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Applied Topics in Health Psychology
by Lina Ricciardelli Marie Louise CaltabianoThis selection of in-depth, critical and comprehensive chapters on topical issues in applied health psychology features the work of key researchers and practitioners in the Australasian health system and deals with both theoretical and methodological aspects of the subject.The first health psychology text aimed specifically at regional postgraduate traineesCovers an array of topics and issues and focuses on applied aspects of clinical health and health promotionIncludes both specialized topics and new frontiers of researchContextualizes health psychology teaching and learning for Australasian students
Applied Tree Biology
by Andrew Hirons Peter A. ThomasMany arborists learn tree work practices without fully understanding the biological and physiological principles behind them. However, outcomes for the health and longevity of trees are greatly improved when an arborist understands the science behind the care of tree root systems and crowns. In Applied Tree Biology, Drs. Hirons and Thomas draw upon their decades of experience in the laboratory, classroom, and the field – as well as the expertise of distinguished contributors to this volume – to provide those responsible for tree care with the scientific information that informs best practices for planting, pruning, soil decompaction, irrigation, and much more. Takes a multidisciplinary approach, integrating knowledge from plant biology, physiology, arboriculture, ecology, and more Provides a systematic presentation of fundamental tree biology and the scientific principles informing high quality tree care Presents accessible scientific information and best practices that help promote the health and longevity of trees Reflects the authors’ decades of experience as tree biology researchers and educators, as well as their years of professional experience across the globe Applied Tree Biology is an indispensable source of practical, succinct information on tree biology, physiology, and ecology for professionals and interested amateurs involved with the care of trees. Arborists, foresters, and horticulturists at all stages of their careers will find this text particularly useful.
Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework
by Matthias Richter Ulrike WeilandApplied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework explores ways in which the environmental quality of urban areas can be improved starting with existing environmental conditions and their dynamics. Written by an internationally renowned selection of scientists and practitioners, the book covers a broad range of established and novel approaches to applied urban ecology. Approaches chosen for the book are placed in the context of issues such as climate change, green- and open-space development, flood-risk assessment, threats to urban biodiversity, and increasing environmental pollution (especially in the “megacities” of newly industrialized countries). All topics covered were chosen because they are socially and socio-politically relevant today. Further topics covered include sustainable energy and budget management, urban water resource management, urban land management, and urban landscape planning and design. Throughout the book, concepts and methods are illustrated using case studies from around the world. A closing synopsis draws conclusions on how the findings of urban ecological research can be used in strategic urban management in the future. Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework is an advanced textbook for students, researchers and experienced practitioners in urban ecology and urban environmental research, planning, and practice.
Applied Weed and Herbicide Science
by Kassio Ferreira Mendes Antonio Alberto da SilvaThis textbook explores aspects of biology and ecophysiology of weeds, weed competition and interference in crops, phytosociological survey, methods of control and weed integrated management. Herbicides are of great importance in weed management and are one of the most widely used pesticide groups for weed control across the globe. Offering a new direction for research that focuses on herbicide behavior in plants, hormesis, evolution of weed resistance to herbicides, and genetically modified crops resistant to herbicides, this book covers the recent research in applied weed and herbicide science.This book provides essential and updated information on various subjects regarding the advances in herbicide science; and it is intended for professors, undergraduate, and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of applied weed and herbicide science. Agriculturists, analytical chemists, and toxicologists will find this book rewarding.
Applied Wetlands Science and Technology
by Donald M. KentContinuing the tradition of excellence established by the first edition, the Second Edition of Applied Wetlands Science and Technology provides the fundamentals for delineating, identifying, and regulating wetlands. It covers functions and values, ecological assessments, and how to minimize negative impacts on wetlands. The book also presents essen
Applying Bio-Measurements Methodologies in Science Education Research
by Iztok Devetak Saša Aleksij GlažarThis book illustrates the problems of using eye tracking technology and other bio-measurements in science education research. It examines the application of bio-measurements in researching cognitive processes, motivation for learning science concepts, and solving science problems. Most chapters of this book use the eye-tracking method, which enables following the focus of the students’ attention and drawing conclusions about the strategies they used to solve the problem. This book consists of a total of fifteen chapters. Authors from eight countries emphasise the same trends despite their cultural and educational differences. The book begins with general chapters describing cognitive processes and how these processes are measured using eye-tracking methods and other psychophysiology parameters and motivation. Finally, the book concludes the chapters presenting studies in specific scientific fields from chemistry, biology, physics and geology.
Applying Ecosystem and Landscape Models in Natural Resource Management
by Robert E. KeaneManaging today’s lands is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Complex ecological interactions across multiple spatiotemporal scales create diverse landscape responses to management actions that are often novel, counter-intuitive and unexpected. To make matters worse, exotic invasions, human land use, and global climate change complicate this complexity and make past observational ecological studies limited in application to the future. Natural resource professionals can no longer rely on empirical data to analyze alternative actions in a world that is rapidly changing with few historical analogs. New tools are needed to synthesize the high complexity in ecosystem dynamics into useful applications for land management. Some of the best new tools available for this task are ecological and landscape simulation models. However, many land management professionals and scientists have little expertise in simulation modeling, and the costs of training these people will probably be exorbitantly high because most ecosystem and landscape models are exceptionally complicated and difficult to understand and use for local applications. This book was written to provide natural resource professionals with the rudimentary knowledge needed to properly use ecological models and then to interpret their results. It is based on the lessons learned from a career spent modeling ecological systems. It is intended as a reference for novice modelers to learn how to correctly employ ecosystem landscape models in natural resource management applications and to understand subsequent modeling results.
Applying Genomic and Proteomic Microarray Technology in Drug Discovery
by Robert S. MatsonMicroarrays play an increasingly significant role in drug discovery. The commercial landscape has changed dramatically over the past few years and researchers have made great advancements with regard to construction and use. Now in its second edition, Applying Genomic and Proteomic Microarray Technology in Drug Discovery highlights, describes, and
Applying Graph Theory in Ecological Research
by Dale Mark R. T.Graph theory can be applied to ecological questions in many ways, and more insights can be gained by expanding the range of graph theoretical concepts applied to a specific system. But how do you know which methods might be used? And what do you do with the graph once it has been obtained? This book provides a broad introduction to the application of graph theory in different ecological systems, providing practical guidance for researchers in ecology and related fields. Readers are guided through the creation of an appropriate graph for the system being studied, including the application of spatial, spatio-temporal, and more abstract structural process graphs. Simple figures accompany the explanations to add clarity, and a broad range of ecological phenomena from many ecological systems are covered. This is the ideal book for graduate students and researchers looking to apply graph theoretical methods in their work.
Applying Local Climate Effects to Homicide Investigations
by Richard H. GrantApplying Local Climate Effects to Homicide Investigation presents the concepts behind using local climate and weather records to enhance understanding of criminal cases. While sources of such local climate and weather information varies by country and regions, weather conditions are typically measured at airports or grassy areas as part of a national, regional, or state-wide networks using many different instruments.The information derived from such instruments and weather reporting services and agencies can inform and impact investigations, especially in the case of natural death or homicide cases. The determination of post-mortem interval (PMI) in homicide cases is often based on entomological or anthropological evidence in combination with local climate estimations. Determining the local climate conditions typically requires knowledge of the environmental conditions where the body is found and the conditions where the measurement record was made. Most people recognize that cities are hotter than the surrounding countryside and that lake and coastal shorelines are cooler than fields: all of these comprise local climates. The local climate where a corpse is discovered usually differs from where temperature and humidity measurements are made. Consequently, many investigators and forensic pathologists do not realize the influence that such local temperatures and humidity can have on post-mortem interval determinations.The book focuses on local climate conditions associated with the determination of post-mortem interval (PMI) and gives concepts behind adjusting climate information for local climates at the corpse. In addition, the book will present guidelines for crime scene investigators and lawyers to determine whether or not expert consultation is needed, and whether or not on-site measurements are needed. Most importantly, this book presents tools (data sources and modeling approaches) to guide forensic climatologists conducting forensic climatology work. It offers a basic, working understanding of the influence of the local environment on the local climate for forensic entomologists, forensic anthropologists, crime scene investigators, and lawyers. Numerous case studies are included throughout to show approaches, illustration decision points, and provide an understanding of the various impacts of regional and micro-climates upon decedents and their remains.
Applying Machine Learning for Automated Classification of Biomedical Data in Subject-Independent Settings (Springer Theses)
by Thuy T. PhamThis book describes efforts to improve subject-independent automated classification techniques using a better feature extraction method and a more efficient model of classification. It evaluates three popular saliency criteria for feature selection, showing that they share common limitations, including time-consuming and subjective manual de-facto standard practice, and that existing automated efforts have been predominantly used for subject dependent setting. It then proposes a novel approach for anomaly detection, demonstrating its effectiveness and accuracy for automated classification of biomedical data, and arguing its applicability to a wider range of unsupervised machine learning applications in subject-independent settings.
Applying Machine Learning in Science Education Research: When, How, and Why? (Springer Texts in Education)
by Peter Wulff Marcus Kubsch Christina KristThis open access textbook offers science education researchers a hands-on guide for learning, critically examining, and integrating machine learning (ML) methods into their science education research projects. These methods power many artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies and are widely adopted in science education research. ML can expand the methodological toolkit of science education researchers and provide novel opportunities to gain insights on science-related learning and teaching processes, however, applying ML poses novel challenges and is not suitable for every research context. The volume first introduces the theoretical underpinnings of ML methods and their connections to methodological commitments in science education research. It then presents exemplar case studies of ML uses in both formal and informal science education settings. These case studies include open-source data, executable programming code, and explanations of the methodological criteria and commitments guiding ML use in each case. The textbook concludes with a discussion of opportunities and potential future directions for ML in science education. This textbook is a valuable resource for science education lecturers, researchers, under-graduate, graduate and postgraduate students seeking new ways to apply ML in their work.
Applying Metascientific Principles to Autism Research
by Matthew BennettThis book presents several metascientific strategies and explains how they can be used to improve research about the autism spectrum. It begins with an introduction to the field of metascience and the benefits that it brings to academic disciplines and society. It then outlines recommendations that researchers can adopt so that they do not incorporate specious autism research from predatory publishers into their research activities. An introduction to reproducibility and strategies that can improve the reproducibility of autism research are then outlined. This is followed by chapters about improving the peer review process and reducing the prospect of questionable research practices from occurring. This book concludes with a chapter about strategies that researchers can use to improve the participation of autistics in research. Such knowledge will equip academics, regardless of their experience, with the skills and expertise they need to produce high-quality and inclusive research about the autism spectrum.
Applying Multiple-Reaction Stoichiometry to Chemical Reactor Modelling (Synthesis Lectures on Chemical Engineering and Biochemical Engineering)
by Guillermo Fernando Barreto Carlos Daniel LuziThis book delves into the realm of Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) by showcasing the practical application of multiple-reaction stoichiometry. The authors critically assess various approaches commonly taught in undergraduate CRE courses to establish the relationships between changes in chemical species. In doing so, they propose an innovative conceptual alternative that is specifically tailored for undergraduate lectures. The book carefully selects composition measures that effectively harness the power of stoichiometric relationships in elementary reacting systems and models, which are typically covered in these courses. Going beyond the basics, it also offers a profound discussion on the value of chemical stoichiometry for tackling more intricate reaction systems and detailed models. Moreover, the book presents a simplified procedure that minimizes the reliance on complex linear algebra techniques, making the book accessible to a wider range of readers.
Applying Nature's Design: Corridors as a Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation (Issues, Cases, and Methods in Biodiversity Conservation)
by Anthony Anderson Clinton JenkinsThe fragmenting of habitats is endangering animal populations and degrading or destroying many plant populations throughout the world. To address this problem, conservationists have increasingly turned to biological corridors, areas of land set aside to facilitate the movement of species and ecological processes. However, while hundreds of corridor initiatives are under way worldwide, there is little practical information to guide their design, location, and management. <P><P>Applying Nature's Design offers a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on corridors, their design, and their implementation. Anthony B. Anderson and Clinton N. Jenkins examine a variety of conceptual and practical issues associated with corridors and provide detailed case studies from around the world. Their work considers how to manage and govern corridors, how to build support among various interest groups for corridors, and the obstacles to implementation. In addition to assessing various environmental and ecological challenges, the authors are the first to consider the importance of socioeconomic and political issues in creating and maintaining corridors.
Applying Pharmacogenomics in Therapeutics
by Xiaodong Feng Hong-Guang XieRecent advances in high-throughput gene sequencing and other omics biotechnologies have served as a springboard for the field of pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics is now generally accepted as the major determinant of variable drug safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, widespread use of pharmacogenomics for patient care has become a
Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data (Statistics for Biology and Health)
by Matthew P. Fox Richard F. MacLehose Timothy L. LashThis textbook and guide focuses on methodologies for bias analysis in epidemiology and public health, not only providing updates to the first edition but also further developing methods and adding new advanced methods. As computational power available to analysts has improved and epidemiologic problems have become more advanced, missing data, Bayes, and empirical methods have become more commonly used. This new edition features updated examples throughout and adds coverage addressing: Measurement error pertaining to continuous and polytomous variables Methods surrounding person-time (rate) data Bias analysis using missing data, empirical (likelihood), and Bayes methods A unique feature of this revision is its section on best practices for implementing, presenting, and interpreting bias analyses. Pedagogically, the text guides students and professionals through the planning stages of bias analysis, including the design of validation studies and the collection of validity data from other sources. Three chapters present methods for corrections to address selection bias, uncontrolled confounding, and measurement errors, and subsequent sections extend these methods to probabilistic bias analysis, missing data methods, likelihood-based approaches, Bayesian methods, and best practices.
Applying the Scientific Method to Learn from Mistakes and Approach Truth
by Finlay MacRitchieIn its simplest form, the scientific method can be thought of as learning from our mistakes and trying to correct them. True scientists try to think rationally, never adopt dogmatic opinions and are always willing to listen to opposing views. They never claim to know the absolute truth but are relentless in their search for it. In this timely book, the author describes the fundamentals of critical scientific thinking. The book further examines the correct use of the scientific method and how to apply it to current events and scientific topics to obtain honest assessments. Current controversies discussed include climate change and COVID-related lockdowns.Additional Features include: Demonstrates the use of the scientific method to assist with objective analysis of issues Addresses that induction plays a role but the true method for advancing knowledge is hypothesis-deduction Explores current hot topics within the framework of the scientific method Outlines common misunderstandings of the scientific method Applying the Scientific Method to Learn from Mistakes and Approach Truth is approachable enough for the general public and recommended for university and advanced high school science educators and their students.
Approaches for Clean Combustion in Gas Turbines (Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications #122)
by Medhat A. Nemitallah Mohamed A. Habib Ahmed A. AbdelhafezThis book focuses on the development of novel combustion approaches and burner designs for clean power generation in gas turbines. It shows the reader how to control the release of pollutants to the environment in an effort to reduce global warming. After an introduction to global warming issues and clean power production for gas turbine applications, subsequent chapters address premixed combustion, burner designs for clean power generation, gas turbine performance, and insights on gas turbine operability. Given its scope, the book can be used as a textbook for graduate-level courses on clean combustion, or as a reference book to accompany compact courses for mechanical engineers and young researchers around the world.
Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
by Committee on the Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon-252 Oil Spill on Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of MexicoOn April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon platform drilling the Macondo well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (DWH) exploded, killing 11 workers and injuring another 17. The DWH oil spill resulted in nearly 5 million barrels (approximately 200 million gallons) of crude oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The full impacts of the spill on the GoM and the people who live and work there are unknown but expected to be considerable, and will be expressed over years to decades. In the short term, up to 80,000 square miles of the U. S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were closed to fishing, resulting in loss of food, jobs and recreation. The DWH oil spill immediately triggered a process under the U. S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to determine the extent and severity of the "injury" (defined as an observable or measurable adverse change in a natural resource or impairment of a natural resource service) to the public trust, known as the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA). The assessment, undertaken by the trustees (designated technical experts who act on behalf of the public and who are tasked with assessing the nature and extent of site-related contamination and impacts), requires: (1) quantifying the extent of damage; (2) developing, implementing, and monitoring restoration plans; and (3) seeking compensation for the costs of assessment and restoration from those deemed responsible for the injury. This interim report provides options for expanding the current effort to include the analysis of ecosystem services to help address the unprecedented scale of this spill in U. S. waters and the challenges it presents to those charged with undertaking the damage assessment.
Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
by Mirza Hasanuzzaman Kamrun Nahar Masayuki Fujita Hirosuke Oku Tofazzal IslamPlants are frequently exposed to unfavorable and adverse environmental conditions known as abiotic stressors. These factors can include salinity, drought, heat, cold, flooding, heavy metals, and UV radiation which pose serious threats to the sustainability of crop yields. Since abiotic stresses are major constraints for crop production, finding the approaches to enhance stress tolerance is crucial to increase crop production and increase food security. This book discusses approaches to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants on a global scale. Plants scientists and breeders will learn how to further mitigate plant responses and develop new crop varieties for the changing climate.
Approaches for Potato Crop Improvement and Stress Management
by John E. Bradshaw S. M. Paul Khurana Vinay BhardwajThis edited book provides an all-inclusive coverage of latest research in crop improvement and stress management in potato crop. It is composed of 17 chapters covering breeding, diseases & pest management with the view to enhancing the total production and quality under the scenario of climate change. The book also explores harvesting, storage, post-harvest management, and processing of potato. The book has special focus on the use of high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, modern genomics tools, genome editing techniques such as CRISPR systems that could help the potato breeding programs and, also in development of biotic and abiotic stress resistant varieties. Potato is the world’s third most important food crop after wheat and rice in terms of human consumption. It is the staple crop providing maximum nutrients per unit area, time and money and is the most versatile crop with the highest industrial production potential in India being the second largest potato producing country after China. As a major food crop, the potato has the most important role to play in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals’ 2030 Agenda for zero hunger, achieving food security, improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. This book is unique in its approach for providing in depth knowledge enabling readers to learn the subject fully on different strategies, new perspectives and fully understanding different topics of diversity, interaction and improvement for stress management in potato. It is a relevant reading material for researchers, students, practitioners and other stakeholders involved in improvement of potato crop.
Approaches for Science Illustration and Communication (Biomedical Visualization #4)
by Mark RoughleyThis edited book explores the breadth of approaches undertaken by scientists, artists and communicators in their crucial role making science accessible, engaging and impactful. Contemporary approaches in science illustration and visualization include a variety of creative methodologies that are valuable for effective communication, teaching, learning and professional practice. These range in method from anatomical drawings used in medical curricula, to 2D animations and editorial illustrations available in the public realm. They also include unexpected approaches such as the use of tabletop board games, comics and collage in understanding our bodies, emergent health threats and cutting-edge science developments. If you are a scientist seeking to enhance your ability to communicate your research or an artist interested in biomedical visualization, this volume serves as an introduction to contemporary approaches in science illustration and communication. By understanding the creative methods and techniques employed in this field, we can collectively work towards fostering a deeper appreciation of art in science, and continue to captivate and inspire audiences worldwide.
Approaches in Bioremediation: The New Era of Environmental Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology (Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences)
by Ram Prasad Elisabet ArandaBioremediation refers to the clean‐up of pollution in soil, groundwater, surface water, and air using typically microbiological processes. It uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants to degrade, transform or detoxify hazardous substances to human health or the environment.For bioremediation to be effective, microorganisms must enzymatically attack the pollutants and convert them to harmless products. As bioremediation can be effective only where environmental conditions permit microbial growth and action, its application often involves the management of ecological factors to allow microbial growth and degradation to continue at a faster rate. Like other technologies, bioremediation has its limitations. Some contaminants, such as chlorinated organic or high aromatic hydrocarbons, are resistant to microbial attack. They are degraded either gradually or not at all, hence, it is not easy to envisage the rates of clean-up for bioremediation implementation.Bioremediation represents a field of great expansion due to the important development of new technologies. Among them, several decades on metagenomics expansion has led to the detection of autochthonous microbiota that plays a key role during transformation. Transcriptomic guides us to know the expression of key genes and proteomics allow the characterization of proteins that conduct specific reactions. In this book we show specific technologies applied in bioremediation of main interest for research in the field, with special attention on fungi, which have been poorly studied microorganisms. Finally, new approaches in the field, such as CRISPR-CAS9, are also discussed. Lastly, it introduces management strategies, such as bioremediation application for managing affected environment and bioremediation approaches. Examples of successful bioremediation applications are illustrated in radionuclide entrapment and retardation, soil stabilization and remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, plastics or fluorinated compounds. Other emerging bioremediation methods include electro bioremediation, microbe-availed phytoremediation, genetic recombinant technologies in enhancing plants in accumulation of inorganic metals, and metalloids as well as degradation of organic pollutants, protein-metabolic engineering to increase bioremediation efficiency, including nanotechnology applications are also discussed.
Approaches, Opportunities, and Challenges for Eco-design 4.0: A Concise Guide for Practitioners and Students
by Samira KeivanpourThis book addresses the implications of the Industry 4.0 paradigm in design for the environment. We examine the opportunities for, and challenges of, the implications of cyber-physical systems, big data analytics, Internet of things, additive manufacturing, and simulation in a range of areas in an eco-design context. These include selecting low impact materials, choosing manufacturing processes with environmental considerations, end of life strategies, applying design approaches for disassembly, integrating economic and social components into environmental studies, and stakeholder’s involvement. This volume takes a step toward this journey to explore how the three pillars of technology, sustainability, and evolving consumers could shape the future of the product’s design.