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Optogenetics
by Arash KianianmomeniThis volume provides researchers with up-to-date protocols and takes aclose look at current research and promising applications. Optogenetics:Methods and Protocols contains a collection of recently developed technicalprotocols on optogenetic applications in neuroscience, brain mapping, treatmentof neurological disorders, and restoration of visual function. Severalintroductory and discussion chapters offer a wide overview about sources anddiversity of optogenetic tools, design strategies, and potential applicationsin other fields like plant research. Written in the highly successful Methodsin Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to theirrespective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step,readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting andavoiding known pitfalls. Cutting edge and thorough, Optogenetic: Methods and Protocols, deliversan interdisciplinary view of optogenetic applications and its potential todevelop as a valuable tool for basic research, as well as biomedical andbiotechnological applications.
Optogenetics: A Roadmap
by Albrecht StrohThis volume focuses on the optogenetics workflow, and covers topics on viral vectors, targeting strategies, choice on opsins, animal models and readouts, and applications in systems neuroscience. This book shows readers how to identify the critical aspects of each methodological step, and how to determine the necessary level of complexity to address the particular research question. In Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Optogenetics: A Roadmap is a valuable guide for both the optogenetics novices and the experts.
Optogenetics
by Hiromu Yawo Hideki Kandori Amane KoizumiThe subject of optogenetics is comprehensively covered in this book, including physical, chemical, and biological topics of light-sensing proteins and their application in biological systems, particularly in neuroscience and medicine and the related opto-electronics. Optogenetics is a new technology that combines genetics and optics. It enables one to manipulate or measure the function of identified cells or neurons in a tissue by light with an accuracy in the range of milliseconds, even in a freely moving animal. Optogenetics has already become a powerful tool for revealing the neural mechanisms underlying behavior and analyzing various physiological phenomena. It is also expected to become useful for treating neural dysfunctions such as Parkinson disease and for the development of a brain-machine interface. This book should be read by any scientist or student performing research in any way related to optogenetics. As a milestone publication on optogenetics, this book will serve as a compass for any researcher, from beginners to experts, to explore this uncharted world.
Optomechanical Systems Engineering
by Keith J. KasunicCovers the fundamental principles behind optomechanical design This book emphasizes a practical, systems-level overview of optomechanical engineering, showing throughout how the requirements on the optical system flow down to those on the optomechanical design. The author begins with an overview of optical engineering, including optical fundamentals as well as the fabrication and alignment of optical components such as lenses and mirrors. The concepts of optomechanical engineering are then applied to the design of optical systems, including the structural design of mechanical and optical components, structural dynamics, thermal design, and kinematic design. Optomechanical Systems Engineering: Reviews the fundamental concepts of optical engineering as they apply to optomechanical design Illustrates the fabrication and alignment requirements typically found in an optical system Examines the elements of structural design from a mechanical, optical, and vibrational viewpoint Develops the thermal management principles of temperature and distortion control Describes the optomechanical requirements for kinematic and semi-kinematic mounts Uses examples and case studies to illustrate the concepts and equations presented in the book Provides supplemental materials on a companion website Focusing on fundamental concepts and first-order estimates of optomechanical system performance, Optomechanical Systems Engineering is accessible to engineers, scientists, and managers who want to quickly master the principles of optomechanical engineering.
Optomechanics with Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations (Springer Theses)
by Zhujing XuThis thesis presents the first realization of non-reciprocal energy transfer between two cantilevers by quantum vacuum fluctuations. According to quantum mechanics, vacuum is not empty but full of fluctuations due to zero-point energy. Such quantum vacuum fluctuations can lead to an attractive force between two neutral plates in vacuum – the so-called Casimir effect – which has attracted great attention as macroscopic evidence of quantum electromagnetic fluctuations, and can dominate the interaction between neutral surfaces at small separations. The first experimental demonstration of diode-like energy transport in vacuum reported in this thesis is a breakthrough in Casimir-based devices. It represents an efficient and robust way of regulating phonon transport along one preferable direction in vacuum. In addition, the three-body Casimir effects investigated in this thesis were used to realize a transistor-like three-terminal device with quantum vacuum fluctuations. These two breakthroughs pave the way for exploring and developing advanced Casimir-based devices with potential applications in quantum information science. This thesis also includes a study of the non-contact Casimir friction, which will enrich the understanding of quantum vacuum fluctuations.
Opuntia spp.: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Industrial Applications
by Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan Tamer E. Moussa Ayoub Sascha RohnThe Opuntia fruits, commonly known as cactus pears or prickly pears, have been suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization to be a promising and strategic crop in regions suffering from lack of water. In Mexico, India, South Africa, and the Mediterranean, the Opuntia fruits have become popular due to their nutritive value and health-promoting benefits, including antioxidant, antiulcerogenic and antiatherogenic traits and protective effects against LDL oxidation. Additionally, readily absorbable sugars, high vitamin C and mineral content, and a pleasant flavour make Opuntia tailor-made for novel foods. Due to their ecological advantages, high functional value, and health-related traits, Opuntia fruits can be highly exploited in different food processing applications. For instance, Opuntia cactus fruits are used for the preparation of juices and marmalades; Opuntia cactus plants are used to feed animals in African and Latin American countries; Peruvian farmers cultivate Opuntia cactus for growing the cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) insect and producing the natural dye carmine; and the commercial production of food and non-food products from Opuntia has been established in Mexico, USA and several Mediterranean countries. Opuntia spp.: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Industrial Applications creates a multidisciplinary forum of discussion on Opuntia cactus with special emphasis on its horticulture, post-harvest, marketability, chemistry, functionality, health-promoting properties, technology and processing. The text includes detailed discussion of the impact of traditional and innovative processing on the recovery of high-added value compounds from Opuntia spp. by-products. Later chapters explore the potential applications of Opuntia spp. in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
Opus 100
by Isaac AsimovASIMOV THE GREATEST Isaac Asimov needs no introduction. As the COLUMBUS DISPATCH declares, he is “the man who legitimized Science Fiction in the United States." But this is just part of the fabulous Asimov story. For this bestselling author has also explored virtually every branch of human knowledge in his mind- expanding writings. Now, in a blend of Science and Fiction that only he could achieve, Isaac Asimov takes you on a personally guided tour of the brightest adventures and delights in the Asimov galaxy.
The Oracle
by Broad William J.A gripping modern-day detective story about the scientific quest to understand the Oracle of Delphi Like Walking the Bible, this fascinating book turns a modern eye on an enduring legend. The Oracle of Delphi was one of the most influential figures in ancient Greece. Human mistress of the god Apollo, she had the power to enter into ecstatic communion with him and deliver his prophesies to men. Thousands of years later, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist William J. Broad follows a crew of enterprising researchers as they sift through the evidence of history, geology, and archaeology to reveal-as far as science is able-the source of her visions. .
The Oracle of Night: The History and Science of Dreams
by Sidarta Ribeiro Daniel HahnA groundbreaking history of the human mind told through our experience of dreams—from the earliest accounts to current scientific findings—and their essential role in the formation of who we are and the world we have made. What is a dream? Why do we dream? How do our bodies and minds use them? These questions are the starting point for this unprecedented study of the role and significance of this phenomenon. An investigation on a grand scale, it encompasses literature, anthropology, religion, and science, articulating the essential place dreams occupy in human culture and how they functioned as the catalyst that compelled us to transform our earthly habitat into a human world. From the earliest cave paintings—where Sidarta Ribeiro locates a key to humankind&’s first dreams and how they contributed to our capacity to perceive past and future and our ability to conceive of the existence of souls and spirits—to today&’s cutting-edge scientific research, Ribeiro arrives at revolutionary conclusions about the role of dreams in human existence and evolution. He explores the advances that contemporary neuroscience, biochemistry, and psychology have made into the connections between sleep, dreams, and learning. He explains what dreams have taught us about the neural basis of memory and the transformation of memory in recall. And he makes clear that the earliest insight into dreams as oracular has been elucidated by contemporary research. Accessible, authoritative, and fascinating, The Oracle of Night gives us a wholly new way to understand this most basic of human experiences.
The Oracle of Oil: A Maverick Geologist's Quest for a Sustainable Future
by Mason InmanThe first comprehensive biography of Marion King Hubbert, the "father of peak oil." In 1956, geologist and Shell Oil researcher Marion King Hubbert delivered a speech that has shaped world energy debates ever since. Addressing the American Petroleum Institute, Hubbert dropped a bombshell on his audience: U.S. oil production would peak by 1970 and decline steadily thereafter. World production would follow the same fate, reaching its peak soon after the turn of the millennium. In battles stretching over decades, Hubbert defended his forecasts against opponents from both the oil industry and government. Hubbert was proved largely correct during the energy crises of the 1970s and hailed as a "prophet" and an "oracle." Even amid our twenty-first-century fracking boom, Hubbert's underlying logic holds true--while remaining a source of debate and controversy. A rich biography of the man behind peak oil, The Oracle of Oil follows Hubbert from his early days as a University of Chicago undergraduate to his first, ill-fated forays into politics in the midcentury Technocracy movement, and charts his rise as a top geologist in the oil industry and energy expert within the U.S. government. In a deeply researched narrative that mines Hubbert's papers and correspondence for the first time, award-winning journalist Mason Inman rescues the story of a man who shocked the scientific community with his eccentric brilliance. The Oracle of Oil also skillfully situates Hubbert in his era: a time of great intellectual ferment and discovery, tinged by dark undercurrents of intellectual witch hunts. Hubbert emerges as an unapologetic iconoclast who championed sustainability through his lifelong quest to wean the United States--and the wider world--off fossil fuels, as well as by questioning the pursuit of never-ending growth. In its portrait of a man whose prescient ideas still resonate today, The Oracle of Oil looks to the past to find a guiding philosophy for our future.
El oráculo de la noche: Historia y ciencia de los sueños
by Sidarta RibeiroUna fascinante historia de la mente humana a través del hilo conductor del sueño. A fin de cuentas, ¿qué es un sueño? ¿Por qué soñamos? Y, más interesante aún, ¿para qué soñamos? ¿Cómo podemos extraer sentido de sus variados símbolos, tan llenos de detalles y significados? En este libro amplio y multidisciplinario, el reconocido neurocientífico especialista en sueños Sidarta Ribeiro se basa en conocimientos históricos, antropológicos, psicoanalíticos y literarios, además de en las referencias más actualizadas de la biología molecular, la neurofisiología y la medicina, para responder a estas y muchas otras preguntas sobre uno de los grandes enigmas de la humanidad. Reseña:«El autor aborda una teoría general del sueño que engloba pasado y futuro, y explica la función onírica como una herramienta crucial para sobrevivir al presente.»Correio Braziliense
Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery: From Basics to Advanced Concepts and Applications (Wiley Series in Drug Discovery and Development)
by Ming Hu Xiaoling LiORAL BIOAVAILABILITY AND DRUG DELIVERY Improve the performance and viability of newly-developed and approved drugs with this crucial guide Bioavailability is the parameter which measures the rate and extent to which a drug reaches a user’s circulatory system depending on the method of administration. For example, intravenous administration produces a bioavailability of 100%, since the drugs are injected directly into the circulatory system; in the case of oral administration, however, bioavailability can vary widely based on factors which, if not properly understood, can result in a failure in drug development, adverse effects, and other complications. The mechanics of oral bioavailability are therefore critical aspects of drug development. Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery provides a comprehensive coverage of this subject as well as its drug development applications. Beginning with basic terminology and fundamental concepts, it provides a thorough understanding of the challenges and barriers to oral bioavailability as well as the possibilities for improving this parameter. The resulting book is an indispensable tool for drug development research. Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery readers will also find: Discussion questions in many chapters to facilitate comprehension Detailed discussion of topics including dissolution, absorption, metabolism, and more Real-world examples of methods in actions throughout Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery is ideal for pharmaceutical and biotechnology scientists working in drug discovery and development; researchers in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, immunology, neuroscience, and other related fields; and graduate courses in drug development and delivery.
Oral Bioavailability Assessment: Basics and Strategies for Drug Discovery and Development
by Ayman F. El-Kattan Mike S. LeeSpecifically geared to personnel in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, this book describes the basics and challenges of oral bioavailability – one of the most significant hurdles in drug discovery and development.• Describes approaches to assess pharmacokinetics and how drug efflux and uptake transporters impact oral bioavailability• Helps readers reduce the failure rate of drug candidates when transitioning from the bench to the clinic during development• Explains how preclinical animal models – used in preclinical testing – and in vitro tools translate to humans, which is an underappreciated and complicated area of drug development• Includes chapters about pharmacokinetic modelling, the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS), and the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS)• Has tutorials for applying strategies to medicinal chemistry practices of drug discovery/development
Oral Biochemistry
by Byung-Moo MinThis book provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of oral biochemistry by explaining the role of basic biochemistry and dentistry concepts and identifying their metabolic processes of soft tissues that comprise oral and maxillofacial anatomy. The book also discusses how metabolic abnormalities are related to the development of oral diseases. Readers will gain a comprehensive perspective on a variety of oral conditions and related metabolic abnormalities. Individual chapters are focused on crucial topics such as enamel, dentine, saliva, fluoride, and many more. The importance of evidence-based explanation and case study details are also highlighted. Oral biochemistry is the first book to be devoted entirely to this area, and it will be of interest to researchers, students, and practitioners.
Oral Biology
by Mary P. Cullinan Gregory J. Seymour Nicholas C.K. HengWith so many major advances over the past two decades coming through the application of molecular biology and nanotechnology, it is essential that dental research, education, and practice keep pace with the rapid progress of science. In Oral Biology: Molecular Techniques and Applications, expert researchers in the field have provided a selection of in depth methods and techniques optimized for particular applications, which can be readily adapted to particular organisms or areas of interest. Divided into three convenient sections, the book covers the study of saliva, as it is a rich source of biomolecules for study at the molecular level, which may lead to the identification of susceptibility to particular diseases, the study of the microbial inhabitants that share the oral cavity with us, as well as a range of protocols that facilitate assessment of the molecular behavior of oral cells and tissues in health and during disease progression. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Oral Biology: Molecular Techniques and Applications is an ideal resource not only to the new researcher but also to the seasoned laboratory veteran including cell biologists, microbiologists, and any researchers intent on delving into the vital world of oral biology.
Oral Controlled Release Formulation Design and Drug Delivery
by Kinam Park Hong WenThis book describes the theories, applications, and challenges for different oral controlled release formulations. This book differs from most in its focus on oral controlled release formulation design and process development. It also covers the related areas like preformulation, biopharmaceutics, in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC), quality by design (QbD), and regulatory issues.
Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs
by Andreas Bernkop-SchnürchRecent and rapid progress in the field of biotechnology has resulted in an increasing number of novel macromolecular drugs with great promise for further advanced research and clinical application. However, the delivery of these macromolecular drugs by routes other than the parenteral route is difficult. The pipeline of macromolecular drugs derived from biotechnology presents a challenging opportunity to develop practical dosage forms that could be dosed via the oral route. Given this, the successful oral delivery of macromolecular drugs presents an enormous opportunity. Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs will provide an overview of the innovative oral delivery technologies that have demonstrated success in human testing and will go on to cite the challenges, strategies, and future trends that are to be expected.
Oral Formulation Roadmap from Early Drug Discovery to Development
by Elizabeth KwongDetailing formulation approaches by stage of discovery to early development, this book gives a “playbook” of practical and efficient strategies to formulate drug candidates with the least chance of failing in clinical development. • Comes from contributing authors with experience developing formulations on the frontlines of the pharmaceutical industry• Focuses on pre (or non-) clinical and early stage development, the phases where most compounds are used in drug research• Features case studies to illustrate practical challenges and solutions in formulation selection• Covers regulatory filing, drug metabolism and physical and chemical properties, toxicology formulation, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), screening approaches, early stage clinical formulation development, and outsourcing
Oral Health and Herbal Medicine (SpringerBriefs in Public Health)
by Syed Shoeb Razvi Mohd Muzzammil Hussain Waseem Mohammed Abdul Khalid Rehman HakeemOral health loss is one of the major problems existing all over the world and is one of the top causes of death when unmanaged. The oral cavity is home to numerous pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are responsible for the progression and development of various systemic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and myocardial infarction. Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities, often leading to pain and discomfort. There are implications for the global economy as well, due to the continuous burden of investing resources to maintain oral hygiene. Not surprisingly, developing countries are disproportionally affected. There is thus an urgent need to develop economical solutions for the treatment of oral diseases. The trend of exploring plants or plant-derived compounds for the prevention and cure of death-causing diseases is on the rise. The use of traditional medicine for oral diseases is an ancient practice in which medicinal herbs play a major role. Medicinal plants have minimal side effects and no denigrating properties. Accordingly the use of medicinal plants to curtail oral pathogens has been reported by a number of studies.The present book updates the issues related to oral health, oral diseases and the role of medicinal plants in overcoming orally-derived health problems. We also highlight the knowledge gaps in oral health related problems with medicinal plants as one of the solutions. Our ultimate goal is to encourage future research and application of medicinal plants for economical and efficient treatment of oral diseases.
The Oral Microbiome: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2327)
by Guy R. AdamiThis volume discusses the oral microbiome, and oral and systemic health. The chapters in this book cover topics such as analytical techniques for identifying and measuring oral bacteria; strategies for controlling common sources of variability in oral microbiome methods for viral bacterial and fungal analysis; ways to study oral DNA and RNA samples to identify molecular pathways to disease; approaches to functional assays for oral bacteriophage, antibiotic purging of systemic bacteria; and metaproteomic analysis of various oral samples. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and practical, The Oral Microbiome: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for any scientist or researcher looking to further study this exciting and developing field.
Oral Mucosa in Health and Disease
by Lesley Ann BergmeierThis book is designed to re-establish the position of the oral cavity and its mucosa at the forefront of defence and maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms that protect against disease not just locally but also systemically. The oral mucosa is a unique collection of tissues that constitutes a highly active environment with its own unique microflora and homeostatic interaction with the innate and adaptive immune responses. As an immune tissue the oral mucosa was somewhat neglected in the past owing to the tendency to assume similarity to the gut mucosa. More recently it has become apparent that the oral mucosa is a complex environment and, like the esophageal mucosa, has more in common with vaginal tissue than with the gut. Furthermore, the ability of the oral mucosa to act as an immune inductive site has made it an attractive area of research in terms of desensitization for allergic reactions and possibly autoimmune responses. In this book, recognized experts in the field provide up-to-date coverage of all aspects of the structure and function of the oral mucosa, reflecting important recent advances in knowledge, including at the molecular level.
Oral Mucosal Immunity and Microbiome (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1197)
by Georgios N. Belibasakis George Hajishengallis Nagihan Bostanci Michael A. CurtisThe first International Conference on Oral Mucosal Immunity and Microbiome (OMIM) aimed to highlight cutting-edge basic and translational research from an oral immunological and microbiological perspective. Oral diseases with a microbial etiology are the most prevalent chronic diseases of humans. Whilst not life-threatening, they can significantly compromise quality of life, are associated with increased risk for certain systemic diseases, and pose heavy financial burdens to national health systems. Hence, periodontal and peri-implant diseases, dental caries, root canal infections and mucosal infections are significant global public health problems.In this book global experts summarize and discuss the latest progress made in oral mucosal immunity and the oral microbiome. Target audience is basic and/or translational researchers with expertise in host immunity and microbiome research, and interest in oral health and disease. This volume provides a much needed quantum leap in the field, by joining forces to address gaps at the oral mucosal immunity-microbiome cross-talk.
The orange juice business: A Brazilian perspective
by Marcos Fava Neves Vinicius Gustavo Trombin Frederico Fonseca Lopes Patrícia Milan Rafael KalakiThe orange juice chain is unique, probably a sui generis commodity. Although several countries produce oranges and juices, two regions in the world are the responsible for around 80% of the production. These are the states of Sao Paulo in Brazil and Florida in the USA. Although the emerging countries are growing in production, the juice consumer is also concentrated in the USA and Europe where more than 90% of consumption takes place. The characteristics of this chain are so unique, that it makes a nice laboratory for academics and business people to exercise strategies, since risk is spread. Orange is a very sensitive plant, and fluctuations in production are notorious. The logistics of this chain are fascinating. The product travels great distances to reach the consumer in a generally safe and efficient way. The industry assets such as vessels and tanks are specific. By reading this book, business people, academics and chain practitioners have an opportunity to understand this chain. and can analyse all of its numbers and economics and exercise strategy building. This is needed since the orange juice market is a stable market in the world, growing only 1% per year, and the production costs of this chain are rising fast, due to structural changes faced by world food and agribusiness companies i.e. labour costs, energy costs, land costs, environmental costs and others. The book will be of interest to all those concerned with agri food chains.
Orbit and Rotation: Science Logbook (PhD Science™ #Level 5, Module 4)
by Great MindsNIMAC-sourced textbook
Orbital Data Applications for Space Objects
by Lei Chen Xian-Zong Bai Yan-Gang Liang Ke-Bo LiThis book introduces readers to the application of orbital data on space objects in the contexts of conjunction assessment and space situation analysis, including theories and methodologies. It addresses the main topics involved in space object conjunction assessment, such as: orbital error analysis of space objects; close approach analysis; the calculation, analysis and application of collision probability; and the comprehensive assessment of collision risk. In addition, selected topics on space situation analysis are also presented, including orbital anomaly and space event analysis, and so on. The book offers a valuable guide for researchers and engineers in the fields of astrodynamics, space telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C), space surveillance, space situational awareness, and space debris, as well as for graduates majoring in flight vehicle design and related fields.