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Near Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
by Daniel Jaque Antonio Benayas Eva Hemmer Guosong HongThis book analyzes and evaluates the growing field of light-emitting nanoprobes as contrast agents for in vivo imaging and sensing. It is a comprehensive resource that critically analyzes the state of the art in an interdisciplinary manner, with a special focus on the shift of emission wavelengths into the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region (ranging from 0.7 to 2 microns), which has greatly contributed to the latest advances in biomedical imaging and sensing. This book discusses merits of different contrast agents at nanoscale, and how their unique chemical and structural properties lead to the emission and interaction of light within the NIR window. Both the NIR-emitting materials and various surface modification strategies governing their interactions with the biological system at the “nano” level are discussed. Furthermore, different experimental techniques and protocols for NIR-light-based in vivo imaging and sensing are addressed to shed light on further understanding of the advantages and limitations of each category of these nanoprobes. Assembles the state of the art heretofore appearing in scientific literature into a comprehensive, multi-perspective guidebook on near infrared-emitting nanomaterials in an assortment of biomedical applications;Explains the physical, chemical, and biological phenomena underlying near infrared-emitting nanomaterials for biomedical applications;Presents conceptual and experimental approaches surrounding a unique spectral range of light emission from nanosized contrast agents, while offering a clear explanation of basic and general phenomena regarding the interaction between light and biological tissues, such as absorption, scattering and autofluorescence.
Near-infrared Speckle Contrast Diffuse Correlation Tomography for Noncontact Imaging of Tissue Blood Flow Distribution
by Daniel Irwin Siavash Mazdeyasna Chong Huang Mehrana Mohtasebi Xuhui Lui Lei Chen Guoqiang YuImaging of tissue blood flow (BF) distributions provides vital information for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of various vascular diseases. The innovative near-infrared speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) technique produces full 3D BF distributions. Many advanced features are provided over competing technologies including high sampling density, fast data acquisition, noninvasiveness, noncontact, affordability, portability, and translatability across varied subject sizes. The basic principle, instrumentation, and data analysis algorithms are presented in detail. The extensive applications are summarized such as imaging of cerebral BF (CBF) in mice, rat, and piglet animals with skull penetration into deep brain. Clinical human testing results are described by recovery of BF distributions on preterm infants (CBF) through incubator wall, and on sensitive burn tissues and mastectomy skin flaps without direct device-tissue interactions. Supporting activities outlined include integrated capability for acquiring surface curvature information, rapid 2D blood flow mapping, and optimizations via tissue-like phantoms and computer simulations. These applications and activities both highlight and guide the reader as to the expected abilities and limitations of scDCT for adapting into their own preclinical/clinical research, use in constrained environments (i.e., neonatal intensive care unit bedside), and use on vulnerable subjects and measurement sites.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Theory, Spectral Analysis, Instrumentation, and Applications
by Yukihiro Ozaki Christian Huck Satoru Tsuchikawa Søren Balling EngelsenThis book provides knowledge of the basic theory, spectral analysis methods, chemometrics, instrumentation, and applications of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy—not as a handbook but rather as a sourcebook of NIR spectroscopy. Thus, some emphasis is placed on the description of basic knowledge that is important in learning and using NIR spectroscopy. The book also deals with applications for a variety of research fields that are very useful for a wide range of readers from graduate students to scientists and engineers in both academia and industry. For readers who are novices in NIR spectroscopy, this book provides a good introduction, and for those who already are familiar with the field it affords an excellent means of strengthening their knowledge about NIR spectroscopy and keeping abreast of recent developments.
Near-Space Remote Sensing
by Wen-Qin WangNear-space is defined as the atmospheric region from about 20 kilometer (km) altitude to 100 km altitude above the Earth's surface. It has received much attention in recent years and several types of near-space vehicles are currently being studied, developed, or employed. "Near-Space Remote Sensing: Potential and Challenges" concentrates mainly on the role of near-space vehicles in bridging the gap between satellites and airplanes for microwave remote sensing applications, providing a top-level system description and aiming to encourage further research. Further, this book also describes several potential applications such as passive surveillance, reconnaissance, and high resolution wide swath remote imaging. The book is intended for geographers, transportation engineers and other researchers involved in remote sensing development and applications, in particular for near-space vehicles. Wen-Qin Wang is an assistant professor at the School of Communication and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
The Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean
by Alexander Soloviev Roger LukasThe rationale for publishing a second edition of this monograph is that this area of research continues to show remarkable advancement. The new generation of synthetic aperture radar satellites has provided unprecedented spatial resolution of sea surface features. In addition, satellites to measure sea surface salinity have been launched. Computational fluid dynamics models open new opportunities in understanding the processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean and their visibility from space. Passive acoustic methods for monitoring short surface waves have significantly progressed. Of importance for climate research, processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean contribute to errors in satellite estimates of sea surface temperature trends. Due to growing applications of near-surface science, it is anticipated that more students will be trained in this area of research. Therefore this second edition of the monograph is closer to a textbook format.
Nearest Star
by Leon Golub Jay M. PasachoffUnlike the myriad points of light we gaze at in the night sky, our nearest star allows us to study the wonders of stellar workings at blindingly close range--from a mere 93 million miles away. And what do we see? In this book, two of the world's leading solar scientists unfold all that history and science--from the first cursory observations to the measurements obtained by the latest state-of-the-art instruments on the ground and in space--have revealed about the Sun. Following the path of science from the very center of this 380,000,000,000,000,000,000-megawatt furnace to its explosive surface, Nearest Star invites readers into an open-ended narrative of discovery about what we know about the Sun and how we have learned it. How did the Sun evolve, and what will it become? What is the origin of its light and heat? How does solar activity affect the atmospheric conditions that make life on earth possible? These are the questions at the heart of solar physics, and at the center of this book. Having made optical solar observations with many solar telescopes and in the rockets and satellites, the authors bring their extensive personal experience to this story of how astronomers study the Sun, and what they have discovered about phenomena from eclipses to neutrinos, space weather, and global warming. Richly illustrated with an assortment of pictures from the latest solar missions and the newest telescopes, this book is a very readable, up-to-date account of science's encounter with our nearest star.
Nearly Zero Energy Buildings and Proliferation of Microorganisms
by Elisa Di GiuseppeThis book provides a concise review of the thermo-physical phenomena which regulate heat and moisture transportation in Nearly Zero Energy Buildings envelopes, and their relationship with the growth of biological organisms. It describes the main microorganisms proliferating on contemporary building elements and within buildings. It also states the consequences of biological growth on durability, aesthetics and human health; and provides the main methods for the analytical and experimental evaluation of proliferation. Finally, through the review of recent developments, remedial actions to counter the biological phenomenon are examined, and an outline is provided for future innovations in a field not yet widely investigated.
Nebula Awards Showcase 2007
by Mike ResnickThis annual publication as chosen by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America brings together the best of the year's stories, as well as essays and commentary on the current state of the genre and predictions of future science fiction and fantasy films, art, and more. This year's award-winning authors include Joe Haldeman (Novel), Kelly Link (Novella, Novelette), and Carol Emshwiller (Short Story).
Una nebulosa en la Vía Láctea
by Lathish ShankarAmelia, una chica universitaria, es receptiva a los eventos paranormales. Una vez escribió un artículo para la revista de su universidad donde afirma que a veces escucha voces del futuro. Stephen, el profesor de Física, lee el artículo y lo comenta con su esposa Isabella. Isabella dice que Amelia es su paciente, que sufre de fobia a la sangre. Esta fue la razón por la que se salta el laboratorio de zoología y la clase de disección. Fue admitida en su hospital después de desmayarse en la cafetería, mientras tomaba un helado con sus amigos Rosemary, Merlin, Prince y Neil. Stephen se da cuenta con dolor que conoció a Amelia, hace años, y que él era la única razón y causa de su enfermedad mental. Sintiéndose terriblemente culpable de su pasado, se acerca a su amigo Zachariah John, un científico. Zachariah ayuda a Stephen a viajar en el tiempo y corregir el error que cometió sin saberlo. Stephen va al pasado en la máquina del tiempo, cambia su pasado y luego regresa al futuro. ¿Fue capaz de resolver todo? ¿Cómo ha cambiado el futuro una vez que alteró su línea de tiempo? ¿Alguna vez deseó que el futuro sucediera de esa manera?
Necrophilia: Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects
by Anil AggrawalNecrophilia: Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects is the first text that deals with the scientific aspects of necrophilia from a multidisciplinary point of view. After an introduction that provides a general scientific, social, and historical perspective, this volume:Explores causes and contributing factors, covering biological theories and genetics, as well as trauma, brain anomalies, and substance abuseOffers an original approach to classification, creating ten levels of severity from role playing to homicidal necrophiliaDiscusses necrophilia epidemiology, exploring offender characteristics and habitsProvides 20 case studies of infamous as well as less publicized casesDetails the forensics approach to necrophilia investigationExamines current legislation and mores across the worldExplains the challenges involved with providing expert testimony
Necropsy Guide: Rodents and the Rabbit
by Donald B. Feldman John Curtis SeelyThis laboratory guidebook provides step-by-step procedures that will aid in the dissection and collection of major organs and tissues of the most common species of small animals used in biomedical research. Through extensive use of photographs and illustrations, it guides dissectors through a complete necropsy of each species for the purpose of collecting organs and tissues routinely examined by pathologists. The techniques described enable technicians to perform necropsies on almost any mammal in a precise and logical sequence, and collect tissue properly to avoid diagnostic errors. Morphological differences among the various species are discussed.
Necrosis: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #1004)
by Kimberly Mccall Charles KleinCell death is an essential process in development, and a major contributor to a wide range of human diseases. Three major classifications of cell death, apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necrosis, have been described for years, and the existence of many more forms of cell death is now accepted. In, Necrosis: Methods and Protocols experts in the field provide a wide range of methods and techniques for the study of necrosis in vitro and in vivo. These include methods and techniques for the analysis of necrosis in mammalian cells, characterization of alternative forms of cell death: entosis and pyroptosis, and analysis of cell death in non-mammalian model sytems and mammalian tissues, including chapters on skin, brain, and heart. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Necrosis: Methods and Protocols describes techniques in an easy to follow manner, with details so that beginners can succeed with challenging techniques.
Necrotic Cell Death
by Han-Ming Shen Peter VandenabeeleStarting with discussion of basic concepts and the molecular mechanisms of necrosis, this book looks first at several forms of necrotic cell death that have been identified, including necroptosis, autophagic cell death, and PARP-mediated cell death. As necrotic cell death is increasingly known to play a critical role in many physiological processes, the next chapters discuss its effect on metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and development. Necrotic cell death is closely implicated in human diseases like cancer, so the next chapters examine its relevance to human diseases, and final chapters cover methodologies for measuring necrosis. This book presents comprehensive coverage of necrosis from recognized experts from leading academic and medical institutions around the world. In contrast to apoptosis, well-defined as a form of programmed cell death, necrosis used to be considered as accidental (i. e. , non-programmed) cell death, usually in response to a severe injury. Accumulating evidence now suggests, however, that necrosis is also programmed and controlled by distinctive "death machinery" in response to various stimuli like oxidative stress or DNA damage.
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1294)
by Anna Norrby-Teglund Mattias Svensson Steinar SkredeThis volume aims to enhance the current understanding of clinical features, treatment and pathogenic aspects in necrotizing soft tissue infections. Various representative case studies are discussed to enhance the readers’ understanding of these complex diseases. Necrotizing soft tissue infections are rapidly spreading infections that may cause extensive soft tissue or limb loss, multiorgan failure and are associated with a considerable fatality rate. It is undisputed that rapid diagnosis and prompt intervention is directly related to survival. The initial presentation may be limited to unspecific symptoms such as tenderness, swelling, erythema and pain. Thus, diagnosis and management are challenging due to heterogeneity in clinical presentation, in co-morbidities, in microbiological aetiology, as well as in the pathogenic mechanisms. An international and multidisciplinary consortium, INFECT, has for the last 6 years been pursuing research aimed to advance the understanding of the clinical and pathogenic aspects of these infections. A central part has been to create a comprehensive clinical registry and associated biobank which have also formed the basis for the experimental studies. Using the INFECT patient cohort, as well as an integrated systems biology approach in patients and clinically relevant experimental models, an advanced insight of diagnostic features, causative microbial agents, treatment strategies, and pathogenic mechanisms (host and bacterial disease traits and their underlying interaction network) has been obtained.
NEED
by Joelle Charbonneau"No one gets something for nothing. We all should know better." Teenagers at Wisconsin's Nottawa High School are drawn deeper into a social networking site that promises to grant their every need . . . regardless of the consequences. Soon the site turns sinister, with simple pranks escalating to malicious crimes. The body count rises. In this chilling YA thriller, the author of the best-selling Testing trilogy examines not only the dark side of social media, but the dark side of human nature.
Need a Lift?
by Maria Parrott-RyanBig cities will soon boast supertall and megatall skyscrapers. This means we’ll need elevators that can safely handle them! Engineers are busy rising to the challenge of designing high tech elevators to help people reach these new heights.
The Need for Critical Thinking and the Scientific Method
by Finlay MacRitchieThe book exposes many of the misunderstandings about the scientific method and its application to critical thinking. It argues for a better understanding of the scientific method and for nurturing critical thinking in the community. <P><P>This knowledge helps the reader to analyze issues more objectively, and warns about the dangers of bias and propaganda. The principles are illustrated by considering several issues that are currently being debated. These include anthropogenic global warming (often loosely referred to as climate change), dangers to preservation of the Great Barrier Reef, and the expansion of the gluten-free food market and genetic engineering.
Need to Know: Aqa A-level Geog Epub
by David RedfernExam board: AQALevel: A-levelSubject: GeographyFirst teaching: September 2016First exams: Summer 2017 (AS); Summer 2018 (A-level)Find what you need to know, when you need it, with key facts at your fingertips for AQA A-level Geography.Keep this course companion by your side throughout your A-levels so you can check content, review your understanding, use quick tips for success and improve your exam performance.Written by an experienced teacher, author and former senior examiner, this book will help you to:- Build on your learning throughout the course by reinforcing the key facts, terms and concepts from the AQA A-level Geography specification- Answer exam questions more effectively with tips on exam technique, mistakes to avoid and important things to remember- Revise with confidence using 'Do you know?' questions at the end of each topic and more in-depth questions at the end of each sectionThis book covers the following topics:Component 1: Physical geography- Section A: Water and carbon cycles- Section B: Coastal systems and landscapes - Section C: HazardsComponent 2: Human geography- Section A: Global systems and global governance- Section B: Changing places- Section C: Contemporary urban environments
Need to Know: Higher Biology
by Graham Moffat Billy DicksonExam board: SQALevel: HigherSubject: BiologyFirst teaching: September 2018 First exams: Summer 2019 What do you really need to know for the SQA Higher Biology exam?This revision guide covers the essentials in less than 100 pages, so it's perfect for early exam preparation or last-minute revision.- Find key content at your fingertips with quick summaries of the concepts, processes and terminology that you need to understand- Get a better grade in your exam with tips on exam technique, mistakes to avoid and important things to remember- Revise and practise using end-of-topic questions and in-depth questions at the end of each section - with answers provided online - Benefit from the knowledge of experienced teachers, examiners and authors Graham Moffat and Billy Dickson
Need to Know: Higher Chemistry
by John AndersonExam board: SQALevel: HigherSubject: ChemistryFirst teaching: September 2018 First exams: Summer 2019What do you really need to know for the SQA Higher Chemistry exam?This revision guide covers the essentials in less than 100 pages, so it's perfect for early exam preparation or last-minute revision.- Find key content at your fingertips with quick summaries of the concepts, processes and terminology that you need to understand- Get a better grade in your exam with tips on exam technique, mistakes to avoid and important things to remember- Revise and practise using end-of-topic questions and in-depth questions at the end of each section - with answers provided online - Benefit from the knowledge of experienced teacher, author and examiner John Anderson
Need to Know: Higher Human Biology
by Graham Moffat Billy DicksonExam board: SQALevel: HigherSubject: Human BiologyFirst teaching: September 2018 First exams: Summer 2019 What do you really need to know for the SQA Higher Human Biology exam?This revision guide covers the essentials in less than 100 pages, so it's perfect for early exam preparation or last-minute revision.- Find key content at your fingertips with quick summaries of the concepts, processes and terminology that you need to understand- Get a better grade in your exam with tips on exam technique, mistakes to avoid and important things to remember- Revise and practise using end-of-topic questions and in-depth questions at the end of each section - with answers provided online- Benefit from the knowledge of experienced teachers, examiners and authors Graham Moffat and Billy Dickson
Need to Know: Higher Physics
by Douglas Gavin Paul ChambersExam board: SQALevel: HigherSubject: PhysicsFirst teaching: September 2018First exams: Summer 2019What do you really need to know for the SQA Higher Physics exam?This revision guide covers the essentials in less than 100 pages, so it's perfect for early exam preparation or last-minute revision.- Find key content at your fingertips with quick summaries of the concepts, issues and terminology that you need to understand- Get a better grade in your exam with tips on exam technique, mistakes to avoid and important things to remember- Revise and practise using end-of-topic questions and in-depth questions at the end of each section - with answers provided online
The Neem Genome (Compendium of Plant Genomes)
by Chittaranjan Kole Malali Gowda Ambardar SheetalThis book describes the sequencing efforts for Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), one of the most versatile tropical evergreen tree species. The neem tree is a source of various natural products, including the potent biopesticide azadirachtin and limonoids, which have a broad spectrum of activity against insect pests and microbial pathogens. To identify genes and pathways in neem, three neem genomes and several transcriptomes are studied using next-generation sequencing technologies.Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and homoeopathic medicine and is often referred to as the ‘village pharmacy’ by natives due to its wealth of medicinal properties.Besides the description of the genome, this book discusses the neem microbiome and its role in the production of neem metabolites like salanin, nimbin and exopy-azadirachtin under in vitro conditions. It also highlights cell and tissue culture using various neem explants including the leaf, root, shoot, cambium, etc.
Negative Frequency at the Horizon: Theoretical Study And Experimental Realisation Of Analogue Gravity Physics In Dispersive Optical Media (Springer Theses)
by Maxime J. JacquetThis book is part of a large and growing body of work on the observation of analogue gravity effects, such as Hawking radiation, in laboratory systems. The book is highly didactic, skillfully navigating between concepts ranging from quantum field theory on curved space-times, nonlinear fibre optics and the theoretical and experimental foundations in the physics of optical analogues to the Event Horizon. It presents a comprehensive field-theoretical framework for these systems, including the kinematics governing the fields. This allows an analytical calculation of the all-important conversion of vacuum fluctuations into Hawking radiation. Based on this, emission spectra are computed, providing unique insights into the emissions from a highly dispersive system. In an experimental part, the book develops a clear and systematic way to experimentally approach the problem and demonstrates the construction of an experimental setup and measurements of unprecedented sensitivity in the search for stimulation of the Hawking effect.
Negative Staining and Cryoelectron Microscopy: The Thin Film Techniques
by 0 J.R. Harris,Since the start of biological studies using the transmission electron microscope scientists have sought to develop procedures for the preparation and investigation of the thinly spread specimens of biological particulates. Negative Staining and Cryoelect