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Radiation Chemistry of Polymers
by V.S. IvanovPart of the series "New Concepts in Polymer Science", this volume contains information on the main theoretical and practical problems involved in radiation chemistry of polymers. The processes of polymerization and modification of polymers by grafting, crosslinking and degradation, induced by ionizing radiation, are all described, as well as the radiation resistance of polymers and their protection from radiation. The book also contains applications of radiation chemistry of polymers, such as: principles of selection of radiation-chemical processes for industrial use; choice of radiation sources for specific processes; modification of textile and film materials by grafting; manufacturing of heat-shrinkable, thermostable and mechanically strong polymer products; composites; rubber vulcanizates and self-adhesive products; paints and coatings; man-made fibres; materials for microelectronics; and polymer materials for medical purposes.
Radiation Cytogenetics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #1984)
by Paul F. Wilson Takamitsu A. KatoThis book comprises a collection of chapters describing topics from traditional radiation cytogenetic analysis methods to the modern fluorescence based-analysis and high throughput automatic analysis methods. Cytogenetic analysis is important not only in order to understand radiation-induced DNA damage in cells, but it is also a standard biological method to estimate human radiation exposure in the radiation accidents. Therefore, we prepared a series of chapters not only covering biological aspects but also exploring radiation physics and radiation protection. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and equipment, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Radiation Cytogenetics: Methods and Protocols serves both novices working on their first experiments as well as experienced researchers searching for tried-and-true techniques to adapt for their own laboratory.
Radiation Damage in Biomolecular Systems
by Martina Christina Fuss Gustavo García Gómez-TejedorSince the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity, ionizing radiations have been widely applied in medicine both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The risks associated with radiation exposure and handling led to the parallel development of the field of radiation protection. Pioneering experiments done by Sanche and co-workers in 2000 showed that low-energy secondary electrons, which are abundantly generated along radiation tracks, are primarily responsible for radiation damage through successive interactions with the molecular constituents of the medium. Apart from ionizing processes, which are usually related to radiation damage, below the ionization level low-energy electrons can induce molecular fragmentation via dissociative processes such as internal excitation and electron attachment. This prompted collaborative projects between different research groups from European countries together with other specialists from Canada, the USA and Australia. This book summarizes the advances achieved by these research groups after more than ten years of studies on radiation damage in biomolecular systems. An extensive Part I deals with recent experimental and theoretical findings on radiation induced damage at the molecular level. It includes many contributions on electron and positron collisions with biologically relevant molecules. X-ray and ion interactions are also covered. Part II addresses different approaches to radiation damage modelling. In Part III biomedical aspects of radiation effects are treated on different scales. After the physics-oriented focus of the previous parts, there is a gradual transition to biology and medicine with the increasing size of the object studied. Finally, Part IV is dedicated to current trends and novel techniques in radiation reserach and the applications hence arising. It includes new developments in radiotherapy and related cancer therapies, as well as technical optimizations of accelerators and totally new equipment designs, giving a glimpse of the near future of radiation-based medical treatments.
Radiation Detection Systems: Medical Imaging, Industrial Testing, and Security Applications (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Jan S. IwanczykThe advances in semiconductor detectors, scintillators, photodetectors such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), and readout electronics have experienced tremendous growth in recent years in terms of basic technologies and a variety of applications. The second edition of Radiation Detection Systems presents variety of radiation detection systems, giving readers a broad view of the state-of-the-art in the design of detectors, front-end electronics, and systems offering optimized choices of the detection tools for a particular application. The new edition has been divided into two volumes. This volume on Medical Imaging, Industrial Testing, and Security Applications presents specific applications of the detection systems in medical imaging, industrial testing, and security applications. These newely developed technologies play a vital role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of major human diseases. Featuring contributions from leading experts and pioneers in their respective fields, this book: Describes new advances in development of detection systems based on CdZnTe (CZT) and CdTe detectors utilizing a direct conversion of radiation to electric signals Reports a recent progress in technologies and performance of SiPM used for reading the light from scintillators Explores exciting new application opportunities created by development of the cutting-edge detection technologies in X-ray spectroscopy, computed tomography (CT), bone dosimetry, and nuclear medicine (PET, SPECT) Considers the future use of photon-counting detectors in clinical CT scanners providing K-edge imaging to reduce the amount of contrast agents and ultimately offering both an anatomical and a functional information Describes, uses of radiation detection systems in security applications such as luggage scanning, dirty bomb detection, and border control With its combined coverage of new materials and innovative new system approaches, as well as a succinct overview of recent developments, this book is an invaluable tool for any engineer, professional, or student working in electronics or an associated field. Readers can refer to the other volume, Sensor Materials, Systems, Technology, and Characterization Measurements, which puts emphasis on sensor materials, detector structures, front electronics technology, and their designs and system optimization for different applications.
Radiation Detection Systems: Sensor Materials, Systems, Technology, and Characterization Measurements (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Jan S. IwanczykThe advances in semiconductor detectors, scintillators, photodetectors such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), and reaodut electronics have experienced tremendous growth in recent years in terms of basic technologies and variety of applications.The second edition of the book Radiation Detection Systems presents variety of radiation detection systems giving readers a broad view of the state-of–the-art in the design of detectors, front-end electronics and systems offering optimized choices of the detection tools for a particular application. The new edition has been divided into two volumes. This first volume, on Sensor Materials, Systems, Technology and Characterization Measurements puts emphasis on sensor materials, detector structures, front electronics technology and their designs as well as system optimization for different applications. Also, the book include characterization measurements of the developed detection systems. Featuring contributions from leading experts and pioneers in their respective fields, this book • describes progress in growth technologies of cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) materials• shows variety of specific detector structure designs and their integration with front-end amplification/processing electronics• presents detection systems based on CdZnTe and CdTe detector technologies that are optimized for specific applications. The designed systems are characterized in terms of their spectral responses, spatial and timing resolutions• addresses incomplete charge collection, pulse pileup, charge sharing between neighboring detector pixels and other phenomena that can degrade the spectral response of photon-counting detectors• reports new developments of silicon photomultipliers used for reading the light from scintillators that starting to make a big impact particularly in the design concepts of novel medical instrumentation With its combined coverage of new materials and innovative new system approaches, as well as a succinct overview of recent developments, this book is an invaluable tool for any engineer, professional, or student working in electronics or an associated field. Readers can refer to the second book to get a detailed understanding of more specific applications of the detection systems in medical imaging, industrial testing and security applications.
Radiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices
by J. Kenneth Shultis Douglas McGregorRadiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices provides a modern overview of radiation detection devices and radiation measurement methods. The book topics have been selected on the basis of the authors’ many years of experience designing radiation detectors and teaching radiation detection and measurement in a classroom environment. This book is designed to give the reader more than a glimpse at radiation detection devices and a few packaged equations. Rather it seeks to provide an understanding that allows the reader to choose the appropriate detection technology for a particular application, to design detectors, and to competently perform radiation measurements. The authors describe assumptions used to derive frequently encountered equations used in radiation detection and measurement, thereby providing insight when and when not to apply the many approaches used in different aspects of radiation detection. Detailed in many of the chapters are specific aspects of radiation detectors, including comprehensive reviews of the historical development and current state of each topic. Such a review necessarily entails citations to many of the important discoveries, providing a resource to find quickly additional and more detailed information. This book generally has five main themes: Physics and Electrostatics needed to Design Radiation Detectors Properties and Design of Common Radiation Detectors Description and Modeling of the Different Types of Radiation Detectors Radiation Measurements and Subsequent Analysis Introductory Electronics Used for Radiation Detectors Topics covered include atomic and nuclear physics, radiation interactions, sources of radiation, and background radiation. Detector operation is addressed with chapters on radiation counting statistics, radiation source and detector effects, electrostatics for signal generation, solid-state and semiconductor physics, background radiations, and radiation counting and spectroscopy. Detectors for gamma-rays, charged-particles, and neutrons are detailed in chapters on gas-filled, scintillator, semiconductor, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence, photographic film, and a variety of other detection devices.
Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Jan S. IwanczykRadiation Detectors for Medical Imaging discusses the current state of the art and future prospects of photon-counting detectors for medical imaging applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts and pioneers in their respective fields, this book:Describes x-ray spectral imaging detectors based on cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) and cad
Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses
by Committee on an Assessment of CDC Radiation StudiesGrowing public concern about releases of radiation into the environment has focused attention on the measurement of exposure of people living near nuclear weapons production facilities or in areas affected by accidental releases of radiation.Radiation-Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses responds to the need for criteria for dose reconstruction studies, particularly if the doses are to be useful in epidemiology. This book provides specific and practical recommendations for whether, when, and how studies should be conducted, with an emphasis on public participation.Based on the expertise of scientists involved in dozens of dose reconstruction projects, this volume Provides an overview of the basic requirements and technical aspects of dose reconstruction.Presents lessons to be learned from dose reconstructions after Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and elsewhere.Explores the potential benefits and limitations of biological markers.Discusses how to establish the "source term"--that is, to determine what was released.Explores methods for identifying the environmental pathways by which radiation reaches the body.Offers details on three major categories of dose assessment.
Radiation Dose from Multidetector CT
by Pierre Alain Gevenois Denis Tack Mannudeep K. KalraComputed tomography (CT) is a powerful technique providing precise and confident diagnoses. The burgeoning use of CT has resulted in an exponential increase in collective radiation dose to the population. Despite investigations supporting the use of lower radiation doses, surveys highlight the lack of proper understanding of CT parameters that affect radiation dose. Dynamic advances in CT technology also make it important to explain the latest dose-saving strategies in an easy-to-comprehend manner. This book aims to review all aspects of the radiation dose from CT and to provide simple rules and tricks for radiologists and radiographers that will assist in the appropriate use of CT technique. The second edition includes a number of new chapters on the most up-to-date strategies and technologies for radiation dose reduction while updating the outstanding contents of the first edition. Vendor perspectives are included, and an online image gallery will also be available to readers.
Radiation Dosimetry Instrumentation and Methods: Instrumentation And Methods (CRC Press Revivals)
by Gad ShaniRadiation dosimetry has made great progress in the last decade, mainly because radiation therapy is much more widely used. Since the first edition, many new developments have been made in the basic methods for dosimetry, i.e. ionization chambers, TLD, chemical dosimeters, and photographic films. Radiation Dosimetry: Instrumentation and Methods, Second Edition brings to the reader these latest developments. Written at a high level for medical physicists, engineers, and advanced dosimetrists, it concentrates only on evolvement during the last decade, relying on the first edition to provide the basics.
Radiation Effects in Polymeric Materials (Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials)
by Vijay Kumar Vishal Sharma Babulal Chaudhary Kartikey VermaThis book provides an introduction of how radiation is processed in polymeric materials, how materials properties are affected and how the resulting materials are analyzed. It covers synthesis, characterization, or modification of important materials, e.g. polycarbonates, polyamides and polysaccharides, using radiation. For example, a complete chapter is dedicated to the characterization of biodegradable polymers irradiated with low and heavy ions. This book will be beneficial to all polymer scientists in the development of new macromolecules and to all engineers using these materials in applications. It summarizes the fundamental knowledge and latest innovations in research fields from medicine to space.
Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology
by Joachim Dierker Horst Aichinger Manfred Säbel Sigrid Joite-BarfußThis completely updated second edition of Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X-ray Diagnostic Radiology provides the reader with detailed guidance on the optimization of radiological imaging. The basic physical principles of diagnostic radiology are first presented in detail, and their application to clinical problems is then carefully explored. The final section is a supplement containing tables of data and graphical depictions of X-ray spectra, interaction coefficients, characteristics of X-ray beams, and other aspects relevant to patient dose calculations. In addition, a complementary CD-ROM contains a user-friendly Excel file database covering these aspects that can be used in the reader's own programs. This book will be an invaluable aid to medical physicists when performing calculations relating to patient dose and image quality, and will also prove useful for diagnostic radiologists and engineers.
Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions: Biological Issues and Research Strategies
by Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space RadiationInformation on Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions
Radiation Heat Transfer Modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics
by Yehuda SinaiThis book serves as a preliminary reference for the principles of thermal radiation and its modelling in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Radiation Heat Transfer Modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics covers strategies and processes for synthesizing radiation with CFD setups, computational techniques for solving the radiative transfer equation, the strengths and weaknesses thereof, boundary and initial conditions and relevant guidelines. Describing the strategic planning of a typical project, the book includes the spectroscopic properties of gases, some particulates and porous media. FEATURES Fills a gap between existing CFD and thermal radiation textbooks and elaborates on some aspects of user manuals. Aims at (1) CFD practitioners who are newcomers to thermal radiation and are looking for a preliminary introduction thereon and (2) modellers familiar with thermal radiation looking for a precursory introduction to CFD. The book is tilted somewhat towards the first group. Provides guidelines for choosing the right model, the strategic planning of the modelling and its implementation. Outlines the pitfalls of some solution techniques. Describes how radiation is included in the variety of boundary condition types offered by CFD codes. Helps to develop the practical skills required to plan, implement and interpret thermal radiation within the typical CFD code. Addresses a wide variety of physical circumstances in which thermal radiation plays a role. Offers ample references for readers searching for additional details. Includes several examples of practical applications, including fire, a utility boiler and car headlights in cold environments. This book is intended for researchers and professionals who wish to simulate problems that involve fluid flow and heat transfer with thermal radiation.
Radiation Heat Transfer, Augmented Edition
by E. M. SparrowRevised to include more information on analytical models for wavelength independence, Radiation Heat Transfer, Augmented Edition has been rearranged, providing problems within each chapter rather than at the end of the book. Written by Ephraim M. Sparrow, a generalist who works on a very broad range of problems that encompasses almost all mechanical engineering topics, the book presents key ideas without being exhaustive. Sparrow oversees the Laboratory for Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Practice, whose function in to undertake both industrially bases and fundamental problems that fall within the bounds of heat transfer and fluid flow.
Radiation Hormesis (Routledge Revivals Ser.)
by T. D. LuckeyRadiation Hormesis presents the only critical review of the effects of whole-body exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation in animals. This is a "must read" book for radiobiologists, health-conscious individuals, and serious environmentalists. Topics discussed include our radiation environment, radiation hormesis in cancer mortality, growth and development, reproduction and mutation, immunity, and cancer. Data is presented that indicates that low doses of ionizing radiation may actually be beneficial to human health. This information could invalidate the "zero thesis" and linear models used by most regulatory agencies. The implications regarding eliminating linear models and accepting radiation hormesis are also discussed.
Radiation Hormesis and the Linear-No-Threshold Assumption
by Charles L. SandersCurrent radiation protection standards are based upon the application of the linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption, which considers that even very low doses of ionizing radiation can cause cancer. The radiation hormesis hypothesis, by contrast, proposes that low-dose ionizing radiation is beneficial. In this book, the author examines all facets of radiation hormesis in detail, including the history of the concept and mechanisms, and presents comprehensive, up-to-date reviews for major cancer types. It is explained how low-dose radiation can in fact decrease all-cause and all-cancer mortality and help to control metastatic cancer. Attention is also drawn to biases in epidemiological research when using the LNT assumption. The author shows how proponents of the LNT assumption consistently reject, manipulate, and deliberately ignore an overwhelming abundance of published data and falsely claim that no reliable data are available at doses of less than 100 mSv.
Radiation Injury Prevention and Mitigation in Humans
by Kedar PrasadWith an estimated 3.3 billion ionizing radiation imaging examinations performed worldwide each year, the growing use of x-ray-based diagnostic procedures raises concerns about long-term health risks, especially cancer. In addition, rapid growth in the number of nuclear power plants around the world increases the risk of a nuclear accident similar t
Radiation Monitoring and Dose Estimation of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
by Sentaro TakahashiThis book provides comprehensive research findings related to the environmental monitoring of radiation, levels of radioactive nuclides in various environments and dose estimation in residents after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident caused severe environmental contamination with radioactive nuclides. At the beginning of the book, a technical review written by a leading researcher of nuclear reactor technology explains what happened at the power plant. The review is followed by a commentary from a former member of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, providing the reader with easily understandable information about the concept of radiation dosage. In the main part of the book, a series of scientific reports presents valuable data on the radiation surveys of the environment, environmental radioactivity, transfer models and parameters of radioactive nuclides and dose assessment among residents. These reports present a wide range of findings from the research carried out in a variety of activities by large governmental organizations as well as by small private groups and individuals. The reader thus will find a large collection of valuable and interesting data related to the environmental contamination by radioactive nuclides after the Fukushima accident. Although earlier reports on this issue have been made public, this book is the only publication to fully depict the actual situation by providing comprehensive data obtained by diverse organizations and individuals.
Radiation Oncology Study Guide
by Charles R. Thomas Jr. Eric K. Hansen Ravi A. Chandra Celine B. Ord Shushan RanaNow in its second edition, this popular text remains a comprehensive study and review aid for the radiation oncology trainee and practicing radiation oncologist. The updated Radiation Oncology Study Guide, 2e maintains its robust Q&A format, and has been comprehensively updated to include the latest staging information and treatment methods. Answer rationales have been modified to a more readable, high yield bulleted format.Each chapter covers a major disease site and is divided into two main parts: Questions & Answers and Rationale. Questions review the scope of clinical practice, spanning from initial presentation to complications of treatment. General content and work-up questions emphasize “pearls” of epidemiology, anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and staging. Treatment content questions not only review evidence-based data guiding treatment recommendations, but also practical aspects of radiation treatment planning, pertinent radiobiology and physics, and complications of treatment. This book is an ideal resource for physicians-in-training to prepare for initial written and oral exams and physicians in practice to maintain their skills and prepare for maintenance of certification longitudinal and written exams.
Radiation Oncology Study Guide
by Charles R. Thomas Jr. Eric K. Hansen Celine Bicquart OrdRadiation Oncology Study Guide is a comprehensive study aid for radiation oncology residents preparing for the American Board of Radiology Radiation Oncology Initial Certification board exam. Presenting the fundamental principles of radiation oncology, the book covers the most salient and commonly tested facts on the exam. Organized by specific disease sites, each chapter presents a series of questions and answers that present clinical features, staging, principles of treatment, and evidence-based studies that guide treatment recommendations, with an emphasis on radiotherapy studies. The book offers over 1,000 multiple-choice questions with detailed answers and rationales.
Radiation Oncology – Principles, Precepts and Practice: Volume I – Technical Aspects
by Atul Sharma Bidhu K. Mohanti Biplab Sarkar Anusheel Munshi Tharmarnadar Ganesh Indranil Mallick Manur Gururajachar JanakiThis book covers various aspects of radiation oncology, its principles and practice in the management of cancer types and sites in the human body. The book is in two volumes: Volume One is devoted to basic and technical aspects; Volume Two provides the clinical basis of modern radiation oncology. The chapters focus on an evidence-based multidisciplinary approach to cancer management covering the indications, contouring, treatment technique, outcomes, and toxicities related to radiotherapy for various cancer sites. It includes separate chapters on radiation biology, physics, and palliative care. Additionally, the book also addresses contemporary topics including artificial intelligence in radiation oncology, the role of protons/heavy ions, and the conduct of clinical trials in radiation oncology. The book is a relevant resource for busy radiation oncology physicians, practitioners, and trainees/residents/fellows seeking to utilize evidence in the literature to guide the management of radiation therapy patients. The book can be valuable for other disciplines such as surgical oncology, medical oncology, palliative medicine in cancer management including basic scientists working in both developed and developing countries.
Radiation Oncology: A MCQ and Case Study-Based Review
by Gokhan Ozyigit Murat Beyzadeoglu Ugur SelekThis updated work is an all-in-one board examination preparation book, arranged in an MCQ examination pattern instead of old-style question and answer format complemented by oral exam questions designed to meet the needs of a wide range of examinees. Radiation Oncology: A MCQ and Case Study-Based Review 2nd edition will meet the need for a practical, up-to-date, bedside-oriented radiation oncology book. Essential aspects of radiation physics, radiobiology, and clinical radiation oncology are well covered. Tumors at different sites are adressed in a series of individual chapters, and further chapters are devoted to lymphomas and total body irradiation, pediatric tumors and benign diseases. The answer keys provide clear explanations for both the correct answers and incorrect statements. It will be extremely useful for residents, fellows, and clinicians in the fields of radiation, medical, and surgical oncology, as well as for medical students, physicians, and medical physicists with an interest in clinical oncology.
Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists
by Ervin B. PodgoršakThis textbook summarizes the basic knowledge of atomic, nuclear, and radiation physics that professionals working in medical physics and biomedical engineering need for efficient and safe use of ionizing radiation in medicine. Concentrating on the underlying principles of radiation physics, the textbook covers the prerequisite knowledge for medical physics courses on the graduate and post-graduate levels in radiotherapy physics, radiation dosimetry, imaging physics, and health physics, thus providing the link between elementary undergraduate physics and the intricacies of four medical physics specialties: diagnostic radiology physics, nuclear medicine physics, radiation oncology physics, and health physics. To recognize the importance of radiation dosimetry to medical physics three new chapters have been added to the 14 chapters of the previous edition. Chapter 15 provides a general introduction to radiation dosimetry. Chapter 16 deals with absolute radiation dosimetry systems that establish absorbed dose or some other dose related quantity directly from the signal measured by the dosimeter. Three absolute dosimetry techniques are known and described in detail: (i) calorimetric; (ii) chemical (Fricke), and (iii) ionometric. Chapter 17 deals with relative radiation dosimetry systems that rely on a previous dosimeter calibration in a known radiation field. Many relative radiation dosimetry systems have been developed to date and four most important categories used routinely in medicine and radiation protection are described in this chapter: (i) Ionometric dosimetry; (ii) Luminescence dosimetry; (iii) Semiconductor dosimetry; and (iv) Film dosimetry. The book is intended as a textbook for a radiation physics course in academic medical physics graduate programs as well as a reference book for candidates preparing for certification examinations in medical physics sub-specialties. It may also be of interest to many professionals, not only physicists, who in their daily occupations deal with various aspects of medical physics or radiation physics and have a need or desire to improve their understanding of radiation physics.
Radiation Physics for Nuclear Medicine
by Christoph Hoeschen Marie Claire CantoneThe field of nuclear medicine is expanding rapidly, with the development of exciting new diagnostic methods and treatments. This growth is closely associated with significant advances in radiation physics. In this book, acknowledged experts explain the basic principles of radiation physics in relation to nuclear medicine and examine important novel approaches in the field. The first section is devoted to what might be termed the "building blocks" of nuclear medicine, including the mechanisms of interaction between radiation and matter and Monte Carlo codes. In subsequent sections, radiation sources for medical applications, radiopharmaceutical development and production, and radiation detectors are discussed in detail. New frontiers are then explored, including improved algorithms for image reconstruction, biokinetic models, and voxel phantoms for internal dosimetry. Both trainees and experienced practitioners and researchers will find this book to be an invaluable source of up-to-date information.