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Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next: Doing More with Less
by National Research CouncilInformation on Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next
Reducing the Time from Basic Research to Innovation in the Chemical Sciences: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable
by Chemical Sciences RoundtableInnovation, the process by which fundamental research becomes a commercial product, is increasingly important in the chemical sciences and is changing the nature of research and development efforts in the United States. The workshop was held in response to requests to speed the R&D process and to rapidly evolve the patterns of interaction among industry, academe, and national laboratories. The report contains the authors' written version of the workshop presentations along with audience reaction.
Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy
by Carl GillettGrand debates over reduction and emergence are playing out across the sciences, but these debates have reached a stalemate, with both sides declaring victory on empirical grounds. In this book, Carl Gillett provides new theoretical frameworks with which to understand these debates, illuminating both the novel positions of scientific reductionists and emergentists and the recent empirical advances that drive these new views. Gillett also highlights the flaws in existing philosophical frameworks and reorients the discussion to reflect the new scientific advances and issues, including the nature of 'parts' and 'wholes', the character of aggregation, and thus the continuity of nature itself. Most importantly, Gillett shows how disputes about concrete scientific cases are empirically resolvable and hence how we can break the scientific stalemate. Including a detailed glossary of key terms, this volume will be valuable for researchers and advanced students of the philosophy of science and metaphysics, and scientific researchers working in the area.
Reductionism in Art and Brain Science: Bridging the Two Cultures
by Eric KandelAre art and science separated by an unbridgeable divide? Can they find common ground? In this new book, neuroscientist Eric R. Kandel, whose remarkable scientific career and deep interest in art give him a unique perspective, demonstrates how science can inform the way we experience a work of art and seek to understand its meaning. Kandel illustrates how reductionism—the distillation of larger scientific or aesthetic concepts into smaller, more tractable components—has been used by scientists and artists alike to pursue their respective truths. He draws on his Nobel Prize-winning work revealing the neurobiological underpinnings of learning and memory in sea slugs to shed light on the complex workings of the mental processes of higher animals. In Reductionism in Art and Brain Science, Kandel shows how this radically reductionist approach, applied to the most complex puzzle of our time—the brain—has been employed by modern artists who distill their subjective world into color, form, and light. Kandel demonstrates through bottom-up sensory and top-down cognitive functions how science can explore the complexities of human perception and help us to perceive, appreciate, and understand great works of art. At the heart of the book is an elegant elucidation of the contribution of reductionism to the evolution of modern art and its role in a monumental shift in artistic perspective. Reductionism steered the transition from figurative art to the first explorations of abstract art reflected in the works of Turner, Monet, Kandinsky, Schoenberg, and Mondrian. Kandel explains how, in the postwar era, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Louis, Turrell, and Flavin used a reductionist approach to arrive at their abstract expressionism and how Katz, Warhol, Close, and Sandback built upon the advances of the New York School to reimagine figurative and minimal art. Featuring captivating drawings of the brain alongside full-color reproductions of modern art masterpieces, this book draws out the common concerns of science and art and how they illuminate each other.
Reductionism, Emergence and Levels of Reality
by Sergio Chibbaro Lamberto Rondoni Angelo VulpianiScientists have always attempted to explain the world in terms of a few unifying principles. In the fifth century B. C. Democritus boldly claimed that reality is simply a collection of indivisible and eternal parts or atoms. Over the centuries his doctrine has remained a landmark, and much progress in physics is due to its distinction between subjective perception and objective reality. This book discusses theory reduction in physics, which states that the whole is nothing more than the sum of its parts: the properties of things are directly determined by their constituent parts. Reductionism deals with the relation between different theories that address different levels of reality, and uses extrapolations to apply that relation in different sciences. Reality shows a complex structure of connections, and the dream of a unified interpretation of all phenomena in several simple laws continues to attract anyone with genuine philosophical and scientific interests. If the most radical reductionist point of view is correct, the relationship between disciplines is strictly inclusive: chemistry becomes physics, biology becomes chemistry, and so on. Eventually, only one science, indeed just a single theory, would survive, with all others merging in the Theory of Everything. Is the current coexistence of different sciences a mere historical venture which will end when the Theory of Everything has been established? Can there be a unified description of nature? Rather than an analysis of full reductionism, this book focuses on aspects of theory reduction in physics and stimulates reflection on related questions: is there any evidence of actual reduction? Are the examples used in the philosophy of science too simplistic? What has been endangered by the search for (the) ultimate truth? Has the dream of reductionist reason created any monsters? Is big science one such monster? What is the point of embedding science Y within science X, if predictions cannot be made on that basis?
Reductionism: A Beginner's Guide (Beginner's Guides)
by Alastair RaeEver since the ancient Greeks conceived of the atom, humans have sought the smallest ingredients of our existence. In the past century, the use of reductionism to understand behavior has gained steam as the quantum universe and the workings of the human mind have been uncovered; still there are those who say that reductionists are oversimplifying our world. Here, acclaimed physicist Alastair Rae spells out how the powerful tool of reductionism works, from the level of subatomic particles, up through molecular chemistry, and beyond to our neural networks. How does physics explain consciousness? Can quantum mechanics be applied to the brain or mind? Rae's exploration is an indispensable guide to one of the most fundamental ideas of science and the perfect companion for anyone considering how scientific findings reach into human life.
Reductive Explanation in the Biological Sciences
by Marie I. KaiserThis book develops aphilosophical account that reveals the major characteristics that make anexplanation in the life sciences reductive and distinguish them fromnon-reductive explanations. Understanding what reductive explanations areenables one to assess the conditions under which reductive explanations are adequateand thus enhances debates about explanatory reductionism. The account of reductiveexplanation presented in this book has three major characteristics. First, itemerges from a critical reconstruction of the explanatory practice of the lifesciences itself. Second, the account is monistic since it specifies one set ofcriteria that apply to explanations in the life sciences in general. Finally,the account is ontic in that it traces the reductivity of anexplanation back to certain relations that exist between objects in theworld (such as part-whole relations and level relations), rather than to thelogical relations between sentences. Beginning with a disclosure of themeta-philosophical assumptions that underlie the author's analysis of reductiveexplanation, the book leads into the debate about reduction(ism) in thephilosophy of biology and continues with a discussion on the twoperspectives on explanatory reduction that have been proposed in thephilosophy of biology so far. The author scrutinizes how the issue of reductionbecomes entangled with explanation and analyzes two concepts, the conceptof a biological part and the concept of a level of organization. The results ofthese five chapters constitute the ground on which the author bases herfinal chapter, developing her ontic account of reductive explanation.
Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations: Biology, Research and Management
by Patrick L. Colin Yvonne Sadovy de MitchesonReef fish spawning aggregations, ranging from small groups to many tens of thousands of individuals, are spectacular but poorly known natural phenomena whereby fish assemble at specific times and locations to spawn. For some species these large groups may be the only form of reproduction, the high fish numbers briefly giving a false impression of stability and abundance--an 'illusion of plenty'. They are often a focus for intensive seasonal fishing because of their predictability and because many important commercial fishes form them. Highly vulnerable to overexploitation, many aggregations and their associated fisheries, have disappeared or are in decline. Few are effectively managed or incorporated into protected areas. Aggregations are not well understood by fishery scientists, managers and conservationists and their significance little appreciated by fishers or the wider public. To ensure their persistence to replenish important fisheries in coral ecosystems, maintain their ecosystem function and continue to delight divers, a significant change in perspective is needed to foster protection and management. This book provides comprehensive and practical coverage of the biology, study and management of reef fish aggregations, exploring their how, when, where, and why. It explores ways to better protect, study, manage and conserve them, while identifying key data gaps and questions. The text is extensively illustrated with many unique, never before published, photographs and graphics. Case studies on over 20 interesting and important fishes are included, outlining their biology and fisheries and highlighting major concerns and challenges.
Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral
by David DobbsReef Madness opens up the world of nineteenth-century science and philosophy at a moment when the nature of scientific thought was changing, when what we call "science" (the word did not even exist) was spoken of as "natural philosophy" and was a part of theology, the study of "God's natural works."
Reefs of Time: What Fossils Reveal about Coral Survival
by Lisa S. GardinerHow fossilized reefs hold clues to the survival of corals in the AnthropoceneWith rising global temperatures, pollution, overfishing, ocean acidification, and other problems caused by humans, there&’s no question that today&’s coral reefs are in trouble. As predictions about the future of these ecosystems grow increasingly dire, scientists are looking in an unlikely place for new ways to save corals: the past. The reefs of yesteryear faced challenges too, from changing sea level to temperature shifts, and understanding how they survived and when they faltered can help guide our efforts to help ensure a future for reefs.Lisa Gardiner weaves together the latest cutting-edge science with stories of her expeditions to tropical locales to show how fossils and other reef remains offer tantalizing glimpses of how corals persisted through time, and how this knowledge can guide our efforts to ensure a future for these remarkable organisms. Gardiner takes readers on an excursion into &“the shallow end of deep time&”—when marine life was much like today&’s yet unaffected by human influence—to explore the cities of fossilized limestone left behind by corals and other reef life millennia ago. The changes in reefs today are unlike anything ever seen before, but the fossil record offers hope that the coral reefs of tomorrow can weather the environmental challenges that lie ahead.A breathtaking journey of scientific discovery, Reefs of Time reveals how lessons from the past can help us to chart a path forward for coral reefs struggling for survival in an age of climate crisis and mass extinction.
Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler
by Anne HarringtonBy the 1920s in Central Europe, it had become a truism among intellectuals that natural science had "disenchanted" the world, and in particular had reduced humans to mere mechanisms, devoid of higher purpose. But could a new science of "wholeness" heal what the old science of the "machine" had wrought? Some contemporary scientists thought it could. These years saw the spread of a new, "holistic" science designed to nourish the heart as well as the head, to "reenchant" even as it explained. Critics since have linked this holism to a German irrationalism that is supposed to have paved the way to Nazism. In a penetrating analysis of this science, Anne Harrington shows that in fact the story of holism in Germany is a politically heterogeneous story with multiple endings. Its alliances with Nazism were not inevitable, but resulted from reorganizational processes that ultimately brought commitments to wholeness and race, healing and death into a common framework. Before 1933, holistic science was a uniquely authoritative voice in cultural debates on the costs of modernization. It attracted not only scientists with Nazi sympathies but also moderates and leftists, some of whom left enduring humanistic legacies. Neither a "reduction" of science to its politics, nor a vision in which the sociocultural environment is a backdrop to the "internal" work of science, this story instead emphasizes how metaphor and imagery allow science to engage "real" phenomena of the laboratory in ways that are richly generative of human meanings and porous to the social and political imperatives of the hour.
Reengineering Clinical Workflow in the Digital and AI Era: Toward Safer and More Efficient Care (Cognitive Informatics in Biomedicine and Healthcare)
by Vimla L. Patel Kai Zheng Johanna WestbrookThis timely new edition addresses gaps in the understanding of how health information technology (IT) impacts clinical workflows and how this impact is central to the safe and effective delivery of care to patients. The research in this area has advanced substantially in the past few years since the publication of the first edition, marked by milestone events such as the widespread and matured use of health IT, particularly electronic health records, and a new wave of innovations stimulated by the clinical application of AI-enabled systems such as ambient documentation technologies. This book has been expanded to reflect these new developments in the field and features clearly structured chapters covering a wide range of topics, including aspects of clinical workflows relevant to both practitioners and patients, tools for recording clinical workflow data, and techniques for potentially redesigning health IT-enabled care coordination. Reengineering Clinical Workflow in the Digital and AI Era: Toward Safer and More Efficient Care enables readers to develop a deeper understanding of clinical workflows and how they can potentially be modified to facilitate greater efficiency and safety in care provision, offering a valuable resource for both biomedical and health informatics professionals and trainees.
Reentry: SpaceX, Elon Musk, and the Reusable Rockets that Launched a Second Space Age
by Eric BergerFeatured in The Economist&’s Best Books of 2024 USA Today Bestseller How did a shaky startup defy expectations and become the world&’s leading spaceflight company? Get the untold story of the team of game-changers, led by a well-known billionaire, who are sending NASA astronauts to space—and just might carry the human race to Mars. One company dominates the modern space industry: SpaceX, founded by controversial entrepreneur Elon Musk in 2002, now sending more payloads into orbit than the rest of the world combined. But Musk didn&’t do it alone—the saga of SpaceX is the story of a diverse cadre of true believers in the limitless potential of space travel. For the first time, Reentry relates the definitive chronicle of how this daring team was able to redefine what it takes to reach the stars. With Pulitzer Prize–nominated journalist Eric Berger, author of Liftoff, as your guide, you&’ll accompany SpaceX&’s innovative thinkers during their toughest trials and most audacious moments, including: Creating the first orbital rockets that land by themselves and fly again Transporting a 120-foot rocket from Texas to Florida Recovering from a &“Hell&’s Bells&” accident before the first Falcon Heavy launch Frantically searching the ocean for the first rocket that splashed down intact Identifying the $20 part that led to a rocket exploding in flight Slicing up an engine days before it launched into space From launchpad explosions to a pernicious cricket infestation to the demanding management style of Musk himself, the rise of SpaceX was beset with challenges and far from inevitable. Find out how the startup beat the odds and flew high enough to outpace their rivals . . . and where they&’re going next.
Reeya Rai and the King's Treasure (Reeya Rai: Adventurous Inventor)
by Anita Nahta AminWhile staying with relatives in Rajasthan, India, Reeya Rai and her friends are playing a game of cricket when they stumble upon an ancient, water-filled stepwell. Reeya and her friends decide to create a submersible with a camera to explore the stepwell and uncover its secrets. In the watery depths, they discover an ancient door with a mysterious symbol on it. Could this be the key to discovering one of India’s ancient lost treasures? And will they uncover the truth before Dr. Acker and his daughter, Elsie, learn about what they’ve found?
Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and Culture
by David Goodman Michael RedcliftWe live in a society as dominated by food preference as by sexual preference, as obsessed with eating too much as with eating too little. In this accessible, cross-disciplinary text, David Goodman and Michael Redclift look at the development of the modern food system, integrating different bodies of knowledge and debate concerning food, agriculture, the environment and the household. They link changes in our diet and concern with the environment to many of the problems afflicting developing countries: food shortages, poor nutrition and wholesale environmental destruction.
Reference Frame Theory: Development and Applications (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering)
by Paul C. KrauseDiscover the history, underpinnings, and applications of one of the most important theories in electrical engineering In Reference Frame Theory, author Paul Krause delivers a comprehensive and thorough examination of his sixty years of work in reference frame theory. From the arbitrary reference frame, to the coining of the title "reference frame theory," to the recent establishment of the basis of the theory, the author leaves no stone unturned in his examination of the foundations and niceties of this area. The book begins with an integration of Tesla's rotating magnetic field with reference frame theory before moving on to describe the link between reference frame theory and symmetrical induction machines and synchronous machines. Additional chapters explore the field orientation of brushless DC drives and induction machine drives. The author concludes with a description of many of the applications that make use of reference frame theory. The comprehensive and authoritative Reference Frame Theory also covers topics like: A brief introduction to the history of reference frame theory Discussions of Tesla's rotating magnetic field and its basis of reference frame theory Examinations of symmetrical induction and synchronous machines, including flux-linkage equations and equivalent circuits Applications of reference frame theory to neglecting stator transients, multiple reference frames, and symmetrical components Perfect for power engineers, professors, and graduate students in the area of electrical engineering, Reference Frame Theory also belongs on the bookshelves of automotive engineers and manufacturing engineers who frequently work with electric drives and power systems. This book serves as a powerful reference for anyone seeking assistance with the fundamentals or intricacies of reference frame theory.
Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Third Edition
by Committee on the Development of the Third Edition of the Reference Manual on Scientific EvidenceThe Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, Third Edition, assists judges in managing cases involving complex scientific and technical evidence by describing the basic tenets of key scientific fields from which legal evidence is typically derived and by providing examples of cases in which that evidence has been used. First published in 1994 by the Federal Judicial Center, the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence has been relied upon in the legal and academic communities and is often cited by various courts and others. Judges faced with disputes over the admissibility of scientific and technical evidence refer to the manual to help them better understand and evaluate the relevance, reliability and usefulness of the evidence being proffered. The manual is not intended to tell judges what is good science and what is not. Instead, it serves to help judges identify issues on which experts are likely to differ and to guide the inquiry of the court in seeking an informed resolution of the conflict. The core of the manual consists of a series of chapters (reference guides) on various scientific topics, each authored by an expert in that field. The topics have been chosen by an oversight committee because of their complexity and frequency in litigation. Each chapter is intended to provide a general overview of the topic in lay terms, identifying issues that will be useful to judges and others in the legal profession. They are written for a non-technical audience and are not intended as exhaustive presentations of the topic. Rather, the chapters seek to provide judges with the basic information in an area of science, to allow them to have an informed conversation with the experts and attorneys.
Reference Materials in Measurement and Technology: Proceedings of the Fifth International Scientific Conference RMMT 2022
by Olga N. Kremleva Egor P. Sobina Sergey V. Medvedevskikh Ivan S. Filimonov Elena V. Kulyabina Anna V. Kolobova Andrey V. Bulatov Vladimir I. DobrovolskiyThe book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.
Reference Materials in Measurement and Technology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific Conference
by Olga N. Kremleva Egor P. Sobina Sergey V. Medvedevskikh Mikhail V. OkrepilovThe book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.
Reference Materials in Measurement and Technology: Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Conference
by Sergei V. Medvedevskikh Olga N. Kremleva Irina E. Vasil’eva Egor P. SobinaThe book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.
Refinery Feedstocks (Petroleum Refining Technology Series)
by James G. SpeightOver the last several decades, the petroleum industry has experienced significant changes in resource availability, petro-politics, and technological advancements dictated by the changing quality of refinery feedstocks. However, the dependence on fossil fuels as the primary energy source has remained unchanged. Refinery Feedstocks addresses the problems of changing feedstock availability and properties; the refining process; and solids deposition during refining. This book will take the reader through the various steps that are necessary for crude oil evaluation and refining including the potential for the use of coal liquids, shale oil, and non-fossil fuel materials (biomass) as refinery feedstocks. Other features: Describes the various types of crude oil and includes a discussion of extra heavy oil and tar sand bitumen Includes basic properties and specifications of crude oil and the significance in refinery operations This book is a handy reference for engineers, scientists, and students who want an update on crude oil refining and on the direction the industry must take to assure the refinability of various feedstocks and the efficiency of the refining processes in the next fifty years. Non-technical readers, with help from the extensive glossary, will also benefit from reading this book.
Refinery Products and Product Improvement Processes (Petroleum Refining Technology Series)
by James G. SpeightThis book focuses on the various refinery products, product improvement processes, and solvent processes that are used in the refining industry and the processes used in product improvement to ensure products meet sales specifications. This accessible book is written for engineers, scientists, students, and academics wanting an update on crude oil processing and insight into the direction of the industry.Key features:• Describes the development of technologies for a variety of feedstocks, including heavy feedstocks utilizing advanced pre-treatment processing and hydrotreating.• Presents the initial refining processes and prepares for the new changes and evolution of the industry, including the role of biomass in the future refinery. • Analyses catalyst deactivation mechanism for developing optimum technologies for processing feedstocks with low reactivity.• Includes an extensive glossary which will be beneficial for non-technical readers.
Refining Expertise: How Responsible Engineers Subvert Environmental Justice Challenges
by Gwen OttingerWinner of the 2015 Rachel Carson Prize presented by the Society for Social Studies of ScienceResidents of a small Louisiana town were sure that the oil refinery next door was making them sick. As part of a campaign demanding relocation away from the refinery, they collected scientific data to prove it. Their campaign ended with a settlement agreement that addressed many of their grievances—but not concerns about their health. Yet, instead of continuing to collect data, residents began to let refinery scientists' assertions that their operations did not harm them stand without challenge. What makes a community move so suddenly from actively challenging to apparently accepting experts' authority?Refining Expertise argues that the answer lies in the way that refinery scientists and engineers defined themselves as experts. Rather than claiming to be infallible, they began to portray themselves as responsible—committed to operating safely and to contributing to the well-being of the community. The volume shows that by grounding their claims to responsibility in influential ideas from the larger culture about what makes good citizens, nice communities, and moral companies, refinery scientists made it much harder for residents to challenge their expertise and thus re-established their authority over scientific questions related to the refinery's health and environmental effects.Gwen Ottinger here shows how industrial facilities' current approaches to dealing with concerned communities—approaches which leave much room for negotiation while shielding industry's environmental and health claims fromcritique—effectively undermine not only individual grassroots campaigns but also environmental justice activism and far-reaching efforts to democratize science. This work drives home the need for both activists and politically engaged scholars to reconfigure their own activities in response, in order to advance community health and robust scientific knowledge about it.
Refining Phylogenetic Analyses: Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Data: Volume 2 (Species and Systematics)
by Pablo A. GoloboffThis volume discusses the aspects of a phylogenetic analysis that go beyond basic calculation of most parsimonious trees. Practical application of all principles discussed is illustrated by reference to TNT, a freely available software package that can perform all the steps needed in a phylogenetic analysis. The first problem considered is how to summarize and compare multiple trees (including identification and handling wildcard taxa). Evaluation of the strength of support for groups, another critical component of any phylogenetic analysis, is given careful consideration. The different interpretations of measures of support are discussed and connected with alternative implementations. The book reviews rationales for estimating character reliability on the basis of homoplasy, with particular attention to morphological characters. The main methods for character weighting and their practical implementation, several of them unique to TNT, are discussed ad libitum. Also unique to TNT is the ability to directly analyze morphometric data (including landmarks), on the same footing as discrete characters. Finally, the scripting language of TNT is introduced. With scripting, it is possible to "program" TNT to create personalized routines and automate complex calculations, taking analyses to the next level and allowing exploration of new methods and ideas.Key Features Discusses the treatment of ambiguity in phylogenetic analyses in depth, for summarizing results or comparing trees Reviews literature on arguments and methods for weighting morphological characters and their practical application Describes theory and application of methods for evaluating strength of group support, based on either resampling or comparisons with suboptimal trees Discusses the use of morphometric characters in phylogenetic analysis Presents extensive information on commands and options of the TNT computer program, including the use and creation of scripts
Refining Used Lubricating Oils (ISSN)
by James Speight Douglas I. ExallUsed lubricating oil is a valuable resource. This book examines recycling processes for a range of products with different properties and different criteria. It also compares the various recycling methods and resulting products to conventional products obtained from original refining processes. The reviews, data, and comparisons provided by the authors allow readers to identify which processes are likely to produce a product with specific properties, and enable them to combine this with an analysis of the economic data to identify attractive oil recycling propositions.