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Nitrate Esters Chemistry and Technology
by Jiping LiuThe idea of this book is to present the up-to-date research results on Nitrate Esters as explosive materials. It covers many aspects including the material structures, nitrating agent, chemical synthesis devices, preparation technology, and applications etc. In particular, this work sheds light on the comprehensive utilization and thorough destruction of the used Nitrate Easters which is crucial for preventing repeated pollution. This is a highly informative and instructive book providing insight for the researchers working on nitrating theory, energetic materials and chemical equipments.
Nitrate Handbook: Environmental, Agricultural, and Health Effects (Advances in Trace Elements in the Environment)
by Christos TsadilasNitrate Handbook: Environmental, Agricultural, and Health Effects provides an overview of the entire nitrate cycle and the processes influencing nitrate transformation. It clearly identifies the role of nitrate as an essential nutrient in plant growth, food preservation, and human health. Using the most up-to-date knowledge and research, this handbook illustrates how the steadily increasing human population and demand for food, which results in higher amounts of nitrate needed by soils, makes new regulations on the management and usage of nitrates a high priority. A detailed explanation concerning the discrepancies between the public’s perception of nitrate’s harm versus the reality of its human health benefits is given via a balanced and evidence-based approach. All questions pertaining to the influences of nitrate and its derivatives on plant physiology and human health are explored in depth. This comprehensive resource with contributions from distinguished researches in the field is a must-have for professionals and students who study and work with nitrates. Features: Includes in depth discussion on the wide spectrum of nitrate present in the environment. Focuses on the progress made on nitrate research and its importance. Answers all questions about nitrate and its derivatives’ influences on plant physiology and human health. Enables decision makers and public authorities to manage social concerns Compiles in one resource the findings of many distinguished researchers in the field.
Nitrenes and Nitrenium Ions
by Anna D. Gudmundsdottir Daniel E. FalveyFeaturing contributions respected leaders in the field, Nitrene and Nitrenium Ions is the first comprehensive book to explore the role of reactive intermediate nitrene and nitrenium ions in chemistry and biochemistry. Covering a broad range of topics, including ultrafast studies, computational studies, behavior in aqueous solution, electronic structures, and reactions with aromatic compounds, this valuable resource will empower graduate students and researchers to better understand and expand their synthetic utility.
Nitric Oxide
by Helen O. Mccarthy Jonathan A. CoulterThe past two decades have seen an explosion in the number of research articles relating to both the physiological and pathological responses evoked by nitric oxide generation. Despite this, accurate quantification of nitric oxide in either in vitro or in vivo models remains challenging, due to the relatively unstable nature of the molecule. In Nitric Oxide: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field provide a detailed reference manual packed with step-by-step approaches to reproduce various complex protocols within your own laboratory. Divided into two parts, the volume first covers various disparate protocols relating to the direct detection and quantification of nitric oxide, including techniques which detail how to image real time in vivo generation of nitric oxide, quantify nitric oxide production in the rat brain, and the detect ultralow levels of nitric oxide in the pM range, and the book then continues with a section on techniques designed to either inhibit or enhance nitric oxide, with an aim to achieve therapeutic gain, featuring the inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase enzymes using viral, shRNA delivery systems to prevent cardiovascular dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy, and graft rejection. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easy to use, Nitric Oxide: Methods and Protocols examines numerous complex methodologies detailed in each chapter and proves to be an invaluable resource for anyone with an interest in nitric oxide research.
Nitric Oxide Action in Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants
by M. Nasir Khan Mohammad Mobin Firoz Mohammad Francisco J. CorpasThis book offers an up-to-date review of the regulatory role of nitric oxide (NO) changes in the morphological, physio-biochemical as well as molecular characteristics of plants under abiotic stress. The first of two parts comprises four chapters and focuses on the properties, chemical reactions involving NO and reactive nitrogen species in plants. The second part, consisting of eleven chapters, describes the current understanding of the role of NO in the regulation of gene expression, NO signaling pathways and its role in the up-regulation of the endogenous defense system and programmed cell death. Furthermore, its interactions with other signaling molecules and plant hemoglobins under environmental and soil related abiotic stresses, including post-harvest stress in fruits, vegetables and ornamentals and wounding are discussed in detail. Together with the companion book Nitric Oxide in Plants: Metabolism and Role in Stress Physiology, this volume provides a concise overview of the field and offers a valuable reference work for teachers and researchers in the fields of plant physiology, biochemistry and agronomy.
Nitric Oxide Protocols
by Aviv HassidA collection of cutting-edge techniques for measuring nitric oxide and the enzyme that produces it in biological tissues and fluids. These readily reproducible methods can be used to measure novel nitric oxide-related products such as protein nitration and nitrosation, as well as to express nitric oxide synthase in basic research and gene therapy using viral vectors.
Nitric Oxide Protocols
by M. A TitheradgeMichael Titheradge provides both the experienced researcher and the newcomer with time-tested techniques to cover all aspects of NO synthase and metabolism. Topics range from the cloning and expression of the different isoforms of NO synthase to the role of NO in DNA damage and apoptosis and include indirect and direct measurements of NO production, measurement on NO synthase mRNA both in situ and in vitro, and Western blotting and immunohistochemical localization of different isoforms of NO synthase. A variety of alternative techniques are described to enable researchers to set up an assay using either the simplest equipment or the most expensive EPR machines.
Nitric Oxide and Cancer: Pathogenesis and Therapy
by Benjamin BonavidaAdvances in Nitric Oxide and Cancer is a volume that serves to give the latest research on nitric oxide (NO) and cancer. More specifically, the volume reviews significant advances in the application of NO-mediated drugs. The volume explores nitric oxide and its relationship to cancer spanning from its roles in the pathogenesis, prognosis, gene and protein modifications, regulation of resistance to cytotoxics, and therapeutic applications. With chapters written by leading experts, the volume addresses the burgeoning interest in a rapidly advancing field and provides a valuable resource to scientists who have initiated research as well as clinical investigations in their laboratories on the various roles of NO and cancer.
Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Higher Plants
by Francisco J. Corpas Dharmendra K. Gupta José M. PalmaThis book describes nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) functions in higher plants. Much progress has been made in the field of NO and H2O2 research regarding the various mechanisms and functions of these two molecules, particularly regarding stress tolerance and signaling processes, but there are still gaps to be filled. NO and H2O2 are both crucial regulators of development, and act as signaling molecules at each step of the plant lifecycle, while also playing important roles in biotic and abiotic responses to environmental cues. The book summarizes key advances in the field of NO and H2O2 research, focusing on a range of processes including: signaling, metabolism, seed germination, development, sexual reproduction, fruit ripening, and defense.
Nitric Oxide in Plants: A Molecule with Dual Roles
by Parvaiz Ahmad Mohammad Abass AhangerORGANIC REACTIONS Examines the beneficial roles of nitric oxide in growth and stress tolerance regulation through its involvement in tolerance mechanisms Studies have identified the central role of nitric oxide in stress mitigation through the modulation of physiological and biochemical pathways including germination, photosynthesis regulation, and programmed cell death. Nitric Oxide in Plants: A Molecule with Dual Roles provides a detailed account of the physio-biochemical, molecular, and omic basis of NO-mediated responses in crop plants under different stresses. Summarizing recent work from leading researchers in the field, this up-to-date volume presents the current understanding of the modulation of the endogenous nitric oxide concentration following exogenous treatments and nitric oxide scavengers or inhibitors. The contributors discuss topics such as NO-mediated regulation of growth, photosynthesis, and tolerance mechanisms, the reductive and oxidative pathways of NO synthesis, molecular interventions for enhancing NO synthesis, the role of nitrogen in production of NO, beneficial microbes in NO production under normal and changing environmental conditions, and more. Includes an overview of the biosynthesis and regulation of NO synthesis in plants Describes the enzymatic and non-enzymatic biosynthesis of NO and the influence of different stress factors on NO synthesis Explores the role of reactive oxygen, sulphur, and nitrogen species in stress signaling Discusses endogenous and exogenous NO in modifying the ascorbate-glutathione cycle Explains the crosstalk mechanisms underlying NO and phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene Nitric Oxide in Plants: A Molecule with Dual Roles is an essential resource for academics, students, and industry professionals studying the role of nitric oxide in environmental stress tolerance and its interaction with key signaling molecules.
Nitric Oxide in Plants: Metabolism and Role in Stress Physiology
by M. Nasir Khan Mohammad Mobin Firoz Mohammad Francisco J. CorpasThis book covers the key features of nitric oxide (NO) in plants. Comprising nine chapters, Part I highlights its metabolism and identification in plants. Part II, which consists of eight chapters, focuses on the chemical, physical and biochemical properties of the NO molecule and its derivatives; on its functional role and mode of action; and on its signaling and interaction with phytohormones, mineral nutrients, biomolecules, ions and ion channels in plants under abiotic stresses. Combining the expertise of leading researchers in the field, the book provides a concise overview of plant NO biology and offers a valuable reference work.
Nitric Oxide, Cell Signaling, and Gene Expression (Oxidative Stress and Disease)
by Enrique Cadenas Santiago LamasSince the nineteenth century, when engineers were using nitroglycerin to blow up rockbeds, and doctors were prescribing it to relieve angina, scientists have been exploring the incredible and often baffling behavior of nitric oxide. In the 1980s, researchers discovered that nitric oxide had the capacity to regulate vascular tone through cyclic GMP,
Nitric Oxide: From Research to Therapeutics (Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease #22)
by Arunabha Ray Kavita GulatiThis book entitled "Nitric Oxide: From Research to Therapeutics" includes the most recent information about the role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in physiology, pathophysiology and its translation to therapeutics. The Editors are vastly experienced in the field of NO research. The international panels of contributors to the various chapters of the book are all well-established researchers and health professionals who have worked in different areas of NO physiology and pathophysiology, and have made a considerable impact in the field. The book is a comprehensive collection of the most recent information on NO as a physiological regulator and its diverse potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment for a variety of disease states. This compilation is aimed at professionals and students from both academia and the industry in the areas of basic biomedical and clinical sciences.
Nitric Oxide: Methods And Protocols (Methods In Molecular Biology #1747)
by Alexander Mengel Christian LindermayrThis volume explores three main aspects of nitric oxide (NO) research: NO treatment and detection, NO modifications, and NO detoxification. The book also covers methods used to study human/animal and plant nitric oxide. The chapters are divided into three parts: part one looks at NO treatments using gaseous nitric oxide and detection using a NO-sensitive electrode, electron spin resonance, and fluorescence-based NO-sensor proteins. Part two talks about various techniques used to detect and identify NO-dependent modifications, such as biotin-switch assay and quantification of s-nitrosated proteins. Part three focuses on the study of s-nitrosothiol homeostasis and denitrosation activities. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting edge and authoritative, Nitric Oxide: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning more about this evolving field.
Nitride Ceramics
by Alexander A. Gromov Liudmila N. ChukhlominaA comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of non-oxide ceramics with special emphasis placed on the combustion synthesis of group III-VI nitrides and oxynitrides. To ensure the widest possible perspective, the authors are experts in academia, industry, or government research, and each chapter discusses different synthetic methods and process parameters, as well as important material properties and applications. The result is invaluable reading for researchers and practitioners in the industry as well as those looking for an introduction to the field. It is equally of great interest to chemists and materials scientists as well as engineers working in the area of inorganic and solid-state chemistry, structural and functional materials, catalysis, metallurgy, and electrochemistry.
Nitride Phosphors and Solid-State Lighting (Series in Optics and Optoelectronics)
by Hajime Yamamoto Rong-Jun Xie Yuan Qiang Li Naoto HirosakiNitride Phosphors and Solid-State Lighting provides an in-depth introduction to the crystal chemistry, synthesis, luminescence, and applications of phosphor materials for solid-state lighting, mainly focusing on new nitride phosphors. Drawing on their extensive experimental work, the authors offer a multidisciplinary study of phosphor materials tha
Nitride Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Material and Electronic Devices
by Yue Hao Jin Feng Zhang Jin Cheng ZhangThis book systematically introduces physical characteristics and implementations of III-nitride wide bandgap semiconductor materials and electronic devices, with an emphasis on high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The properties of nitride semiconductors make the material very suitable for electronic devices used in microwave power amplification, high-voltage switches, and high-speed digital integrated circuits.
Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease
by Joseph Loscalzo Nathan BryanNitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease delivers a comprehensive review of nitrite and nitrate biology, from basic biochemistry to the complex physiology and metabolism of these two naturally occurring molecules in the human body. Well-organized and well referenced chapters cover the rich history of nitrite and nitrate, sources of exposure, and the physiological effects when consumed through foods containing nitrite and nitrate. The chapters are written by leading experts, all of whom share their research and perspectives in order to help define the context for benefits vs. any potential risks associated with nitrite and nitrate use, either through dietary ingestion or therapeutic dosing. This diverse collection of authors includes vascular biologists, physiologists, physicians, epidemiologists, cancer biologists, registered dieticians, chemists, and public health experts from five countries in both academia and government. Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease provides a balanced view of nitric oxide biochemistry, and nitrite and nitrate biochemistry in physiology and in the food sciences.
Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease
by Joseph Loscalzo Nathan S. BryanThis fully revised and updated new edition provides a comprehensive look at nitrite and nitrate and their effect on human health and disease. The first section describes the biochemical analysis of nitrite and nitrate and its role in human physiology. The book then shifts to sources of human exposure of nitrite and nitrate, including environmental and dietary. Finally, the last section discusses nitric oxide-based therapeutics and how nitrite and nitrate biochemistry can be safely harnessed to improve human health. Each chapter provides a balanced, evidence-based view and heavily cites the most recent published literature. They follow a strict chapter format which includes keywords, key points, a conclusion highlighting major findings, and extensive references. The second edition contains new chapters on nitrite and nitrate in age medicine, nitrite and nitrate as a treatment for hypertension, and nitrite and nitrate in exercise performance. Additionally, the editors have expanded the biochemistry section to include chapters on nitrate reducing oral bacteria, nitrite mediated S-Nitrosation, epigenetics and the regulation of nitric oxide, and nitrite control of mitochondrial function. Nitrate and Nitrite in Human Health and Disease, 2e, will be of interest to health professionals, nutritionists, dieticians, biomedical scientists, and food scientists.
Nitroalkanes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications
by Roberto Ballini Alessandro PalmieriDiscover a comprehensive exploration of recent progress in the preparation of nitroalkanes from two leading voices in the fieldNitroalkanes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications delivers a thorough summary of the importance of nitroalkanes in organic synthesis. The book covers their preparation, transformation into other functional groups, like carbonyls and amines, and their use in the formation of single carbon-carbon or double carbon-carbon bonds. The distinguished authors have included chapters on acyclic and cyclic alpha-nitro ketones as well as the synthesis of cyclopropanes and spiro ketals.The book provides treatments of the application of nitroalkanes for the synthesis of important heterocycles, poly-functionalized structures, natural products, and compounds of biological and pharmaceutical interest. A one-stop resource in a topic that hasn???t been fully addressed by any other book in decades, this book covers the most important synthetic routes toward nitroalkanes.Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:A thorough introduction to the synthesis of nitroalkanes, as well as the transformation of the nitro group into other functionalitiesAn exploration of the formation of C-C single bonds, C=C double bonds, and the breaking of C3C bonds from cyclic alpha-nitro ketonesDiscussions of acyclic alpha-nitro ketones, nitroalkanes as precursors of cyclopropanes, and the synthesis of spiro ketalsAn examination of the preparation and synthetic applications of 1,3-DinitroalkanesPerfect for organic chemists, natural products chemists, and catalytic chemists, Nitroalkanes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of medicinal chemists seeking a one-stop resource for the most recent developments in the preparation of nitroalkanes, their functionalization, and their applications.
Nitroazoles: Synthesis, Structure and Applications
by Lyudmila Larina Valentin LopyrevThe monograph gives an exhaustive and systematic description of the methods of synthesis, application, structure and properties of nitroazoles perspective medicines, universal bases in peptide nucleic acids, agrochemicals, and components of high-energy materials. All five-membered nitroderivatives of azoles - pyrazoles, imidazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, oxazoles, isoxazoles, oxadiazoles, thiazoles, isothiazoles, thiadiazoles, and their benzanalogs - indazoles, benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, benzisoxazoles, benzoxadiazoles, benzothiazoles, benzoisothiazoles, benzothiadiazoles, benzotriazoles are discussed in the book. Special attention is paid to the nitroimidazole derivatives many of which are well-known drugs and hypoxic cell radiosensitizers (azomycine, metronidazole, misonidazole, tinidazole, dimetridazole, ipronidazole, carnidazole and etc). The critical evaluation of a large body of the information on nitroazoles investigations by physicochemical methods (NMR, NQR, ESR, UV, IR- specrtoscopy, X-ray, mass-spectrometry, polarography, dipole moments and others methods) is presented here.
Nitrogen Capture: The Growth Of An International Industry (1900-1940)
by Anthony S. TravisThis monograph provides an account of how the synthetic nitrogen industry became the forerunner of the 20th-century chemical industry in Europe, the United States and Asia. Based on an earlier SpringerBrief by the same author, which focused on the period of World War I, it expands considerably on the international aspects of the development of the synthetic nitrogen industry in the decade and a half following the war, including the new technologies that rivalled the Haber-Bosch ammonia process. Travis describes the tremendous global impact of fixed nitrogen (as calcium cyanamide and ammonia), including the perceived strategic need for nitrogen (mainly for munitions), and, increasingly, its role in increasing crop yields, including in Italy under Mussolini, and in the Soviet Union under Stalin. The author also reviews the situation in Imperial Japan, including the earliest adoption of the Italian Casale ammonia process, from 1923, and the role of fixed nitrogen in the industrialization of colonial Korea from the late 1920s. Chemists, historians of science and technology, and those interested in world fertilizer production and the development of chemical industry during the first four decades of the twentieth century will find this book of considerable value.
Nitrogen Cycle: Ecology, Biotechnological Applications and Environmental Impacts
by Jesus Gonzalez-LopezAnthropogenic activity has clearly altered the N cycle contributing (among other factors) to climate change. This book aims to provide new biotechnological approach representing innovative strategies to solve specific problems related to the imbalance originating in the N cycle. Aspects such as new conceptions in agriculture, wastewater treatment, and greenhouse gas emissions are discussed in this book with a multidisciplinary vision. A team of international authors with wide experience have contributed up-to-date reviews, highlighting scientific principles and their environmental importance and integrating different biotechnological processes in environmental technology.
Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity
by Mark A. Sutton Kate E. Mason Lucy J. Sheppard Harald Sverdrup Richard Haeuber W. Kevin HicksThis volume brings together extended reviews and papers of new scientific research on atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts globally. While there is a wealth of evidence on the magnitude, components and effects of nitrogen disposition on floral biodiversity in Europe and North America, there is an obvious lack of information on impacts on above- and below-ground fauna, and all impacts in other parts of the world, with no clear overview of how the different strands of evidence fit together. This overall synthesis is targeted at the international conventions, but is equally readable for scientists, environmental managers, conservation agencies and policy makers. 'This timely book highlights the global nitrogen deposition problem. Major regions of the world are exceeding sustainability thresholds for adverse effects on ecosystem function and biodiversity. This highlights the importance of ongoing work, including under the Convention on Biological Diversity, in developing indicators and monitoring nitrogen deposition effects to enable appropriate measures. This book presents a milestone towards this global goal as the international community works toward meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially Target 8: "By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity". Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity "This key volume highlights the global challenge to reduce atmospheric nitrogen pollution resulting from energy production, transport and agricultural activities. It takes forward the agenda recently launched in the UNEP commissioned report 'Our Nutrient World". Dr. Anjan Datta, UNEP.
Nitrogen Fixation
by Markus W. RibbeFew problems in protein biochemistry have proven to be as challenging and recalcitrant as the molecular description of nitrogenase, the catalyst of one of the most remarkable chemical transformations in biological systems: the nucleotide-dependent reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen to bioavailable ammonia. In Nitrogen Fixation: Methods and Protocols, recognized experts in the field provide an up-to-date, in-depth overview of the methods that have been applied to studying the nitrogenase at a molecular level, ranging from genetic, biochemical, spectroscopic, and chemical methods to theoretical calculations. In addition, techniques used to study an enzyme system that is homologous to nitrogenase are described in this book. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, methods chapters include introductions to their respective chapters, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and cutting-edge, Nitrogen Fixation: Methods and Protocols will be useful for anyone interested in nitrogenase research and willing to venture further toward addressing the remaining mechanistic and biosynthetic questions of this fascinating enzyme system.