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Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide (The Animal Answer Guides: Q&A for the Curious Naturalist)
by Uldis RozePorcupines are prickly and often misunderstood creatures—get the facts.Could a porcupine make a good pet? Do they ever stick themselves or other porcupines with their quills? In this latest addition to the Animal Answer Guide series, we learn about these mysterious animals' "pincushion defense," along with the following facts:• Porcupines survive on a diet of leaves, bark, and fruit• Quills are actually modified hairs• There are 26 species of porcupines (and counting)• Old World and New World porcupines have a common ancestor but evolved independently• New World males will gather to fight ferociously over a single femalePorcupines: The Animal Answer Guide presents solid, current science in the field of porcupine biology. Uldis Roze compares and contrasts porcupines in terms of body plan, behavior, ecology, reproduction, and evolutionary relationships. He examines the diversity of porcupines from around the world—from North and South America to Africa and Asia.This guide explores the interactions between humans and porcupines, including hunting, use of quills by aboriginal societies, efforts to poison porcupines, and human and pet injuries (and deaths) caused by porcupines. Roze also highlights the conservation issues that surround some porcupine species, such as the thin-spine porcupine of Brazil, which is so rare that it was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in the 1980s.
Pore-forming Peptides and Protein Toxins (Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Toxic Action)
by Gianfranco Menestrina Mauro Dalla Serra Philip LazaroviciPore-forming proteins and peptides play a central role in bacterial pathogenesis, the immune response, venomous attack, and innate immunity. Pore-forming Peptides and Protein Toxins describes how natural and synthetic peptides and toxins form pores and ionic channels that cause cell membrane collapse and cell death. Written by researchers from around the world, it discusses such topics as the channel-forming properties of Helicobacter pylori and the role of amyloid peptide channels in the development of amyloid diseases. This text provides a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the basic principles and cellular mechanisms of the actions of toxins and their potential use as research tools.
Pore Structure in Food: Simulation, Measurement and Applications
by Zeynep Hicsasmaz Alper GuevenThe pore structure of foods directly affects the success of such food processes as drying, puffing, freeze-drying, and rehydration. Consequently, the pore structure of foods determines what types of food processes will work best with a particular food. This Brief will first discuss in depth the need to correctly measure the pore structure of foods and then will identify and describe in detail the current methods available to measure food porosity. Finally, it will review the applications of these various methods.
Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials: Testing, Interpretation and Requirements (Modern Concrete Technology)
by Kalliopi K. AligizakiPore Structure of Cement-Based Materials provides a thorough treatment of the experimental techniques used to characterize the pore structure of materials. The text presents the principles and practical applications of the techniques used, organized in an easy-to-follow and uncomplicated manner, providing the theoretical background, the way to anal
Pornography and The Criminal Justice System
by Carmen M. CusackThis volume assembles hundreds of cases and studies to provide the most accurate and comprehensive picture of the status of pornography in the criminal justice system. Presenting high-level research in an accessible and organized manner, it explores a range of topics, including investigating and prosecuting a case, arguments favoring and opposing d
Poroelasticity
by Alexander H.-D. ChengThis book treats the mechanics of porous materials infiltrated with a fluid (poromechanics), focussing on its linear theory (poroelasticity). Porous materials from inanimate bodies such as sand, soil and rock, living bodies such as plant tissue, animal flesh, or man-made materials can look very different due to their different origins, but as readers will see, the underlying physical principles governing their mechanical behaviors can be the same, making this work relevant not only to engineers but also to scientists across other scientific disciplines. Readers will find discussions of physical phenomena including soil consolidation, land subsidence, slope stability, borehole failure, hydraulic fracturing, water wave and seabed interaction, earthquake aftershock, fluid injection induced seismicity and heat induced pore pressure spalling as well as discussions of seismoelectric and seismoelectromagnetic effects. The work also explores the biomechanics of cartilage, bone and blood vessels. Chapters present theory using an intuitive, phenomenological approach at the bulk continuum level, and a thermodynamics-based variational energy approach at the micromechanical level. The physical mechanisms covered extend from the quasi-static theory of poroelasticity to poroelastodynamics, poroviscoelasticity, porothermoelasticity, and porochemoelasticity. Closed form analytical solutions are derived in details. This book provides an excellent introduction to linear poroelasticity and is especially relevant to those involved in civil engineering, petroleum and reservoir engineering, rock mechanics, hydrology, geophysics, and biomechanics.
Porosity
by Mohammad U.H. Joardder Azharul Karim Chandan Kumar Richard J. BrownThis Brief provides a comprehensive overview of porosity's effects on dried food quality. The factors influencing porosity during the various drying methods are explored in depth, as well as porosity's overall effect on food properties. The chemical reaction and stability of porosity are also covered, including sensory and mechanical properties. The work looks closely at the relationship between drying conditions, pore characteristics, and dried food quality. Porosity: Establishing the relationship between drying parameters and dried food quality looks at food from a material point of view, outlining water binding characteristics and structure homogenity. The Brief presents a comprehensive view of the factors affecting porosity in dried foods, from pressure and drying rate to temperature and coating treatment, and relates these to porosity effects during the five major drying processes. Moreover, this book discusses the effect of porosity on transfer mechanisms and quality attributes of food stuff. In conclusion, this work aims to establish the relationship between drying process, quality, and porosity in dried foods.
Porous Becomings: Anthropological Engagements with Michel Serres
by Andreas Bandak and Daniel M. KnightOne of the foremost intellectuals of his generation, French philosopher of science Michel Serres (1930–2019) broke free from disciplinary dogmas. His reflections on science, culture, technology, art, and religion have proved foundational to scholars across the humanities. The contributors to Porous Becomings bring the inspirational and enigmatic world of Serres to the attention of anthropology. Through ethnographic encounters as diverse as angels and religious conversion in Ethiopia, the percolation of war in Bosnia, and incarcerated bodies crossing the Atlantic, the contributors showcase how Serres’s interrogation of the fundamentals of human existence opens new pathways for anthropological knowledge. Proposing the notion of "porosity" to characterize permeability across boundaries of time, space, literary genre, and academic discipline, they draw on Serres to map the constellations that connect humans, time, technology, and planet Earth. The volume concludes with a conversation between the editors and Vibrant Matter author Jane Bennett.Contributors. Andreas Bandak, Jane Bennett, Tom Boylston, Steven D. Brown, Matei Candea, Alberto Corsín Jiménez, David Henig, Michael Jackson, Daniel M. Knight, Celia Lowe, Morten Nielsen, Stavroula Pipyrou, Elizabeth Povinelli, Andrew Shryock, Arpad Szakolczai
Porous Carbon Materials for Clean Energy (ISSN)
by Jing HuangPorous carbons are widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors owing to their high specific surface areas, abundant surface functionalities, well‑controlled pore systems, and excellent conductivity and stability. New carbon materials with well‑defined nanostructures and functionalization patterns have been developed to meet challenges of a growing global demand for energy‑saving materials and sustainable materials to reduce negative environmental consequences. This book describes progress toward the conversion and efficient utilization of porous carbon and its derived precursor as electrode materials for clean energy.• Explores the chemical structure, composition, properties, classification, and application of various porous carbon nanoparticles and nanostructured materials for clean energy uses• Proposes strategies for porous carbon production through featured examples• Covers a variety of materials, including those derived from biomass, graphene, aerogels, and carbon nanofibers• Discusses applications including electrocatalysts, batteries, hydrogen production, supercapacitors, and energy storage• Examines challenges and future opportunitiesThis book will be of interest to materials and chemical engineers, scientists, researchers, and others active in advancing the development of renewable and clean energy technologies.
Porous Carbons - Hyperbranched Polymers - Polymer Solvation
by Timothy E. Long Brigitte Voit Oguz OkayThe series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science. The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics. Advances in Polymer Science enjoy a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Single contributions can be specially commissioned. Readership: Polymer scientists, or scientists in related fields interested in polymer and biopolymer science, at universities or in industry, graduate students.
Porous Media: Applications in Biological Systems and Biotechnology
by Kambiz VafaiPresenting state-of-the-art research advancements, Porous Media: Applications in Biological Systems and Biotechnology explores innovative approaches to effectively apply existing porous media technologies to biomedical applications. In each peer-reviewed chapter, world-class scientists and engineers collaborate to address significant problems and d
Porous Media Transport Phenomena
by Faruk CivanThe book that makes transport in porous media accessible to students and researchers alikePorous Media Transport Phenomena covers the general theories behind flow and transport in porous media-a solid permeated by a network of pores filled with fluid-which encompasses rocks, biological tissues, ceramics, and much more. Designed for use in graduate courses in various disciplines involving fluids in porous materials, and as a reference for practitioners in the field, the text includes exercises and practical applications while avoiding the complex math found in other books, allowing the reader to focus on the central elements of the topic.Covering general porous media applications, including the effects of temperature and particle migration, and placing an emphasis on energy resource development, the book provides an overview of mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, and their applications in engineered and natural porous media for general applications. Offering a multidisciplinary approach to transport in porous media, material is presented in a uniform format with consistent SI units.An indispensable resource on an extremely wide and varied topic drawn from numerous engineering fields, Porous Media Transport Phenomena includes a solutions manual for all exercises found in the book, additional questions for study purposes, and PowerPoint slides that follow the order of the text.
Porous Metals with Directional Pores
by Hideo NakajimaThis book reviews the recent development of fabrication methods and various properties of lotus-type porous metals and their applications. The nucleation and growth mechanism of the directional pores in metals are discussed in comparison with a model experiment of carbon dioxide pores in ice. Three casting techniques are introduced to produce not only metals and alloys but also intermetallic compounds, semiconductors, and ceramics: mold casting, continuous zone melting, and continuous casting. The latter has merits for mass production of lotus metals to control porosity, pore size and pore direction. Furthermore, anisotropic behavior of elastic, mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility are introduced as peculiar features of lotus metals.
Porous Organic Frameworks
by Guangshan Zhu Hao RenThis book describes the design, synthesis, characterization and applications of porous organic frameworks (POFs). Special emphasis is placed on the utilization of porous materials for CO2 capture and CH4 and H2 storage, which have promising potential for addressing the issues of environmental degradation and climate change. It also includes two chapters introducing the properties of POFs and defining the principles of synthesis, as well as a chapter dealing with post-modified POFs. This book is intended for those readers who are interested in porous materials and their applications. Guangshan Zhu is a professor at the College of Chemistry, Jilin University, China.
Porous Plastics
by Johannes Karl FinkPOROUS PLASTICS A unique book by a well-known polymer scientist on a subject that is trending in plastics/polymer engineering. Porous polymers are materials that are having pores in their design. Porous polymers are important for various fields of application and are used with pores of different sizes, i.e., from macropores to micropores. This book focuses on the issues of porous polymers as well as low molecular compounds that can be introduced in porous polymers. The book begins with a chapter about polymers that are used for porous materials. Here, among others, microporous polymer networks, hyper-crosslinked polymers, and rigid ladder-type porous polymers are detailed. Related issues are also detailed in the subsequent chapters. In the next chapter, the major synthesis methods for porous polymers are described. Then, the properties and material testing methods, such as standards, are described in a chapter. In the following chapters, special fields of applications of porous polymers are described in detail, such as: medical uses, thermal insulation, membranes, separation methods, and other fields of use. Audience The book will be used by plastics engineers, materials scientists and polymer scientists/researchers in both industry and academia./p>
Porous Polymer Science and Applications
by Inamuddin Mohd Imran Ahamed Rajender BoddulaPorous Polymer Science and Applications aims to provide recent developments and advances in synthesis, tuning parameters, and applications of porous polymers. This book brings together reviews written by highly accomplished panels of experts working in the area of porous polymers. It encompasses basic studies and addresses topics of novel issues concerning the applications of porous polymers. Chapter topics span basic studies, novel issues, and applications addressing all aspects in a one-stop reference on porous polymers. Applications discussed include catalysis, gas storage, energy and environmental sectors making this an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in the field of material science and engineering and particularly energy conversion and storage. Additional features include: Provides a comprehensive introduction to porous polymers addressing design, synthesis, structure, properties and characterization. Covers task-specific applications of porous polymers. Explores the advantages and opportunities of these materials for most major fields of science and engineering. Outlines novel research areas and potential development and expansion areas.
Porous Polymers
by Marc A. Hillmyer Michael S. Silverstein Neil R. CameronThis book gathers the various aspects of the porous polymer field into one volume. It not only presents a fundamental description of the field, but also describes the state of the art for such materials and provides a glimpse into the future. Emphasizing a different aspect of the ongoing research and development in porous polymers, the book is divided into three sections: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. The first part of each chapter presents the basic scientific and engineering principles underlying the topic, while the second part presents the state of the art results based on those principles. In this fashion, the book connects and integrates topics from seemingly disparate fields, each of which embodies different aspects inherent in the diverse field of porous polymeric materials.
Porous Silicon: Opto- And Microelectronic Applications
by Ghenadii KorotcenkovPorous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest from various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, sensor and energy technologies, chemistry, and biosensing. This nanostructured and biodegradable material has a range of unique properties that make it ideal for many applications. This book, the third of a
Porous Silicon: From Formation to Application: Biomedical and Sensor Applications, Volume Two
by Ghenadii KorotcenkovPorous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest from various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, chemistry, and biosensing. This nanostructured and biodegradable material has a range of unique properties that make it ideal for many applications. For example, the pores and surface chemistry of the mater
Porous Silicon: From Formation to Application: Formation and Properties, Volume One
by Ghenadii KorotcenkovPorous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest in various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, chemistry, biosensing, and energy. Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties fills a gap in the literature of the field today, providing a thorough introduction to current knowledge of the formation, processin
Porous Silicon in Practice
by M. J. SailorBy means of electrochemical treatment, crystalline silicon can be permeated with tiny, nanostructured pores that entirely change the characteristics and properties of the material. One prominent example of this can be seen in the interaction of porous silicon with living cells,which can be totally unwilling to settle on smooth silicon surfaces but readily adhere to porous silicon, giving rise to great hopes for suchfuture applications as programmable drug delivery or advanced, braincontrolled prosthetics. Porous silicon research is active in the fieldsof sensors, tissue engineering, medical therapeutics and diagnostics, photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, energetic materials, photonics,and MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems). Written by an outstanding, well-recognized expert in the field, this book provides detailed, step-by-step instructions to prepare and characterize the major types of porous silicon. It is intended for those new to the fi eld. Sampling of topics covered: * Principles of Etching Porous Silicon* Etch Cell Construction and Considerations* Photonic Crystals, Microcavities, and Bragg Stacks Etched in Silicon* Preparation of Free-standing Films and Particles of Porous Silicon* Preparation of Photoluminescent Nanoparticles from Porous Silicon* Preparation of Silicon Nanowires by Electrochemical Etch of Silicon* Surface Modifi cation Chemistry and Biochemistry* Measurement of Optical Properties* Measurement of Pore Size, Porosity, Thickness, Surface AreaThe whole is backed by a generous use of color photographs to illustrate the described procedures in detail, plus a bibliography of furtherliterature pertinent to a wide range of application fi elds. For materials scientists, chemists, physicists, optical physicists, biomaterialsscientists, neurobiologists, bioengineers, and graduate students in those fields, as well as those working in the semiconductor industry.
Portable and Wearable Sensing Systems: Techniques, Fabrication, and Biochemical Detection
by Qingjun LiuPortable and Wearable Sensing Systems Discover the sensors of the future with this comprehensive guide Chemical sensors and biosensors have advanced enormously in recent decades, driven by growth in other technological areas and the refinement of manufacturing processes. Advances, especially, in wireless technology and flexible electronics have dramatically increased the practicality and availability of portable or wearable sensing systems. These have the potential to revolutionize disease diagnosis, food analysis, and environment monitoring at the point of care. Portable and Wearable Sensing Systems: Techniques, Fabrication, and Biochemical Detection introduces these groundbreaking technologies and the underlying principles which make them possible. Beginning with an overview of the foundational optics and electrochemistry which power these systems, the book surveys methods of fabrication, applications, and projected future developments. The result is a comprehensive introduction to an essential medical and biochemical technology. Portable and Wearable Sensing Systems readers will also find: Treatment of body fluid detection, exhaled breath sensing, ingestible devices, and moreDetailed discussion of sensing system types including scattering, colorimetric, and chemiluminescenceForward-looking attention to the latest advances in every chapter Portable and Wearable Sensing Systems is ideal for analytical chemists, materials scientists, bioengineers, biochemists, and anyone working with sensing technologies.
Portable Biosensing of Food Toxicants and Environmental Pollutants (Series in Sensors)
by Dimitrios P. Nikolelis Theodoros Varzakas Arzum Erdem Georgia-Paraskevi NikoleliBiosensors are poised to make a large impact in environmental, food, and biomedical applications, as they clearly offer advantages over standard analytical methods, including minimal sample preparation and handling, real-time detection, rapid detection of analytes, and the ability to be used by non-skilled personnel. Covering numerous applications
Portable Chemical Sensors
by Dimitrios P. NikolelisBiosensors are making a large impact in environmental, food, biomedical, and other applications. In comparison to standard analytical detection methods, such as minimal sample preparation and handling, they offer advantages including real time detection, rapid detection of the analytes of concern, use of non-skilled personnel, and portability. The aim of this book is to focus on research related to the rapid detection of agents and weapons of bioterrorism and provide a comprehensive review of the research topics most pertinent to advancing devices applicable to the rapid real-time detection of toxicants such as microbes, pathogens, toxins, or nerve gases. The ongoing war on terrorism and the rising security concerns are driving the need for newer faster biosensors against bio-warfare agents for both military and civil defence applications. The volume brings together contributions from the most eminent international researchers in the field, covering various aspects of work not so far published in any scientific journal and often going beyond the "state of art " . Readers of these review articles will learn new technological schemes that can lead to the construction of devices that will minimize the risk of bio-terrorism.
Portable Low-Field MRI Scanners: Hardware, Imaging Methods, and Applications (Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering)
by Soumyajit Mandal David J. AriandoThis book provides readers with an accessible and up-to-date introduction to the field of low-field MRI, which is currently seeing a resurgence in both research and commercial activity. It begins by presenting a historical overview of MRI system design and discussing current developments. It then analyzes the underlying physics of MRI from a semi-classical perspective before describing the major hardware components of low-field scanners (including the magnet, coils, transmitters, receivers, gradient systems, and digital processors) in detail. Several examples of each component are described to solidify the reader’s understanding of the major challenges and trade-offs involved in designing these complex devices. Finally, the issues involved in integrating these components within a working system are highlighted by presenting the architecture, design, and test results of two fully functional low-field MRI scanners that were designed and developed by the authors.