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Preclinical Drug Disposition: A Laboratory Handbook
by Lai-Sing TseFrancisFor researchers and students in pharmacology and related fields, explains the standard techniques for investigating the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test compounds using laboratory animals. Describes types of experiments, study design, animal preparation and maintenance, do
Preclinical Evaluation of Antimicrobial Nanodrugs (Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences)
by Juan BuenoTranslational medicine addresses the gap between research and the clinical application of new discoveries. To efficiently deliver new drugs to care centers, a preclinical evaluation, both in vitro and in vivo, is required to ensure that the most active and least toxic compounds are selected as well as to predict clinical outcome. Antimicrobial nanomedicines have been shown to have higher specificity in their therapeutic targets and the ability to serve as adjuvants, increasing the effectiveness of pre-existing immune compounds. The design and development of new standardized protocols for evaluating antimicrobial nanomedicines is needed for both the industry and clinical laboratory. These protocols must aim to evaluate laboratory activity and present models of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and toxicokinetic behavior that predict absorption and distribution. Likewise, these protocols must follow a theranostics approach, be able to detect promising formulations, diagnose the infectious disease, and determine the correct treatment to implement a personalized therapeutic behavior. Given the possibilities that nanotechnology offers, not updating to new screening platforms is inadequate as it prevents the correct application of discoveries, increasing the effect of the valley of death between innovations and their use. This book is structured to discuss the fundamentals taken into account for the design of robust, reproducible and automatable evaluation platforms. These vital platforms should enable the discovery of new medicines with which to face antimicrobial resistance (RAM), one of the great problems of our time.
Preclinical MRI: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #1718)
by Pilar López Larrubia María Luisa García MartínThis volume discusses a variety of preclinical MRI methods and protocols to help technicians and researchers conduct studies in their respective fields. This book is organized into 7 parts: Part 1 covers the basics of MRI physics, relaxation, image contrast, and main acquisition sequences; Part 2 describes methodologies for diffusion, perfusion, and functional imaging; Part 3 looks at in vivo spectroscopy; Part 4 explores special MRI techniques that are less known in the field; Parts 5 and 6 discuss MRIs and MRSs in animal models of disease and the applications used to study them, and Part 7 looks at anesthesia and advanced contrast agents. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Comprehensive and thorough, Preclinical MRI: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for researchers interested in expanding their knowledge in this developing field.
Preclinical MRI of the Kidney: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2216)
by Andreas Pohlmann Thoralf NiendorfThis Open Access volume provides readers with an open access protocol collection and wide-ranging recommendations for preclinical renal MRI used in translational research. The chapters in this book are interdisciplinary in nature and bridge the gaps between physics, physiology, and medicine. They are designed to enhance training in renal MRI sciences and improve the reproducibility of renal imaging research. Chapters provide guidance for exploring, using and developing small animal renal MRI in your laboratory as a unique tool for advanced in vivo phenotyping, diagnostic imaging, and research into potential new therapies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Preclinical MRI of the Kidney: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource and will be of importance to anyone interested in the preclinical aspect of renal and cardiorenal diseases in the fields of physiology, nephrology, radiology, and cardiology. This publication is based upon work from COST Action PARENCHIMA, supported by European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST). COST (www.cost.eu) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. COST Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. PARENCHIMA (renalmri.org) is a community-driven Action in the COST program of the European Union, which unites more than 200 experts in renal MRI from 30 countries with the aim to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
Preconcentration Techniques for Natural and Treated Waters: High Sensitivity Determination of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Cations and Anions
by T.R. CromptonEquipment used for the analysis of water is frequently insufficiently sensitive to be able to detect the low concentrations of organic and inorganic substances present in samples. Applying preconcentration to the sample prior to analysis means the results gained are more accurate and can be used to report trends more effectively. Each chapter of Pr
Precursor Models for Teaching and Learning Science During Early Childhood (Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education #55)
by Jean-Marie Boilevin Alice Delserieys Konstantinos RavanisThis edited volume provides an in-depth exploration of a theoretical framework supporting Early Childhood Science Education research and teaching best practices. Particularly by presenting the concept of the Precursor Model from an epistemological, psychological, and didactical point of view at Early Childhood Science Education. The book examines and discusses the nature of Precursor Models and their use for early science teaching and learning. It scrutinizes different aspects of the construction of such models applied in early childhood education settings and contexts. Several empirical studies are presented within diverse scientific domains, as well as in international educational contexts. By providing a vary of examples of precursor models it makes this book a great companion for teachers aiming to teach children to understand and reason about topics such as: floating and sinking; shadow formation; water state changes; air; clouds and rain; electricity; inheritance and selection; as well as variation within populations. Finally, this volume supports the development of science education from an early age by using the original framework of a precursor model to mediate teaching and learning science at school during early childhood.
Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction
by Michael R. ConoverHumans, being visually oriented, are well versed in camouflage and how animals hide from predators that use vision to locate prey. However, many predators do not hunt by sight; they hunt by scent. This raises the question: do survival mechanisms and behaviors exist which allow animals to hide from these olfactory predators? If so, what are they, a
Predator–Prey Interactions: Co-evolution between Bats and Their Prey
by David Steve Jacobs Anna BastianThis book provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of traits associated with predation and predator defense for bats and all of their prey, both invertebrates (e. g. insects) and vertebrates (e. g. frogs), in the context of co-evolution. It reviews current knowledge of how echolocation and passive hearing are used by bats to hunt prey in complete darkness. Also it highlights how prey have evolved counter measures to bat echolocation to avoid detection and capture. This includes the whole range of prey responses from being active at times when bats are inactive to the use of acoustic signals of their own to interfere with the echolocation system of bats.
Predators
by Steve BackshallJoin DEADLY presenter Steve Backshall as he comes face to face with the world's deadliest animals, in a book packed with fascinating facts, killer statistics and stunning photographs. Combined with his own incredible experiences with creatures, large and small, Steve reveals tricks of camouflage, feats of strength, endurance, teamwork and speed, as well as giving us a glimpse into the lives of extremeophiles and looking at some of our planet's endangered species.
Predators
by Steve BackshallJoin DEADLY presenter Steve Backshall as he comes face to face with the world's deadliest animals, in a book packed with fascinating facts, killer statistics and stunning photographs. Combined with his own incredible experiences with creatures, large and small, Steve reveals tricks of camouflage, feats of strength, endurance, teamwork and speed, as well as giving us a glimpse into the lives of extremeophiles and looking at some of our planet's endangered species.
Predators and Parasitoids (Advances In Biopesticide Research Ser. #Vol. 3)
by G. S. Dhaliwal Opender KoulTheir natural enemies largely determine the population size and dynamic behavior of many plant-eating insects. Any reduction in enemy number can result in an insect outbreak. Applied biological control is thus one strategy for restoring functional biodiversity in many agroecosystems. Predators and Parasitoids addresses the role of natural enemies i
Predictability of Chaotic Dynamics
by Miguel A. F. Sanjuan Juan C. VallejoThis book is primarily concerned with the computational aspects of predictability of dynamical systems - in particular those where observation, modeling and computation are strongly interdependent. Unlike with physical systems under control in laboratories, for instance in celestial mechanics, one is confronted with the observation and modeling of systems without the possibility of altering the key parameters of the objects studied. Therefore, the numerical simulations offer an essential tool for analyzing these systems. With the widespread use of computer simulations to solve complex dynamical systems, the reliability of the numerical calculations is of ever-increasing interest and importance. This reliability is directly related to the regularity and instability properties of the modeled flow. In this interdisciplinary scenario, the underlying physics provide the simulated models, nonlinear dynamics provides their chaoticity and instability properties, and the computer sciences provide the actual numerical implementation. This book introduces and explores precisely this link between the models and their predictability characterization based on concepts derived from the field of nonlinear dynamics, with a focus on the finite-time Lyapunov exponents approach. The method is illustrated using a number of well-known continuous dynamical systems, including the Contopoulos, H#65533;non-Heiles and R#65533;ssler systems. To help students and newcomers quickly learn to apply these techniques, the appendix provides descriptions of the algorithms used throughout the text and details how to implement them in order to solve a given continuous dynamical system.
Predictability of Chaotic Dynamics: A Finite-time Lyapunov Exponents Approach (Springer Series in Synergetics)
by Juan C. Vallejo Miguel A. SanjuanThis book is primarily concerned with the computational aspects of predictability of dynamical systems - in particular those where observations, modeling and computation are strongly interdependent. Unlike with physical systems under control in laboratories, in astronomy it is uncommon to have the possibility of altering the key parameters of the studied objects. Therefore, the numerical simulations offer an essential tool for analysing these systems, and their reliability is of ever-increasing interest and importance. In this interdisciplinary scenario, the underlying physics provide the simulated models, nonlinear dynamics provides their chaoticity and instability properties, and the computer sciences provide the actual numerical implementation. This book introduces and explores precisely this link between the models and their predictability characterization based on concepts derived from the field of nonlinear dynamics, with a focus on the strong sensitivity to initial conditions and the use of Lyapunov exponents to characterize this sensitivity. This method is illustrated using several well-known continuous dynamical systems, such as the Contopoulos, Hénon-Heiles and Rössler systems. This second edition revises and significantly enlarges the material of the first edition by providing new entry points for discussing new predictability issues on a variety of areas such as machine decision-making, partial differential equations or the analysis of attractors and basins. Finally, the parts of the book devoted to the application of these ideas to astronomy have been greatly enlarged, by first presenting some basics aspects of predictability in astronomy and then by expanding these ideas to a detailed analysis of a galactic potential.
Predicting Disasters: Earthquakes, Scientists, and Uncertainty in Modern Japan (Critical Studies in Risk and Disaster)
by Kerry SmithJapan is a place where powerful earthquakes have occurred more frequently and have caused more harm in the modern era than they have in all but a handful of other locations on the planet. In the twentieth century alone, earthquake disasters in Japan took almost as many lives as they had in all of the country’s recorded history up to that point. Predicting Disasters is the first English-language book to explore how scientists convinced policy makers and the public in postwar Japan that catastrophic earthquakes were coming, and the first to show why earthquake prediction has played such a central role in Japan’s efforts to prepare for a dangerous future ever since.Kerry Smith shows how, in the twentieth century, scientists struggled to make large-scale earthquake disasters legible to the public and to policy makers as significant threats to Japan’s future and as phenomena that could be anticipated and prepared for. Smith also explains why understanding those struggles matters. Disasters, Smith contends, belong alongside more familiar topics of analysis in modern Japanese history—such as economic growth and its impacts, political crises and popular protest, and even the legacies of the war—for the work they do in helping us better understand how the past has influenced beliefs about Japan’s possible futures, and how beliefs about the future shape the present.Predicting Disasters makes relevant elements of Japan’s past more accessible to readers interested in the histories of disaster and scientific communities, as well as to those who want to gain a better understanding of the risk and uncertainty surrounding natural phenomena.
Predicting Flow-Induced Acoustics at Near-Stall Conditions in an Automotive Turbocharger Compressor
by Roberto Navarro GarcíaThis thesis offers new insights into the fluid flow behavior of automotive centrifugal compressors operating under near-stall conditions. Firstly it discusses the validation of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) unsteady simulations against acoustic experimental measurements using an original procedure based on plane wave pressure decomposition. It then examines the configuration of the CFD cases, highlighting the key parameters needed for a successful calculation. Moreover, it describes both the compressor mean and unsteady flow field from best-efficiency to near-surge operating points. Lastly, it provides readers with explanations of the various phenomena that arise when the mass flow rate is reduced and the compressor is driven to poor and noisy performance. Written for students, researchers and professionals who want to improve their understanding of the complex fluid flow behavior in centrifugal compressors, the thesis offers valuable practical insights into reducing the acoustic emissions of turbochargers.
Predicting Invasions Of Nonindigenous Plants And Plant Pests
by Committee on the Scientific Basis for Predicting the Invasive Potential of Nonindigenous Plants Plant Pests in the United StatesNonindigenous plants and plant pests that find their way to the United States and become invasive can often cause problems. They cost more than $100 billion per year in crop and timber losses plus the expense of herbicides and pesticides. And this figure does not include the costs of invasions in less intensively managed ecosystems such as wetlands. Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests examines this growing problem and offers recommendations for enhancing the science base in this field, improving our detection of potential invaders, and refining our ability to predict their impact. The book analyzes the factors that shape an invader’s progress through four stages: arriving through one of many possible ports of entry, reaching a threshold of survival, thriving through proliferation and geographic spread, and ultimate impact on the organism’s new environment. The book also reviews approaches to predicting whether a species will become an invader as well as the more complex challenge of predicting and measuring its impact on the environment, a process involving value judgments and risk assessment. This detailed analysis will be of interest to policymakers, plant scientists, agricultural producers, environmentalists, and public agencies concerned with invasive plant and plant pest species.
Predicting Motion
by Robert LambournePredicting Motion presents the core ideas of Newtonian mechanics, starting from Newton's laws and the idea that changes in motion are predictable given the forces that cause them. Richly illustrated with questions and answers for self-assessment, it carefully introduces concepts, such as kinetics and potential energy, linear momentum, torque (the r
Predicting Photosynthesis For Ecosystem Models: Volume II
by John D. HeskethThis book discusses the photosynthesis for ecosystem models, in particular the strengths and limitations of four methods used for predicting photosynthesis. The methods usage depends upon the purpose of the prediction to be made, as well as improvements in associated techniques that seem to revolutionize the methodology. Therefore comparisons between methods are valuable justifying this state of the art review for all photosynthetic scientists.
Predicting Photosynthesis For Ecosystem Models: Volume I
by John D. HeskethThis book discusses the photosynthesis for ecosystem models, in particular the strengths and limitations of four methods used for predicting photosynthesis. The methods usage depends upon the purpose of the prediction to be made, as well as improvements in associated techniques that seem to revolutionize the methodology. Therefore comparisons between methods are valuable justifying this state of the art review for all photosynthetic scientists.
Predicting Room of Origin Fire Hazards (The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series)
by The Society of Fire Protection EngineersThis engineering guide provides a methodology to define and quantify the fire development andensuing conditions within the room of fire origin from the fire’s incipient stage through its fulldevelopment. The approach presented in this guide was developed using the framework set forthin the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection. 2nd ed., Quincy, Mass.:National Fire Protection Association, 2007.)It consists of three distinct parts:1. Approach selection2. Input definition and data collection3. Results computationSpecifically, this guide was developed for use as a means to implement the requirements presented in Chapter 10 of the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection. However, material within this guide has broader applicability and is therefore not limited to performance-based design applications.
Predicting Solubility of New Drugs: Handbook of Critically Curated Data for Pharmaceutical Research
by Alex AvdeefIn pharmaceutical research, solubility plays a key part in the assessment of pharmacokinetic risks. Poor drug absorption, reduced efficacy, excessive metabolism, and adverse reactions are frequently related to issues of drug solubility. During early discovery research at pharmaceutical companies, many thousands of molecules are considered. Most are rejected due to perceived unfavorable properties. Here the author uses the Wiki-pS0TM database, which forms the backbone of this unique handbook. Also discussed is the emerging class of therapeutically promising research molecules called PROTACs (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), showing a propensity for ‘undruggable’ targets.FEATURES• A comprehensive and unique listing of measured aqueous intrinsic solubility focusing on drug-like and drug-relevant molecules.• The database can be used to predict the solubility of research pharmaceutical molecules.• Includes downloadable files of the database (.csv format).• The mining of the database can result in a better design of solubility assay protocols, leading to better quality of measurements.• Artificial intelligence and Bayesian statistics will likely be key to this subject area in the future.Alex Avdeef has been an American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) Fellow since 2014, a former visiting senior research fellow at King’s College London, and is the author of Absorption and Drug Development (2nd ed., Wiley, 2012). In 2021, the book was translated into Chinese, by translators affiliated with the China Food and Drug Administration. For nearly 50 years, he has been teaching, researching, and developing methods, instruments, and analysis software for the measurement of ionization constants, solubility, dissolution, and permeability of drugs. His accomplishments in the development of instrumentation include several well-known instruments that are or recently have been manufactured by leading companies in the instrument market, including Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sirius Analytical, and Pion Inc. He has over 200 technical publications in primary scientific journals and book chapters. He has written several comprehensive technical guides and is a co-inventor on six patents. He cofounded Sirius Analytical (UK) in 1989, pION Inc. (USA) in 1996, and founded in–ADME Research (New York City) in 2011. His other positions were at Orion Research, Syracuse University, UC Berkeley, and Caltech.
Predicting Storm Surges: UNESCO-IHE PhD Thesis
by Michael SiekAccurate predictions of storm surge are of importance in many coastal areas in the world to avoid and mitigate its destructive impacts. For this purpose the physically-based (process) numerical models are typically utilized. However, in data-rich cases, one may use data-driven methods aiming at reconstructing the internal patterns of the modelled p
Predicting the Future
by Henry AbarbanelThrough the development of an exact path integral for use in transferring information from observations to a model of the observed system, the author provides a general framework for the discussion of model building and evaluation across disciplines. Through many illustrative examples drawn from models in neuroscience, geosciences, and nonlinear electrical circuits, the concepts are exemplified in detail. Practical numerical methods for approximate evaluations of the path integral are explored, and their use in designing experiments and determining a model's consistency with observations is explored.
Predicting the T2K Neutrino Flux and Measuring Oscillation Parameters (Springer Theses)
by Tomislav VladisavljevicThis thesis reports the calculation of neutrino production for the T2K experiment; the most precise a priori estimate of neutrino production that has been achieved for any accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment to date. The production of intense neutrino beams at accelerator facilities requires exceptional understanding of chains of particle interactions initiated within extended targets. In this thesis, the calculation of neutrino production for T2K has been improved by using measurements of particle production from a T2K replica target, taken by the NA61/SHINE experiment. This enabled the reduction of the neutrino production uncertainty to the level of 5%, which will have a significant impact on neutrino oscillation and interaction measurements by T2K in the coming years. In addition to presenting the revised flux calculation methodology in an accessible format, this thesis also reports a joint T2K measurement of muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance, and the accompanying electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance, with the updated beam constraint.
Prediction and Calculation of Crystal Structures
by Sule Atahan-Evrenk Alan Aspuru-GuzikThe series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students.