action in Iraq. The volume is clearly designed to strengthen opposition to unilateral action in the United States and abroad. It will be of great interest to students of foreign policy, military studies, and the Middle East.Gerhard Beestermller is deputy director of the Catholic Institute for Theology and Peace, near Hamburg. His focus of research is political ethics and peace ethics. David Little is T.J. Dermot Dunphy Professor of the Practice in Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict and director of Initiatives in Religion and Public Life at Harvard Divinity School. He is the author, with Scott W. Hibbard, of Islamic Activism and U.S. Foreign Policy.
Ireland
by Michael VineyIreland conjures up images of nature's majesty: sweeping coastlines, rolling green hills, and secluded peat bogs and marshlands. A place of legendary beauty, it is also a land with a rich natural history. Michael Viney invites us to discover the geologic forces that created the island, peer into the famous bone caves that hold unique clues about animals from long ago, and experience the dramatic scenes of the cliff-lined coast and tempestuous seas.Viney begins deep in the past, when rivers of molten rock and enormous glaciers stripped the land bare. Soon after the glaciers retreated, the island was transformed into a fresh, new landscape, home to an intriguing variety of plants and animals, and an environment that has cultivated a rich human history and inspired countless myths. Infused with the lyricism of Irish prose, Ireland: A Smithsonian Natural History is indispensable for anyone seeking to understand the natural beauty of the Emerald Isle.
Ireland and Ecocriticism: Literature, History and Environmental Justice (Routledge Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Literature)
by Eóin FlanneryThis book is the first truly interdisciplinary intervention into the burgeoning field of Irish ecological criticism. Providing original and nuanced readings of Irish cultural texts and personalities in terms of contemporary ecological criticism, Flannery’s readings of Irish literary fiction, poetry, travel writing, non-fiction, and essay writing are ground-breaking in their depth and scope. Explorations of figures and texts from Irish cultural and political history, including John McGahern, Derek Mahon, Roger Casement, and Tim Robinson, among many others, enable and invigorate the discipline of Irish cultural studies, and international ecocriticism on the whole. This book addresses the need to impress the urgency of lateral ecological awareness and responsibility among Irish cultural and political commentators; to highlight continuities and disparities between Irish ecological thought, writing, and praxis, and those of differential international writers, critics, and activists; and to establish both the singularity and contiguity of Irish ecological criticism to the wider international field of ecological criticism. With the introduction of concepts such as ecocosmopolitanism, "deep" history, ethics of proximity, Gaia Theory, urban ecology, and postcolonial environmentalism to Irish cultural studies, it takes Irish cultural studies in bracing new directions. Flannery furnishes working examples of the necessary interdisciplinarity of ecological criticism, and impresses the relevance of the Irish context to the broader debates within international ecological criticism. Crucially, the volume imports ecological critical paradigms into the field of Irish studies, and demonstrates the value of such conceptual dialogue for the future of Irish cultural and political criticism. This pioneering intervention exhibits the complexity of different Irish cultural and historical responses to ecological exploitation, degradation, and social justice.
Ireland and the Climate Crisis (Palgrave Studies in Media and Environmental Communication)
by David Robbins Pat Brereton Diarmuid TorneyThis book provides a comprehensive overview of Ireland’s response to the climate crisis. The contributions, written by leading scholars across a range of disciplines in the social sciences, humanities and beyond, shed light on diverse aspects of the climate crisis, the factors shaping Ireland’s response, and prospects for the future. Long regarded as a ‘climate laggard’, Ireland’s response to the urgent societal challenge of climate change has seen new momentum in recent times. The volume will serve as a key reference point for academics, students, policymakers, and a wide range of stakeholders. It will be of interest to readers within Ireland, as well as further afield, who wish to gain a deeper understanding of the constraints on, and opportunities for, successful climate action in Ireland.