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Relativity: A Very Short Introduction
by Russell StannardIf you move at high speed, time slows down, space squashes up and you get heavier. Travel fast enough and you could weigh as much as a jumbo jet, be flattened thinner than a CD without feeling a thing--and live forever! As for the angles of a triangle, they do not always have to add up to 180 degrees. And then, of course, there are black holes. These are but a few of the extraordinary consequences of Einstein's theory of relativity. It is now over a hundred years since he made these discoveries, and yet the general public is still largely unaware of them. Filled with illuminating anecdotes and fascinating accounts of experiments, this book aims to introduce the interested lay person to the subject of relativity in a way which is accessible and engaging and at the same time scientifically rigorous. With relatively few mathematical equations--nothing more complicated than the Pythagoras's Theorem--this VSI packs a lot time into very little space, and for anyone who has felt intimidated by Einstein's groundbreaking theory, it offers the perfect place to start.
Relativity: An Introduction to Spacetime Physics
by Steve AdamsProvides the essential principles and results of special relativity as required by undergraduates. The text uses a geometric interpretation of space-time so that a general theory is seen as a natural extension of the special theory. Although most results are derived from first principles, complex and distracting mathematics is avoided and all mathe
Relativity: The Special And General Theory (Routledge Great Minds)
by Albert EinsteinTime magazine's "Man of the Century", Albert Einstein is the founder of modern physics and his theory of relativity is the most important scientific idea of the modern era. In this short book, Einstein explains, using the minimum of mathematical terms, the basic ideas and principles of the theory that has shaped the world we live in today. Unsurpassed by any subsequent books on relativity, this remains the most popular and useful exposition of Einstein's immense contribution to human knowledge. With a new foreword by Derek Raine.
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
by Roger Penrose Albert EinsteinRobert Geroch builds on Einstein's work with commentary that addresses the ideas at the heart of the theory, bringing a modern understanding of relativity to the text. He elucidates how special relativity is a reconciliation of the contradictions between the nature of light and the principle of relativity; he expands on Einstein's treatment of the geometry of space-time and the fundamental notion of an "event"; he explains in detail, but without technical language, the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass, a cornerstone of general relativity.
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory - 100th Anniversary Edition (Classic Reprint Ser.)
by Albert EinsteinA handsome annotated edition of Einstein’s celebrated book on relativityAfter completing the final version of his general theory of relativity in November 1915, Albert Einstein wrote Relativity. Intended for a popular audience, the book remains one of the most lucid explanations of the special and general theories ever written. This edition of Einstein’s celebrated book features an authoritative English translation of the text along with commentaries by Hanoch Gutfreund and Jürgen Renn that examine the evolution of Einstein’s thinking and cast his ideas in a modern context. Providing invaluable insight into one of the greatest scientific minds of all time, the book also includes a unique survey of the introductions from past editions, covers from selected early editions, a letter from Walther Rathenau to Einstein discussing the book, and a revealing sample from Einstein’s original handwritten manuscript.
Relativität der Evolution
by Markus KnoflacherDieses Werk fokussiert vor allem auf evolutionäre Prozesse (und weniger auf evolutionäre Geschichte). Themen sind abiotische Rahmenbedingungen, Morphologie und Physiologie lebender Organismen, fossile und molekulare Hinweise auf evolutionäre Entwicklungen. Die grundlegenden Prozesse biologischer Evolution sind bereits in einzelligen Organismen festgelegt. Entwicklungsoptionen für vielzellige Organismen ergeben sich vereinfacht durch die nutzbaren energetischen Umwandlungspotenziale und die Dynamik der abiotischen und biotischen Wechselwirkungen. Evolutionsprozesse vielzelliger Organismen sind deshalb überwiegend durch die Bedingungen der umgebenden Systeme bedingt. Am deutlichsten zeigen dies Vergleiche der evolutionären Entwicklung von Wirbeltieren unter marinen und terrestrischen Bedingungen.Allein aus Effizienzgründen kann keine einzige Art die Ausstattung für die Erfassung und langfristig nachhaltige Gestaltung der umgebenden Systeme besitzen. Abhängig von den verfügbaren energetischen Umwandlungspotenzialen ist eine einzelne Art sehr wohl in der Lage die umgebenden Systeme zu verändern – allerdings ohne die daraus resultierenden langfristigen Folgewirkungen erfassen zu können. Daraus ergeben sich grundsätzlich neue Fragestellungen für die Gestaltung und Grenzen eines langfristig sinnvollen gesellschaftlichen Handelns.
Relativitätstheorie für Dummies (Für Dummies)
by Helmut HetzneckerSie wollten schon immer die bekannte Formel E = mc² verstehen? Oder Sie gucken einfach gerne in den Sternenhimmel und staunen über die unendliche Weite des Universums? Vielleicht möchten Sie auch schlichtweg mehr über Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton oder Albert Einstein erfahren? Da liegen Sie mit diesem Buch goldrichtig. Angefangen bei den Grundlagen der Relativitätstheorie erklärt Ihnen Dr. Helmut Hetznecker anschaulich, einfach und mit einer großen Portion Witz, was es bedeutet, wenn sich Zeit ausdehnt, sich Raum verkürzt, sich Massen vergrößern oder das Universum expandiert.
Relativitätstheorie nur mit Matrizen: Eine exakte Herleitung ohne Tensoralgebra
by Günter LudykDieses Buch bietet eine Einführung in die spezielle und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie für Physiker, Ingenieure und andere Naturwissenschaftler, die einen Einstieg in das Thema suchen, ohne sich in zu viel neue Mathematik einzuarbeiten.Einsteins grundlegende Gleichungen werden so ohne die Hilfe von Tensoren das erste Mal nur mit Hilfe der Matrizenalgebra hergeleitet. Im 1. Kapitel wird die spezielle und im 2. Kapitel die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie behandelt. Die Schwarzschildlösung für eine kugelförmige Masse wird im 3. Kapitel angegeben, sowie "Schwarze Löcher" vorgestellt und untersucht. Noch erforderliche Mathematik wird entweder direkt oder im Anhang zur Verfügung gestellt.
Relativitätstheorie: Speziell, Allgemein und Kosmologisch
by Sebastian Linden Wolfgang RindlerDieses Buch bringt Studierenden schon in frühen Semestern die spannenden und herausfordernden Aspekte der Relativitätstheorie und der modernen Kosmologie nahe und hält gleichzeitig auch für Fortgeschrittene und Wissenschaftler reichlich neues Material bereit. Die besondere Stärke des Buches ist die Betonung der fundamentalen, logischen und geometrischen Aspekte der Theorie. Berücksichtigt werden sowohl die spezielle als auch die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie in Verbindung mit aktuellen Entwicklungen der Kosmologie. Eine weitere Besonderheit ist der Vorrang von Anschauung und Verständnis vor mathematischem Formalismus: erst nach Festigung des erworbenen Wissens wird dieses in eine mathematische, handhabbare Form überführt. Das Buch enthält zahlreiche Übungsaufgaben und bietet sich als vorlesungsbegleitende Lektüre an.
Relaxation and Diffusion in Complex Systems
by K. L. NgaiThe usefulness of the book to the reader is exposure to many different classes of materials and relaxation phenomena. They are tied together by the universal relaxation and diffusion properties they share, and a consistent explanation of their origin. The readers can apply what they learn to solve their own problems and use it as a stepping-stone to make further advances in theoretical understanding of the origin of the universality.
Relaxation in Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Polymers
by Maxim ArzhakovExplores the nature of relaxation phenomena in polymers on the basis of time-temperature equivalence. Its role in the physical and mechanical behavior of polymers materials and fundamentals of thermoplastics processing are discussed. Four appendixes detail thermo-mechanical methods to study relaxation in polymers, structure of both amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers, and unified approach to describe deformation of polymeric materials.
Relaxation of the Chemical Bond
by Chang Q SunThe aim of this book is to explore the detectable properties of a material to the parameters of bond and non-bond involved and to clarify the interdependence of various properties. This book is composed of four parts; Part I deals with the formation and relaxation dynamics of bond and non-bond during chemisorptions with uncovering of the correlation among the chemical bond, energy band and surface potential barrier (3B) during reactions; Part II is focused on the relaxation of bonds between atoms with fewer neighbors than the ideal in bulk with unraveling of the bond order-length-strength (BOLS) correlation mechanism, which clarifies the nature difference between nanostructures and bulk of the same substance; Part III deals with the relaxation dynamics of bond under heating and compressing with revealing of rules on the temperature-resolved elastic and plastic properties of low-dimensional materials; Part IV is focused on the asymmetric relaxation dynamics of the hydrogen bond (O:H-O) and the anomalous behavior of water and ice under cooling, compressing and clustering. The target audience for this book includes scientists, engineers and practitioners in the area of surface science and nanoscience.
Releasing Systems in Active Food Packaging: Preparation and Applications (Food Bioactive Ingredients)
by Seid Mahdi Jafari Ana Sanches SilvaValuable progress has been made in food packaging over the past two decades, reflecting advancements in process efficiency, improved safety and quality throughout the supply chain, and the need to reduce product loss and environmental impact. A new generation of food packaging systems, including active and intelligent packaging, is emerging, based on technological breakthroughs that offer the possibility of extending shelf-life, reducing food loss, and monitoring changes in the food product. Releasing Systems in Active Food Packaging closely examines such a technological breakthrough, active releasing systems, which add compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavors, colorants, and other ingredients to packaged food products. Chapters detail examples of recent innovations in active releasing systems, and the authors systematically address their application to different food groups. Such an in-depth approach makes this a useful reference researchers, health professionals, and food and packaging industry professionals interesting in innovative food packaging technologies.
Relentless Evolution
by John N. ThompsonAt a glance, most species seem adapted to the environment in which they live. Yet species relentlessly evolve, and populations within species evolve in different ways. Evolution, as it turns out, is much more dynamic than biologists realized just a few decades ago. In "Relentless Evolution," John N. Thompson explores why adaptive evolution never ceases and why natural selection acts on species in so many different ways. Thompson presents a view of life in which ongoing evolution is essential and inevitable. Each chapter focuses on one of the major problems in adaptive evolution: How fast is evolution? How strong is natural selection? How do species co-opt the genomes of other species as they adapt? Why does adaptive evolution sometimes lead to more, rather than less, genetic variation within populations? How does the process of adaptation drive the evolution of new species? How does coevolution among species continually reshape the web of life? And, more generally, how are our views of adaptive evolution changing? "Relentless Evolution" draws on studies of all the major forms of life from microbes that evolve in microcosms within a few weeks to plants and animals that sometimes evolve in detectable ways within a few decades. It shows evolution not as a slow and stately process, but rather as a continual and sometimes frenetic process that favors yet more evolutionary change. "
Reliability Analysis and Maintenance Optimization of Complex Systems: Essays in Honor of Professor Won Young Yun on his 65th Birthday (Springer Series in Reliability Engineering)
by Qian Qian Zhao Il Han Chung Junjun Zheng Jongwoon KimThis book is a comprehensive guide to methodologies for analyzing reliability and optimizing maintenance in complex systems, spanning from initial design to operational stages. The book comprises 20 chapters, each addressing different research topics in the reliability and maintenance of complex systems. These chapters are authored by esteemed professors and researchers in the field of reliability engineering, and they are organized as follows: System Reliability Modeling (8 chapters), Optimal Maintenance Models (4 chapters), System Performance and Availability Analysis (3 chapters), and Reliability Testing and Accelerated Life Tests (2 chapters). The remaining chapters focus on reliability testing and life data analysis. The book offers an in-depth exploration of various techniques, algorithms, and practical industry applications, making it an invaluable resource for researchers engaged in system reliability analysis and maintenance optimization, as well as for practical engineers and industrial managers. This book will be useful to students, researchers, and engineers in understanding the latest research issues and techniques in reliability and maintenance engineering.
Reliability Analysis for Asset Management of Electric Power Grids (Wiley - IEEE)
by Robert RossA practical guide to facilitate statistically well-founded decisions in the management of assets of an electricity grid Effective and economic electric grid asset management and incident management involve many complex decisions on inspection, maintenance, repair and replacement. This timely reference provides statistically well-founded, tried and tested analysis methodologies for improved decision making and asset management strategy for optimum grid reliability and availability. The techniques described are also sufficiently robust to apply to small data sets enabling asset managers to deal with early failures or testing with limited sample sets. The book describes the background, concepts and statistical techniques to evaluate failure distributions, probabilities, remaining lifetime, similarity and compliancy of observed data with specifications, asymptotic behavior of parameter estimators, effectiveness of network configurations and stocks of spare parts. It also shows how the graphical representation and parameter estimation from analysis of data can be made consistent, as well as explaining modern upcoming methodologies such as the Health Index and Risk Index. Key features: Offers hands-on tools and techniques for data analysis, similarity index, failure forecasting, health and risk indices and the resulting maintenance strategies. End-of-chapter problems and solutions to facilitate self-study via a book companion website. The book is essential reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, quality engineers, utilities and industry strategists, transmission and distribution system planners, asset managers and risk managers.
Reliability Engineering Technology of Digital Diagnosis and Treatment Equipment
by Wen Li Jun Gao Xiuqing LiThis book focuses on the reliability engineering of medical devices, especially digital diagnosis and treatment equipment in China. It details the professional technologies and application methods of reliability design analysis, fault model analysis and reliability test of digital diagnosis and treatment equipment, to meet the needs of project undertakers of digital diagnosis and treatment equipment. From the three aspects: safety analysis and EMC design protection, material selection and control, and software engineering and quality, this book provides professional and technical ideas and methods of reliability for the quality problems prone to occur in the field of medical devices, as well as method guidance for readers. Meanwhile, it runs through the whole process of design, engineering, testing, production and management of all digital diagnosis and treatment equipment research and development enterprises and even product R & D enterprises in the field of medicaldevices. It is used as reading materials for personnel of testing institutions and evaluation institutions in medical devices.
Reliability Growth: Enhancing Defense System Reliability
by Panel on Reliability Growth Methods for Defense SystemsA high percentage of defense systems fail to meet their reliability requirements. This is a serious problem for the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD), as well as the nation. Those systems are not only less likely to successfully carry out their intended missions, but they also could endanger the lives of the operators. Furthermore, reliability failures discovered after deployment can result in costly and strategic delays and the need for expensive redesign, which often limits the tactical situations in which the system can be used. Finally, systems that fail to meet their reliability requirements are much more likely to need additional scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and to need more spare parts and possibly replacement systems, all of which can substantially increase the life-cycle costs of a system. Beginning in 2008, DOD undertook a concerted effort to raise the priority of reliability through greater use of design for reliability techniques, reliability growth testing, and formal reliability growth modeling, by both the contractors and DOD units. To this end, handbooks, guidances, and formal memoranda were revised or newly issued to reduce the frequency of reliability deficiencies for defense systems in operational testing and the effects of those deficiencies. "Reliability Growth" evaluates these recent changes and, more generally, assesses how current DOD principles and practices could be modified to increase the likelihood that defense systems will satisfy their reliability requirements. This report examines changes to the reliability requirements for proposed systems; defines modern design and testing for reliability; discusses the contractor's role in reliability testing; and summarizes the current state of formal reliability growth modeling. The recommendations of "Reliability Growth" will improve the reliability of defense systems and protect the health of the valuable personnel who operate them.
Reliability Issues for DoD Systems: REPORT OF A WORKSHOP
by Committee on National StatisticsA report on Reliability Issues for DoD Systems
Reliability Modelling with Information Measures
by N. Unnikrishnan Nair G. Rajesh S.M. SunojThe book deals with the application of various measures of information like the entropy, divergence, inaccuracy, etc. in modelling lifetimes of devices or equipment in reliability analysis. This is an emerging area of study and research during the last two decades and is of potential interest in many fields. In this work the classical measures of uncertainty are sufficiently modified to meet the needs of lifetime data analysis. The book provides an exhaustive collection of materials in a single volume to make it a comprehensive source of reference. The first treatise on the subject. It brings together the work that have appeared in journals on different disciplines. It will serve as a text for graduate students and practioners of special studies in information theory, as well as statistics and as a reference book for researchers. The book contains illustrative examples, tables and figures for clarifying the concepts and methodologies, the book is self-contained. It helps students to access information relevant to careers in industry, engineering, applied statistics, etc.
Reliability Technology, Human Error, and Quality in Health Care
by B.S. DhillonThe effective and interrelated functioning of system reliability technology, human factors, and quality play an important role in the appropriate, efficient, and cost-effective delivery of health care. Simply put, it can save you time, money, and more importantly, lives. Over the years a large number of journal and conference proceedings articles o
Reliability Theory and Technology in Manufacturing Process
by Wei Dai Yihai He Jun Ai Weifang ZhangThis book offers a comprehensive examination of the concept, technical framework, and progression of product reliability in the manufacturing industry. It provides in-depth insights into the theories and technologies surrounding reliability analysis and optimization in manufacturing, including both mechanical and electronic component manufacturing and assembly processes.With a practical focus, the book features real-world case studies from the industry to illustrate the theories and concepts presented. The book also includes clear tables and presentations to help readers compare various methods and understand the technical systems involved in analyzing, improving, and controlling reliability in the manufacturing process.The authors have developed new tools to address reliability challenges in the production process and provide a comprehensive theoretical and methodological foundation to guide reliability analysis and optimization. The book is aimed at professional researchers, engineering executives, and personnel, as well as design and production technicians in the fields of quality and reliability engineering. It also serves as a useful reference for technicians and scholars working on solving reliability problems and enhancing quality in the manufacturing industry.
Reliability Verification, Testing, and Analysis in Engineering Design
by Gary WassermanStriking a balance between the use of computer-aided engineering practices and classical life testing, this reference expounds on current theory and methods for designing reliability tests and analyzing resultant data through various examples using Microsoft® Excel, MINITAB, WinSMITH, and ReliaSoft software across multiple industries. The book disc
Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems: Assessment, Design, and Life-Cycle Performance
by Dan M. Frangopol Mitsuo Kawatani Chul-Woo KimFocussing on structural reliability methods, reliability-based optimization, structural system reliability and risk analysis, lifetime performance and various applications in civil engineering. Invaluable to all concerned with structural system reliability and optimization, especially students, engineers, and workers in research and development.
Reliability and Risk Analysis in Engineering and Medicine (Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence)
by Chandrasekhar Putcha Subhrajit Dutta Sanjay K. GuptaThis graduate textbook imparts the fundamentals of reliability and risk that can be connected mathematically and applied to problems in engineering and medical science and practice. The book is divided into eight chapters, the first three of which deal with basic fundamentals of probability theory and reliability methods. The fourth chapter illustrates simulation methods needed to solve complex problems. Chapters 5-7 explain reliability codes and system reliability (which uses the component reliabilities discussed in previous chapters). The book concludes in chapter 8 with an examination of applications of reliability within engineering and medical fields. Presenting a highly relevant competency for graduates entering product research and development, or facilities operations sectors, this text includes many examples and end of chapter study questions to maximize student comprehension.Explains concepts of reliability and risk estimation techniques in the context of medicine and engineering;Elucidates the interplay between reliability and risk from design to operation phases;Uses real world examples from engineering structures and medical devices and protocols;Adopts a lucid yet rigorous presentation of reliability and risk calculations;Reinforces students understanding of concepts covered with end-of-chapter exercises.