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Plant Physics
by Niklas Karl J. Spatz Hanns-ChristofFrom Galileo, who used the hollow stalks of grass to demonstrate the idea that peripherally located construction materials provide most of the resistance to bending forces, to Leonardo da Vinci, whose illustrations of the parachute are alleged to be based on his study of the dandelion’s pappus and the maple tree’s samara, many of our greatest physicists, mathematicians, and engineers have learned much from studying plants. A symbiotic relationship between botany and the fields of physics, mathematics, engineering, and chemistry continues today, as is revealed in Plant Physics. The result of a long-term collaboration between plant evolutionary biologist Karl J. Niklas and physicist Hanns-Christof Spatz, Plant Physics presents a detailed account of the principles of classical physics, evolutionary theory, and plant biology in order to explain the complex interrelationships among plant form, function, environment, and evolutionary history. Covering a wide range of topics#151;from the development and evolution of the basic plant body and the ecology of aquatic unicellular plants to mathematical treatments of light attenuation through tree canopies and the movement of water through plants’ roots, stems, and leaves#151;Plant Physics is destined to inspire students and professionals alike to traverse disciplinary membranes.
Plant Physics
by Karl J. Niklas Hanns-Christof SpatzFrom Galileo, who used the hollow stalks of grass to demonstrate the idea that peripherally located construction materials provide most of the resistance to bending forces, to Leonardo da Vinci, whose illustrations of the parachute are alleged to be based on his study of the dandelion’s pappus and the maple tree’s samara, many of our greatest physicists, mathematicians, and engineers have learned much from studying plants. A symbiotic relationship between botany and the fields of physics, mathematics, engineering, and chemistry continues today, as is revealed in Plant Physics. The result of a long-term collaboration between plant evolutionary biologist Karl J. Niklas and physicist Hanns-Christof Spatz, Plant Physics presents a detailed account of the principles of classical physics, evolutionary theory, and plant biology in order to explain the complex interrelationships among plant form, function, environment, and evolutionary history. Covering a wide range of topics—from the development and evolution of the basic plant body and the ecology of aquatic unicellular plants to mathematical treatments of light attenuation through tree canopies and the movement of water through plants’ roots, stems, and leaves—Plant Physics is destined to inspire students and professionals alike to traverse disciplinary membranes.
Plant Physiological Ecology
by F. Stuart Chapin III Hans Lambers Thijs L. PonsThe growth, reproduction and geographical distribution of plants are profoundly influenced by their physiological ecology: the interaction with the surrounding physical, chemical, and biological environments. This renowned textbook is notable in emphasizing that the mechanisms underlying plant physiological ecology can be found at the levels of biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, and whole-plant physiology. At the same time, the integrative power of physiological ecology is well-suited to assess the costs, benefits, and consequences of modifying plants for human needs, and to evaluate the role of plants in ecosystems. This new edition of Plant Physiological Ecology features updated material, as well as full color images throughout. Boxed entries provide extended discussions of selected issues, and a glossary and numerous references to the primary and review literature are included.
Plant Physiological Ecology
by Hans Lambers Rafael S. OliveiraGrowth, reproduction, and geographical distribution of plants are profoundly influenced by their physiological ecology: the interaction with the surrounding physical, chemical, and biological environments. This textbook highlights mechanisms that underlie plant physiological ecology at the levels of physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology. At the same time, the integrative power of physiological ecology is well suited to assess the costs, benefits, and consequences of modifying plants for human needs and to evaluate the role of plants in natural and managed ecosystems. Plant Physiological Ecology, Third Edition is significantly updated, with many full color illustrations, and begins with the primary processes of carbon metabolism and transport, plant water relations, and energy balance. After considering individual leaves and whole plants, these physiological processes are then scaled up to the level of the canopy. Subsequent chapters discuss mineral nutrition and the ways in which plants cope with nutrient‑deficient or toxic soils. The book then looks at patterns of growth and allocation, life‑history traits, and interactions between plants and other organisms. Later chapters deal with traits that affect decomposition of plant material and with the consequences of plant physiological ecology at ecosystem and global levels. Plant Physiological Ecology, Third Edition features several boxed entries that extend the discussions of selected issues, a glossary, and numerous references to the primary and review literature. This significant new text is suitable for use in plant ecology courses, as well as classes ranging from plant physiology to plant molecular biology.
Plant Physiology
by Maria DucaThis book covers all aspects of plant physiology: plant cell physiology, water regime of plants, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, plant respiration, plant growth and development, movements in plants, signal perception and transduction etc. It focuses on the fundamental principles of plant physiology and biochemistry from the molecular level to whole plants, on the mechanisms of plant-environment interactions. The book is intended for students (biologists, physiologists, biochemists, biophysicists, ecologists, geneticists), teachers and researchers. Particular emphasis is given to recent research advances made on national and international levels, as well as to personal experimental results of the author that are relevant for a deeper understanding of processes and for practical implementation of gained knowledge. An essential amount of illustrative material (graphics, images, schemes, illustrations) completes the text and supplies additional information in an accessible manner. At the end of each chapter, glossary and evaluation tests are presented.
Plant Physiology and Development
by Lincoln Taiz Ian Max Møller Angus Murphy Eduardo ZeigerPlant Physiology and Development incorporates the latest advances in plant biology, making it the most authoritative and widely used upper-division plant biology textbook. Up-to-date, comprehensive, and meticulously illustrated, the seventh edition features improved integration of developmental material throughout, providing the best educational foundation possible for the next generation of plant biologists. This updated edition includes current information to improve understanding while maintaining the core structure of the book. Figures have been revised and simplified wherever possible. To eliminate redundancy, stomatal function (Chapter 10 in the previous edition) has been reassigned to other chapters. In addition, a series of feature boxes related to climate change are also included in this edition.
Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism
by Satish C Bhatla Manju A. LalThis book focuses on the fundamentals of plant physiology for undergraduate and graduate students. It consists of 34 chapters divided into five major units. Unit I discusses the unique mechanisms of water and ion transport, while Unit II describes the various metabolic events essential for plant development that result from plants’ ability to capture photons from sunlight, to convert inorganic forms of nutrition to organic forms and to synthesize high energy molecules, such as ATP. Light signal perception and transduction works in perfect coordination with a wide variety of plant growth regulators in regulating various plant developmental processes, and these aspects are explored in Unit III. Unit IV investigates plants’ various structural and biochemical adaptive mechanisms to enable them to survive under a wide variety of abiotic stress conditions (salt, temperature, flooding, drought), pathogen and herbivore attack (biotic interactions). Lastly, Unit V addresses the large number of secondary metabolites produced by plants that are medicinally important for mankind and their applications in biotechnology and agriculture. Each topic is supported by illustrations, tables and information boxes, and a glossary of important terms in plant physiology is provided at the end.
Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism
by Satish C. Bhatla Manju A. LalThis textbook is second edition of popular textbook of plant physiology and metabolism. The first edition of this book gained noteworthy acceptance (more than 4.9 Million downloads) among graduate and masters level students and faculty world over, with many Universities recommending it as a preferred reading in their syllabi. The second edition provides up to date and latest information on all the topics covered while also including the basic concepts. The text is supported with clear, easy to understand Figures, Tables, Box items, summaries, perspectives, thought-provoking multiple-choice questions, latest references for further reading, glossary and a detailed subject index. Authors have also added a number of key concepts, discoveries in the form of boxed- items in each chapter. Plant physiology deals with understanding the various processes, functioning, growth, development and survival of plants in normal and stressful conditions. The study involves analysis of the above-stated processes at molecular, sub-cellular, cellular, tissue and plant level in relation with its surrounding environment. Plant physiology is an experimental science, and its concepts are very rapidly changing through applications from chemical biology, cytochemical, fluorometric, biochemical and molecular techniques, and metabolomic and proteomic analysis. Consequently, this branch of modern plant biology has experienced significant generation of new information in most areas. The newer concepts so derived are being also rapidly put into applications in crop physiology. Novel molecules, such nanourea, nitric oxide, gaseous signalling molecules like hydrogen sulphide, are rapidly finding significant applications among crop plants. This textbook, therefore, brings forth an inclusive coverage of the field contained in 35 chapters, divided into five major units. It serves as essential reading material for post-graduate and undergraduate students of botany, plant sciences, plant physiology, agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. This textbook is also of interest to teachers, researchers, scientists, and policymakers.
Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions: Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops and Weed Emergence
by Udo BlumIn an effort to implement conservation measures farmers have used a variety of production methods, including the use of reduced or zero tillage and cover crops. One benefit of these production methods has been early season weed control. The literature suggests that a variety of mechanisms may be involved, among them the allelopathic effects of phenolic acids. This retrospective analysis addresses the following: How likely are phenolic acid concentrations and environmental conditions in wheat no-till cropping systems for the inhibition of annual broadleaf weed emergence? and Do phenolic acids have a dominant role or are they just one component of a larger promoter/modifier/inhibitor complex? The book covers allelopathic plant-plant interactions, laboratory and field experiments, and future research. It uses a journal format, provides justifications for procedures used, if-then hypotheses, and cons and pros so that readers can reach their own conclusions.
Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions II
by Udo BlumThis volume presents detailed descriptions and analyses of the underlying features, issues and suppositions associated with seed and seedling laboratory bioassays presented in a previous volume. It is, however, broader in scope and substance in that the information provided is relevant to all water-soluble compounds released to soil by putative allelopathic living plants and their litter and residues. It is ultimately an attempt to update and expand the practical guidelines for designing laboratory bioassays that have previously been provided in the literature with the hope that the designs of future seed and seedling laboratory bioassays will become more relevant to field systems. Standard references have been included to provide background and additional details. This volume has been written specifically for researchers and their graduate students who are interested in studying plant-plant allelopathic interactions.
Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions III: Partitioning and Seedling Effects of Phenolic Acids as Related to their Physicochemical and Conditional Properties
by Udo BlumThis volume continues the retrospective analyses of Volumes I and II, but goes beyond that in an attempt to understand how phenolic acids are partitioned in seedling-solution and seedling-microbe-soil-sand culture systems and how phenolic acid effects on seedlings may be related to the actual and/or conditional physicochemical properties (e.g., solubility, hydrophobicity, pKa, molecular structure and soil sorption/desorption) of simple phenolic acids. Specifically, it explores the quantitative partitioning (i.e., source-sink relationships) of benzoic and cinnamic acids in cucumber seedling-solution and cucumber seedling-microbe-soil-sand systems and how that partitioning may influence phenolic acid effects on cucumber seedlings. Regressions, correlations and conceptual and hypothetical models are used to achieve these objectives. Cucumber seedlings are used as a surrogate for phenolic acid sensitive herbaceous dicotyledonous weed seedlings. This volume was written specifically for researchers and their students interested in understanding how a range of simple phenolic acids and potentially other putative allelopathic compounds released from living plants and their litter and residues may modify soil chemistry, soil and rhizosphere microbial biology, seedling physiology and seedling growth. In addition, this volume describes the potential relationships, where they may exist, for direct transfer of organic compounds between plants, plant communication and plant-plant allelopathic interactions and addresses the following questions: Can physicochemical properties of phenolic acids be used as tools to help understand the complex behavior of phenolic acids and the ultimate effects of phenolic acids on sensitive seedlings? What insights do laboratory bioassays and the conceptual and hypothetical models of laboratory systems provide us concerning the potential behavior and effects of phenolic acids in field systems? What potential role may phenolic acids play in broadleaf-weed seedling emergence in wheat debris cover crop no-till systems?
The Plant Plasma Membrane
by Burkhard Schulz Wendy Peer Angus S. MurphyIn plant cells, the plasma membrane is a highly elaborated structure that functions as the point of exchange with adjoining cells, cell walls and the external environment. Transactions at the plasma membrane include uptake of water and essential mineral nutrients, gas exchange, movement of metabolites, transport and perception of signaling molecules, and initial responses to external biota. Selective transporters control the rates and direction of small molecule movement across the membrane barrier and manipulate the turgor that maintains plant form and drives plant cell expansion. The plasma membrane provides an environment in which molecular and macromolecular interactions are enhanced by the clustering of proteins in oligimeric complexes for more efficient retention of biosynthetic intermediates, and by the anchoring of protein complexes to promote regulatory interactions. The coupling of signal perception at the membrane surface with intracellular second messengers also involves transduction across the plasma membrane. Finally, the generation and ordering of the external cell walls involves processes mediated at the plant cell surface by the plasma membrane. This volume is divided into three sections. The first section describes the basic mechanisms that regulate all plasma membrane functions. The second describes plasma membrane transport activity. The final section of the book describes signaling interactions at the plasma membrane. These topics are given a unique treatment in this volume, as the discussions are restricted to the plasma membrane itself as much as possible. A more complete knowledge of the plasma membrane's structure and function is essential to current efforts to increase the sustainability of agricultural production of food, fiber, and fuel crops.
Plant Polysaccharides-Based Multiple-Unit Systems for Oral Drug Delivery (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Amit Kumar Nayak Md Saquib HasnainThis book explores the use of various plant polysaccharides for pharmaceutical purposes, including drug delivery. It examines the exploitation of plant polysaccharides’ auxiliary functions to enhance drug release, stability, bioavailability and target specificity. Plant-derived materials are at the center of drug-delivery research thanks to their non-toxicity, biodegradability, ready availability, eco-friendliness and low extraction costs. These materials include polysaccharides, a class of naturally occurring polymers consisting of glucose monomers, which serve as storage carbohydrates in cereals, root vegetables, rhizomes, seeds, fruits, etc.
Plant Power: The Importance of Plants in our World
by Claire LlewellynPlants are amazing! They are found in every part of the world, growing from tiny seeds into beautiful blooms, gigantic trees and the delicious fruit and vegetables we eat. Plants are vitally important to humans, animals and even the climate, providing food, shelter, medicines and even helping to clean our planet's air and water. This book tells you everything you need to know about plants, from how they grow, reproduce and make their own food to the variety of ways that humans and animals use plants every single day.Readers can find out about plant parts and plant life cycles, pollination, food chains, photosynthesis, seeds and plant uses, such as in food, homes, furniture, musical instruments and medicines. We find out how plants can inspire us and how we need to protect plants so they can help protect us.This book is perfect for children aged 7+.
Plant Production for Sustainable Society as a Semi-closed Ecosystem
by Yoshiaki KitayaThis book introduces the concept of a semi-closed ecosystem, which is necessary for the social implementation of plant production, such as agriculture, in harmony with the environment. While aiming at achieving a sustainable balance of human activities and environmental protection, this book focuses on the material cycle within each semi-closed system listed below. 1) Mangrove forests as semi-closed systems in coastal ecosystems 2) Environmental control in facility-based plant production systems as semi-closed systems 3) Control of the gaseous environment in the root zone as a semi-closed system 4) Controlled ecological life support system as a completely closed ecosystem in space 5) A sustainable balance of human activities and environmental conservation in urban ecosystems. Developing efficient food production with less environmental loads is an important issue. Plant production is vital to human health and welfare, especially in urban areas as semi-closed ecosystems. Producing food efficiently under consideration of environmental protection is necessary with material-cycling systems, especially in semi-closed ecosystems. Establishing a resource recycling production system with reduced waste emissions has also become important in agriculture. Plant production will play an important role not only in food production (Goal 2 in SDGs) but also in many other goals. This book explains how we must regard plant production as semi-closed ecosystems, reduce material and energy resource inputs, and recycle waste emissions generated during production and consumption processes to solve the various issues. Students and researchers studying Agricultural Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Systems Design for Sustainable Society, Environmental Control in Agriculture, etc., will find this publication a helpful reference.
Plant Programmed Cell Death
by Arunika N. Gunawardena Paul F. MccabeProgrammed cell death (PCD) is a genetically encoded, active process which results in the death of individual cells, tissues, or whole organs. PCD plays an essential role in plant development and defense, and occurs throughout a plant's lifecycle from the death of the embryonic suspensor to leaf and floral organ senescence. In plant biology, PCD is a relatively new research area, however, as its fundamental importance is further recognized, publications in the area are beginning to increase significantly. The field currently has few foundational reference books and there is a critical need for books that summarizes recent findings in this important area. This book contains chapters written by several of the world's leading researchers in PCD. This book will be invaluable for PhD or graduate students, or for scientists and researchers entering the field. Established researchers will also find this timely work useful as an up-to-date overview of this fascinating research area.
Plant Programmed Cell Death
by Arunika N. Gunawardena Paul F. McCabeProgrammed cell death (PCD) is a genetically encoded, active process which results in the death of individual cells, tissues, or whole organs. PCD plays an essential role in plant development and defense, and occurs throughout a plant’s lifecycle from the death of the embryonic suspensor to leaf and floral organ senescence. In plant biology, PCD is a relatively new research area, however, as its fundamental importance is further recognized, publications in the area are beginning to increase significantly. The field currently has few foundational reference books and there is a critical need for books that summarizes recent findings in this important area. This book contains chapters written by several of the world’s leading researchers in PCD. This book will be invaluable for PhD or graduate students, or for scientists and researchers entering the field. Established researchers will also find this timely work useful as an up-to-date overview of this fascinating research area.
Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises
by Caula A. Beyl Robert N. TrigianoIncludes a DVD Containing All Figures and Supplemental Images in PowerPointThis new edition of Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises presents a robust view of modern plant propagation practices such as vegetable grafting and micropropagation. Along with foundation knowledge in anatomy and plant physiology, the book takes a look into t
Plant Proteases and Plant Cell Death: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2447)
by Marina Klemenčič Simon Stael Pitter F. HuesgenThis volume presents current methods to detect and measure the activity of proteolytic enzymes in organisms ranging from unicellular algae to flowering plants. Chapters detail in vitro production, characterization of plant proteases, tools for in vivo modifications, proteomic approaches for identification of substrates, inhibitors and interacting partners, and the function of plant proteases in plant programmed cell death. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Plant Proteases: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field.
Plant Protein Foods
by Annamalai Manickavasagan Loong-Tak Lim Amanat AliRegular consumption of plant-based protein foods instead of animal-based protein foods reduces the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and certain cancers. Apart from human health, the adverse effects to the environment due to the production of protein is much higher for animal sources than plant sources. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production of one pound of lamb meat, for example, are thirty times higher than one pound of lentils.As consumers are increasingly aware of personal health and environmental impact of food production, the demand for plant protein foods is increasing globally. This trend has prompted several large-scale collaborative research projects on plant-based protein products supported by the industry and governmental agencies. Several established multinational meat companies have started adding plant-protein product lines to meet the current demand.This book presents the first comprehensive compilation of literature on plant-based protein foods. Chapters cover protein extraction technologies from plants, comparison of amino acid profiles of plant- and animal-based proteins, approaches to product development for plant-based protein products, health benefits of plant-based protein foods, market opportunities, and future challenges. Plant Protein Foods is an essential reference for consumers, students, researchers, food manufacturers and other stakeholders interested in this domain.
Plant Protein Secretion: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2841)
by Liwen Jiang Jinbo Shen Caiji Gao Xiangfeng WangThis volume explores the latest developments in protein secretion research in plants, as compared to yeast and mammalian systems. The chapters in this book present a diverse and thorough perspective of the field and cover topics such as bioinformatic analysis, proteomic studies, ultrastructural analysis, and genetic screening methods. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Plant Protein Secretion: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for researchers and students in the field of plant biology, and will inspire further advancements in our understanding of protein secretion in plant cells and beyond.
Plant Proteomics
by Jesus V. Jorrin-Novo Setsuko Komatsu Wolfram Weckwerth Stefanie WienkoopPlant Proteomics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition presents recent advances made in the field of proteomics and their application to plant biology and translational research. In recent years, improvements in techniques and protocols for high-throughput proteomics have been made at all workflow stages, from wet (sampling, tissue and cell fractionation, protein extraction, depletion, purification, separation, MS analysis, quantification) to dry lab (experimental design, algorithms for protein identification, bioinformatics tools for data analysis, databases, and repositories). Divided into nine convenient sections, chapters cover topics such as applications of gel-free, label- or label-free, imaging and targeted approaches to experimental model systems, crops and orphan species, as well as the study and analysis of PTMs, protein interactions, and specific families of proteins, and finally proteomics in translational research. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Plant Proteomics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition seeks to serve both professionals and novices looking to exploit the full potential of proteomics in plant biology research.
Plant Proteomics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2139)
by Jesus V. Jorrin-Novo Luis Valledor Mari Angeles Castillejo Maria-Dolores ReyThis third edition details recent advances made in the field of proteomics and the application to plant biology and translational research. In recent years, improvements have been made to protocols on high-throughput proteomics at all workflow stages, from wet to dry labs. Chapters are divided into nine parts, covering methods and protocols such as applications of gel-free, label- or label-free, imaging and targeted approaches to experimental model systems, crops and orphan species, study and analysis of PTMs, protein interactions, specific families of proteins, and finally proteomics in translational research. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Plant Proteomics: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.
Plant Proteomics: Implications in Growth, Quality Improvement, and Stress Resilience
by Aryadeep RoychoudhuryThere have been several advancements made in high-throughput protein technologies creating immense possibilities for studying proteomics on a large scale. Researchers are exploring various proteomic techniques to unravel the mystery of plant stress tolerance mechanisms. Plant Proteomics: Implications in Growth, Quality Improvement, and Stress Resilience introduces readers to techniques and methodologies of proteomics and explains different physiological phenomena in plants and their responses to various environmental cues and defense mechanisms against pathogens. The main emphasis is on research involving applications of proteomics to understand different aspects of the life cycle of plant species including dormancy, flowering, photosynthetic efficiency, nitrogen assimilation, accumulation of nutritional parameters, secondary metabolite production, reproduction and grain yield as well as signalling responses during abiotic and biotic stresses. The book takes a unique approach, encompassing high throughput and sophisticated proteomic techniques while integrating proteomics with other “omics.”Features: Integrates the branch of proteomics with other “omics” approaches including genomics and metabolomics, giving a holistic view of the overall “omics” approaches Covers various proteomics approaches for the identification of biological processes, future perspectives, and upcoming applications to identify diverse genes in plants Presents readers with various proteomics tools for the improvement of plant growth, quality, and resilience against climate change, and pathogen infection Enables researchers in identifying novel proteins that could be used as target to generate plants with improved traits
Plant Proteomics
by Hervé ThiellementPlant Proteomics: Methods and Protocols provides up-to-date methods and protocols for plant proteomics, each written by expert researchers from leading laboratories. Experimental methodologies are explained in clear and complete detail for both the wet and dry laboratories. The methods and protocols presented in this volume will inspire the novice as well as the expert researcher to undertake new experimental endeavors in plant proteomics. Chapters 1 and 2 describe standard protocols and chapters 3 through 10 contain optimized protocols for protein extraction of tissues such as cereal seeds, xylem, phloem sap, of woody plants, and of cellular compartments, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. These methods rely on improvements to solubilization of proteins, which is the emphasis of Chapters 11 and 12. Chapters 13 to 23 outline methods for protein identification, including 2DLC or LC of intact proteins, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF and MS/MS) with proteins separated by 2D gels, blue native ID gels, and Edman sequencing. Chapters 24 to 29 focus on the rapidly expanding area of analysis of post-translational modifications and protein-protein relationships. Attention is also given to data that proteomics produces, including management of that data, and to statistical tools used for effective analysis.