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Multilevel Selection and the Theory of Evolution: Historical and Conceptual Issues
by Ciprian JelerThis book puts multilevel selection theory into a much needed historical perspective. This is achieved by discussing multilevel selection in the first half of the twentieth century, the reasons for the energetic rejection of Wynne-Edwards’ group selectionist stance in the 1960s, Elisabeth Lloyd’s contribution to the units of selection debate, Price’s hierarchical equation and its possible interpretations and, finally, species selection in macroevolutionary contexts. Another idea also seems to emerge from these studies; namely, that perhaps a more sure-footed position for multilevel selection theory would be acquired if we were to show a renewed interest in 'old group selection', i.e. in scenarios in which the differential reproduction of the groups themselves affects the frequencies of either individual-level or group-level traits. This book will be of interest to philosophers and historians of biology, as well as to theoretically inclined biologists who have an interest in multilevel selection theory.
Multilevel Strategic Interaction Game Models for Complex Networks (Understanding Complex Systems Ser.)
by Eitan Altman Konstantin Avrachenkov Francesco De Pellegrini Rachid El-Azouzi Huijuan WangThis book provides a state-of-the-art overview on the dynamics and coevolution in multi-level strategic interaction games. As such it summarizes the results of the European CONGAS project, which developed new mathematical models and tools for the analysis, prediction and control of dynamical processes in systems possessing a rich multi-level structure and a web of interwoven interactions among elements with autonomous decision-making capabilities. The framework is built around game theoretical concepts, in particular evolutionary and multi-resolution games, and includes also techniques drawn from graph theory, statistical mechanics, control and optimization theory. Specific attention is devoted to systems that are prone to intermittency and catastrophic events due to the effect of collective dynamics.
Multilingual Dictionary of Nuclear Reactor Physics and Engineering
by Henryk AnglartThis multilingual dictionary explains, in simple and clear language, the most frequently used terms and expressions in the field of nuclear reactor physics and engineering, and provides translations of these terms from English into French, German, Swedish and Polish. This unique resource offers many advantages over the use of online translation tools, which are often incorrect when dealing with scientific and technical words. Instead, this dictionary has used a wide variety of peer-reviewed books and journal papers to ensure the highest accuracy and establish itself as a reliable and credible reference for the reader. It covers a broad range of exciting topics and the latest developments in the field, including reactor technology, reactor components and systems, reactor operation and control, reactor types, reactor physics, thermal engineering, reactor safety, radiation protection, nuclear fuel, nuclear chemistry, the safeguarding of nuclear materials and much more. This dictionary is kept on a technical level corresponding to masters-level and PhD studies of nuclear physics and engineering. It will provide the reader with a broad understanding of the necessary information that a researcher or nuclear physicist or engineer would need to possess; therefore, it will be an invaluable resource for students within this and related disciplines. Features: Contains over 1500 key terms from the field The first book to provide translations in five languages: English, French, German, Swedish and Polish Accessible to masters-level and PhD students in addition to early career researchers in nuclear reactor physics and engineering
Multilingual Education Yearbook 2021: Policy and Practice in STEM Multilingual Contexts (Multilingual Education Yearbook)
by Anthony A. Essien Audrey MsimangaThis edited book attempts to foreground how challenges and complexities between policy and practice intertwine in the teaching and learning of the STEM subjects in multilingual settings, and how they (policy and practice) impact on educational processes, developments and outcomes. The unique feature of this book, thus, lies in its combination of not just language issues in the teaching and learning of the STEM subjects, but also in how these issues relate to policy and practice in multilingual contexts and how STEM research and practice may inform and shape language policies and their implementation in multilingual contexts. This book is of interest to stakeholders involved in STEM education such as researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, tertiary level teachers, teacher educators, curriculum developers as well as other professionals with responsibilities in STEM education subjects. The book is written in a way that is accessible to a wide range of backgrounds, including those who are in language education.
Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach
by J. Mark Parnis Donald MackayMultimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Third Edition, takes a broad approach of viewing chemical behavior in the total biosphere of connected biotic and abiotic compartments. Chemicals are subject to the laws of "mass balance," a constraint that provides the opportunity to establish quantitative expressions for chemical fate that are central to chemical management and regulatory legislation. This book employs both the conventional concentration-based procedures and those based on application of the more elegant and powerful concept of fugacity to characterize equilibrium, steady-state distribution, and time-dependent transport between environmental phases such as air, water, and soil. Organic chemicals are emphasized because they are more easily generalized when assessing environmental behavior.Features Illustrates professional approaches to calculating the fate of chemicals in the environment Explicitly details all worked examples in an annotated step-by-step fashion Presents real-life freely downloadable models of use to government, industry, and private consulting professionals and students alike Clarifies symbols and notation
Multimedia Signals and Systems
by Srdjan Stanković Irena Orovic Ervin SejdićMultimedia signals include different data types (text, sound, graphics, picture, animations, video, etc.), which can be time-dependent (sound, video and animation) or spatially-dependent (images, text and graphics). Hence, the multimedia systems represent an interdisciplinary cross-section of the following areas: digital signal processing, computer architecture, computer networks and telecommunications. Multimedia Signals and Systems is an introductory text, designed for students or professionals and researchers in other fields, with a need to learn the basics of signals and systems. A considerable emphasis is placed on the analysis and processing of multimedia signals (audio, images, video). Additionally, the book connects these principles to other important elements of multimedia systems such as the analysis of optical media, computer networks, QoS, and digital watermarking.
Multimedia Signals and Systems
by Srdjan Stanković Ervin Sejdić Irena OrovicMultimedia signals include different data types (text, sound, graphics, picture, animations, video, etc.), which can be time-dependent (sound, video and animation) or spatially-dependent (images, text and graphics). Hence, the multimedia systems represent an interdisciplinary cross-section of the following areas: digital signal processing, computer architecture, computer networks and telecommunications. Multimedia Signals and Systems is an introductory text, designed for students or professionals and researchers in other fields, with a need to learn the basics of signals and systems. A considerable emphasis is placed on the analysis and processing of multimedia signals (audio, images, video). Additionally, the book connects these principles to other important elements of multimedia systems such as the analysis of optical media, computer networks, QoS, and digital watermarking.
Multimedia Technologies in the Internet of Things Environment, Volume 2 (Studies in Big Data #93)
by Raghvendra Kumar Rohit Sharma Prasant Kumar PattnaikThis book proposes a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research work on multimedia analysis in IoT applications. This is a second volume by editors which provides theoretical and practical approach in the area of multimedia and IOT applications and performance analysis. Further, multimedia communication, deep learning models to multimedia data, and the new (IOT) approaches are also covered. It addresses the complete functional framework in the area of multimedia data, IoT, and smart computing techniques. It bridges the gap between multimedia concepts and solutions by providing the current IOT frameworks, their applications in multimedia analysis, the strengths and limitations of the existing methods, and the future directions in multimedia IOT analytics.
Multimessenger Astronomie
by John Etienne BeckmanDieses Buch wurde von einem professionellen Astronomen geschrieben, der im Laufe seiner Karriere an einem breiten Spektrum von Themen gearbeitet hat, und bietet eine populärwissenschaftliche Beschreibung dessen, was als Multimessenger-Astronomie bekannt geworden ist. Es verbindet das Neue mit dem Traditionellen und zeigt, wie sich die Astronomie in der modernen Ära immer schneller weiterentwickelt hat. Im zweiten Jahrzehnt des einundzwanzigsten Jahrhunderts hat die Astronomie den Beginn einer Revolution erlebt. Nachdem wir jahrhundertelang alle Informationen über das Universum mittels elektromagnetischer Wellen erhalten haben, gibt es nun mehrere völlig neue Möglichkeiten, es zu erforschen. Am spektakulärsten war der Nachweis von Gravitationswellen im Jahr 2015, aber die Astronomie nutzt auch Neutrinos und Teilchen der kosmischen Strahlung, um die Vorgänge in den Zentren von Sternen und Galaxien zu untersuchen. Das Buch ist stark auf Messungen und Beobachtungstechnik ausgerichtet. Es ist reichlich mit farbigen Bildern von Instrumenten, ihren Entwicklern und astronomischen Objekten illustriert und wird durch Beschreibungen der zugrunde liegenden Theorien und Konzepte ergänzt, die Vorhersagen, Beobachtungen und Experimente miteinander verbinden. Der rote Faden ist weitgehend historisch, obwohl er natürlich nicht enzyklopädisch sein kann. Es deckt die Entwicklungen der Astronomie des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts bis Ende 2020 so vollständig wie möglich ab. Das Buch richtet sich an ein breites interessiertes Publikum und Leser populär-wissenschaftlicher Magazine. Ein tieferes Verständnis von Physik ist nicht erforderlich.
Multimessenger Astronomy (Astronomers' Universe)
by John Etienne BeckmanWritten by a professional astronomer who has worked on a wide spectrum of topics throughout his career, this book gives a popular science level description of what has become known as multimessenger astronomy. It links the new with the traditional, showing how astronomy has advanced at increasing pace in the modern era. In the second decade of the twenty-first century astronomy has seen the beginnings of a revolution. After centuries when all our information about the Universe has come via electromagnetic waves, now several entirely new ways of exploring it have emerged. The most spectacular has been the detection of gravitational waves in 2015, but astronomy also uses neutrinos and cosmic ray particles to probe processes in the centres of stars and galaxies. The book is strongly oriented towards measurement and technique. Widely illustrated with colourful pictures of instruments, their creators and astronomical objects, it is backed with descriptions of the underlying theories and concepts, linking predictions, observations and experiments. The thread is largely historical, although obviously it cannot be encyclopaedic. Its point of departure is the beginning of the twentieth century and it aims at being as complete as possible for the date of completion at the end of 2020. The book addresses a wide public whose interest in science is served by magazines like Scientific American: lively, intelligent readers but without university studies in physics.
Multimodal AI in Healthcare: A Paradigm Shift in Health Intelligence (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1060)
by Arash Shaban-Nejad Martin Michalowski Simone BiancoThis book aims to highlight the latest achievements in the use of AI and multimodal artificial intelligence in biomedicine and healthcare. Multimodal AI is a relatively new concept in AI, in which different types of data (e.g. text, image, video, audio, and numerical data) are collected, integrated, and processed through a series of intelligence processing algorithms to improve performance. The edited volume contains selected papers presented at the 2022 Health Intelligence workshop and the associated Data Hackathon/Challenge, co-located with the Thirty-Sixth Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) conference, and presents an overview of the issues, challenges, and potentials in the field, along with new research results. This book provides information for researchers, students, industry professionals, clinicians, and public health agencies interested in the applications of AI and Multimodal AI in public health and medicine.
Multimodal Literacy in School Science: Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Theory, Research and Pedagogy
by Len Unsworth Russell Tytler Lisl Fenwick Sally Humphrey Paul Chandler Michele Herrington Lam PhamThis book establishes a new theoretical and practical framework for multimodal disciplinary literacy (MDL) fused with the subject-specific science pedagogies of senior high school biology, chemistry and physics. It builds a compatible alignment of multiple representation and representation construction approaches to science pedagogy with the social semiotic, systemic functional linguistic-based approaches to explicit teaching of disciplinary literacy. The early part of the book explicates the transdisciplinary negotiated theoretical underpinning of the MDL framework, followed by the research-informed repertoire of learning experiences that are then articulated into a comprehensive framework of options for the planning of classroom work. Practical adoption and adaptation of the framework in biology, chemistry and physics classrooms are detailed in separate chapters. The latter chapters indicate the impact of the collaborative research on teachers' professional learning and students’ multimodal disciplinary literacy engagement, concluding with proposals for accommodating emerging developments in MDL in an ever-changing digital communication world. The MDL framework is designed to enable teachers to develop all students' disciplinary literacy competencies. This book will be of interest to researchers, teacher educators and postgraduate students in the field of science education. It will also have appeal to those in literacy education and social semiotics.
Multimodal Optical Diagnostics of Cancer
by Valery V. Tuchin Jürgen Popp Valery ZakharovThis book provides an in-depth description and discussion of different multi-modal diagnostic techniques for cancer detection and treatment using exact optical methods, their comparison, and combination. Coverage includes detailed descriptions of modern state of design for novel methods of optical non-invasive cancer diagnostics; multi-modal methods for earlier cancer diagnostic enhancing the probability of effective cancer treatment; modern clinical trials with novel methods of clinical cancer diagnostics; medical and technical aspects of clinical cancer diagnostics, and long-term monitoring. Biomedical engineers, cancer researchers, and scientists will find the book to be an invaluable resource.Introduces optical imaging strategies;Focuses on multimodal optical diagnostics as a fundamental approach;Discusses novel methods of optical non-invasive cancer diagnostics.
Multimodal Polymers with Supported Catalysts: Design And Production
by Alexandra Romina Albunia Floran Prades Dusan JeremicThis book provides an overview of polyolefine production, including several recent breakthrough innovations in the fields of catalysis, process technology, and materials design. The industrial development of polymers is an extraordinary example of multidisciplinary cooperation, involving experts from different fields. An understanding of structure-property and processing relationships leads to the design of materials with innovative performance profiles. A comprehensive description of the connection between innovative material performance and multimodal polymer design, which incorporates both flexibility and constraints of multimodal processes and catalyst needs, is provided. This book provides a summary of the polymerization process, from the atomistic level to the macroscale, process components, including catalysts, and their influence on final polymer performance. This reference merges academic research and industrial knowledge to fill the gaps between academic research and industrial processes.
Multimodal Texts in Disciplinary Education: A Comprehensive Framework
by Kristina Danielsson Staffan SelanderThis open access book provides an introduction to multimodality and the role of multimodal texts in today’s education. Presenting a comprehensive framework for analysing and working with multimodal texts in disciplinary education, it serves as a tool for researchers and teachers alike. The second part of the book focuses on sample analyses of a variety of educational texts for different age groups and from different disciplines, including games and online resources. The authors also comment on the specific challenges of each text, and how teachers can discuss such texts with their students to enhance both their understanding of the content and their multimodal literacy. The book is intended for researchers in fields like education and multimodal studies, and for teacher educators, regardless of school subject or age group. With the combined perspectives on text analysis and implications for education, the book addresses the needs of teachers who want to work with multimodal aspects of texts in education in informed ways, but lack the right tools for such work.
Multinary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductors
by Vasyl TomashykA companion volume to Ternary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductor Compounds (CRC Press, 2013) and Quaternary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductor Compounds (CRC Press, 2014), Multinary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductors provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information on phase relations based on II-VI semiconductor systems with five or
Multinary Alloys Based on III-V Semiconductors
by Vasyl TomashykIII-V semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as light emitting diodes and solar cells. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. This book covers all known information about phase relations in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors and making research originally published in Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists. Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases
Multinary Alloys Based on IV-VI and IV-VI2 Semiconductors
by Vasyl TomashykIV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as infrared lasers and detectors. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. Doping with impurities is a common method of modifying and diversifying the properties of physical and chemical semiconductors. This book covers all known information about the phase relations in multinary systems based on IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in multinary systems based on IV-VI and IV-VI2 semiconductors and making research originally published in Ukrainian and Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to researchers of phase equilibria, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists.Key Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases
Multinationale Unternehmen aus Schwellenländern und Europa: Herausforderungen und Strategien
by Andreas Breinbauer Louis Brennan Johannes Jäger Andreas G. M. Nachbagauer Andreas NölkeIn letzter Zeit hat die Öffentlichkeit Bedenken hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen multinationaler Unternehmen aus Schwellenländern geäußert. Die Expansion chinesischer multinationaler Unternehmen nach Europa und die Belt and Road Initiative ist ein prominentes Beispiel, das Hoffnung geweckt hat, aber auch das Bewusstsein für die langfristigen Auswirkungen geschärft hat. Auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Analyse von Internationalisierungstheorien, der Rolle ausländischer Direktinvestitionen und multinationaler Unternehmen in Verbindung mit eingehender empirischer Forschung anhand von Fallstudien in der Türkei, Russland, Lateinamerika, Asien und Europa befasst sich dieser aktuelle Sammelband mit den Chancen und Bedenken im Zusammenhang mit diesem neuen Trend. Darüber hinaus liefert er neue Erkenntnisse, die für Wissenschaftler, politische Entscheidungsträger, regionale Wirtschaftsagenturen und Studenten sowie für die breite Öffentlichkeit von großer Bedeutung sind. Durch die Konzentration auf die (potenziellen) Auswirkungen der Expansion multinationaler Unternehmen aus Schwellenländern auf Europa und die Einbeziehung einer langfristigen Perspektive bietet das Buch eine neue Sichtweise auf ein äußerst kontroverses Thema.
Multiobjective Optimization Algorithms for Bioinformatics
by Ujjwal Maulik Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay Anirban Mukhopadhyay Sumanta RayThis book provides an updated and in-depth introduction to the application of multiobjective optimization techniques in bioinformatics. In particular, it presents multiobjective solutions to a range of complex real-world bioinformatics problems. The authors first provide a comprehensive yet concise and self-contained introduction to relevant preliminary methodical constructions such as genetic algorithms, multiobjective optimization, data mining and several challenges in the bioinformatics domain. This is followed by several systematic applications of these techniques to real-world bioinformatics problems in the areas of gene expression and network biology. The book also features detailed theoretical and mathematical notes to facilitate reader comprehension. The book offers a valuable asset for a broad range of readers – from undergraduate to postgraduate, and as a textbook or reference work. Researchers and professionals can use the book not only to enrich their knowledge of multiobjective optimization and bioinformatics, but also as a comprehensive reference guide to applying and devising novel methods in bioinformatics and related domains.
Multiobjective Optimization Methodology: A Jumping Gene Approach (Industrial Electronics)
by K.S. Tang T.M. Chan R.J. Yin K.F. ManThe first book to focus on jumping genes outside bioscience and medicine, Multiobjective Optimization Methodology: A Jumping Gene Approach introduces jumping gene algorithms designed to supply adequate, viable solutions to multiobjective problems quickly and with low computational cost. Better Convergence and a Wider Spread of Nondominated Solutions The book begins with a thorough review of state-of-the-art multiobjective optimization techniques. For readers who may not be familiar with the bioscience behind the jumping gene, it then outlines the basic biological gene transposition process and explains the translation of the copy-and-paste and cut-and-paste operations into a computable language. To justify the scientific standing of the jumping genes algorithms, the book provides rigorous mathematical derivations of the jumping genes operations based on schema theory. It also discusses a number of convergence and diversity performance metrics for measuring the usefulness of the algorithms. Practical Applications of Jumping Gene Algorithms Three practical engineering applications showcase the effectiveness of the jumping gene algorithms in terms of the crucial trade-off between convergence and diversity. The examples deal with the placement of radio-to-fiber repeaters in wireless local-loop systems, the management of resources in WCDMA systems, and the placement of base stations in wireless local-area networks. Offering insight into multiobjective optimization, the authors show how jumping gene algorithms are a useful addition to existing evolutionary algorithms, particularly to obtain quick convergence solutions and solutions to outliers.
Multipactor in Accelerating Cavities (Particle Acceleration and Detection)
by Valery D. Shemelin Sergey A. BelomestnykhThis book is written by two world-recognized experts in radio frequency (RF) systems for particle accelerators and is based on many years of experience in dealing with the multipactor phenomenon. The authors introduce and review multipactor in RF cavities for scientists and engineers working in the field of accelerator physics and technology. The multipactor phenomenon of unintended electron avalanches occurs in the RF cavities commonly and quite often is a performance-limiting factor. The book starts with an Introductory Overview which contains historical observations and brief description of most common aspects of the phenomenon. Part I deals with the multipactor in a flat gap. It starts with description of the dynamics of electrons, derivation of the stability condition and analyzing influence of several factors on the multipactor. Then, the initial considerations are extended to derive a generalized phase stability and finally a particular case, called ping-pong multipacting, is considered. The part one is concluded with a brief review of computer codes used in multipactor simulations. Part II is dedicated to the multipactor in crossed RF fields, the typical situation in accelerating cavities. Two cases of MP are considered: a two-point multipactor near the cavity equator in elliptical cavities and a one-point multipactor. Part III describes optimization of the cavity shapes geared toward designing multipactor-free structures. The book will serve as an importance reference on multipactor for those involved in developing and operating radio frequency cavities for particle accelerators.
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Haematologic Malignancies
by Anna Porwit Marie Christine BeneMaster implementation of the techniques of flow cytometry in diagnosing complex haematological diseases and malignancies in patients, worldwide. Featuring World Health Organization recommendations on pre-analytical steps, instrument settings and panel construction, this invaluable manual offers invaluable support for those researching, practising and analyzing the cause of hematological malignancies. Authored by leading experts, this book puts flow-cytometry into everyday context. With a focus on multicolour panels, the manual provides readers an experienced understanding of effective, implementation techniques. Practitioners of all levels are offered a background in a variety of diseases presented alongside the most current methodology. Wide-ranging and comprehensive; detailed images of healthy blood, bone marrow and lymph-nodes are illustrated throughout, allowing for effective diagnosis. Through engaging with differential diagnoses, the manual offers an understanding of similar symptoms and mimicking malignancies, avoiding inaccurate results. Featuring in-depth descriptions of chronic diseases; users can reach accurate diagnosis, first time. Focus on 8-10 multicolor panels, allowing readers to effectively understand how to plan and apply the panels in the most constructive way; Features up-to-date information and references, compiled by experts in the field; Illustrations are made using multiple analysis software options, highlighting the key features of various diseases, to best inform on diagnostic features.
Multiphase Biomedical Materials
by T. Tsuruta A. NakajimaFollowing many reports that were published in the last two decades on correlations of multiphase structures of the surface of materials with their antithrombogenicity or biocompatibility a research project ''Design of Multiphase Biomedical Materials'' was carried out in Japan between 1982 and 1986. The objective of this research project was to elucidate various aspects of biomedical behaviour of multiphase systems at the interface with living bodies at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Multiphase materials studied cover polymers having microphase-separated structures, hydrogels, immobilized enzymes (or cells), ceramics and metallic materials. The research project was carried out by the following subgroups: -- Multiphase biomedical materials with microdomain structures -- Multiphase biomedical materials containing liquid components -- Hybrid-type multiphase biomedical materials with biological components -- Inorganic and metallic multiphase biomedical materials -- Methods for analysis and evaluation of multiphase biomedical materials This book contains the results of the research project in an edited form and aims to provoke a better understanding about various aspects of cell--material interactions in which the multiphase systems play a crucial role.
Multiphase Bioreactor Design
by Joaquim M.S. Cabral Manuel Mota Johannes TramperBioreaction engineering is fundamental to the optimization of biotechnological processes and the production of biochemicals by enzymes, microbial, plant and animal cells and higher organisms.A reference text for postgraduate students and researchers in biochemical engineering and bioreactor design, Multiphase Bioreactor Design describes the