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Reviews on Biomarker Studies in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1118)
by Paul C. GuestThis book includes a series of reviews on general aspects of biomarker use in the study of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and the development of medications involved in their treatment. It describes the pros and cons of the various approaches and covers the successes and failures in this research field. It is only by a thorough understanding of the shortcomings that progress can be made. The overall goal is to facilitate the understanding and treatment of these disorders, by providing a viable mechanism of catching up with other areas of modern medicine, such as diabetes and heart disease. Finally, it is anticipated that the development and application of valid biomarker tests and the leveraging of novel drug targets will help the fields of psychiatry on neurodegenerative disorders move into the area of personalized medicine where the right patients can receive the right medication at the right time for the best possible outcome.
Reviews on Biomarker Studies of Metabolic and Metabolism-Related Disorders (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1134)
by Paul C. GuestThe book recognizes that throughout the scientific, medical, and economic communities, new tests incorporating biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis of patients suffering from metabolic disorders. The early identification of those at risk of developing obesity will help to place these individuals on the best treatment course as early as possible for improved treatment outcomes. This will also help to cut costs incurred by the healthcare services. For all of this to occur, new research efforts are needed to identify novel biomarkers that can be used to predict the disease in the presymptomatic stage, for disease monitoring and for prediction of treatment response. It is also possible that new drug targets can be identified using these approaches which, in turn, can lead to the development of new treatment approaches. This volume also includes a series of reviews on biomarker discovery and usage in the study of diseases marked by perturbations in metabolism. It will describe the pros and cons of the various approaches and cover the successes and failures in this important research field.
Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1260)
by Paul C. GuestAging is an inevitable part of life and is becoming a worldwide social, economic and health problem. This is mainly due to the fact that the increasing proportion of individuals in the advanced age category have a higher probability of developing age-related disorders, such as type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, sarcopenia, and neurodegenerative conditions. New therapeutic approaches are still needed to decrease or slow the effects of such diseases. Advances in -omic technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have significantly advanced our understanding of disease in multiple medical areas, as the analysis of multiple molecular networks has simultaneously provided a more integrated view of disease pathways. It is hoped that emerging hits from these analyses might be prioritized for further screening as potential novel drug targets for increasing the human healthspan in line with the lifespan. In turn, this will lead to new therapeutic strategies as well as drug development projects by the pharmaceutical industry. This book presents a series of reviews describing studies that have resulted in identification of new potential drug targets for age-related disorders. Much of this information has come from -omic comparisons of healthy and disease states or from testing the effects of new therapeutic approaches. Authored by experts from around the globe, each chapter is presented in the context of specific chronic diseases or therapeutic strategies. This book is designed for researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as clinical scientists, physicians and stakeholders in major drug companies.
Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders: Part II (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1286)
by Paul C. GuestAging is an inevitable part of life, and is becoming a worldwide social, economic and health problem due to the fact that an increasing proportion of individuals in the advanced age category have a higher probability of developing age-related disorders. New therapeutic approaches are still in need to decrease or slow the effects of such diseases in this aging society. Advances in ‘omic technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have significantly advanced our understanding of diseases in multiple medical areas. It is hoped that emerging hits from these analyses might be prioritized for further screening as potential novel drug targets for increasing the human healthspan in line with the lifespan, which will in turn lead to new therapeutic strategies and drug development projects by the pharmaceutical industry. This new book presents a series of reviews describing studies which have resulted in the identification of potential new drug targets for age-related disorders. Much of this information has come from ‘omic comparisons of healthy and disease states or from testing the effects of potential new therapeutic approaches. Each chapter will be presented in the context of specific chronic diseases or different therapeutic strategies, providing important information on disease mechanisms related to the aging process. This book will be of interest to researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as clinical scientists, physicians, and major drug companies. With contributors from Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay and Vietnam, this is a timely follow up to Guest’s previous book Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders.
Revising Oral Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Based on the Finite Absorption Time Concept
by Panos Macheras Athanasios A. TsekourasThis book casts new light on the field of oral drug absorption. It outlines both the concept of the past and the novel concept of Finite Absorption Time (FAT). In addition, the authors explore the correlated need for re-definition of bioavailability, bioequivalence providing a plethora of experimental data. Accordingly, this book is intended for academics/students or scientists working in pharmaceutical industries, regulatory agencies, and contract research organizations. It can be used for teaching purposes in under- and post-graduate courses dealing with biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and biomedical engineering.
Revising Smart Cities with Regenerative Design (Cities and Nature)
by Peter Newman Zaheer AllamThis book presents a road map to urban regeneration through the contemporary concept of smart cities. It investigates why the concept has gained adoption as it has but until now it has been geared towards a profit-making venture by large corporations and ignoring the economic aspirations of smaller companies and city councils. The technologies can provide enhanced liveability levels if the concept is redefined. This work will be of interest to academics and policy makers looking at exploring how to drive urban regeneration in a sustainable and inclusive fashion while supporting local economies. It presents a case study of Port Louis, Mauritius, with unique insights and data. Academics, policy makers and urban developers could potentially adopt the model and calibrate it to various cities and quantify the economic and social benefits.
Revision of the Modified Mouthparts Species Group of Hawaiian Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
by Karl N. Magnacca Patrick M. O'GradyThe modified mouthparts group is perhaps the largest of the four major Hawaiian Drosophila clades, yet has received relatively little taxonomic attention during the past 40 years. This study reviews unplaced species and the ceratostoma, freycinetiae, semifuscata, and setiger subgroups, with descriptions of 22 new species. We hope this work encourages greater study of the biology of this important group.
Revisiting Premodern Islamic Science and Experience (SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology)
by Katja Krause Hannah C. ErlweinThis open access book takes a fresh look at the nature and place of experience in premodern Islamic science. It seeks to answer two questions: What kind of experience constituted premodern Islamic science? And in what ways did that experience constitute science? Answering these questions, the authors critique the trajectory of most existing histories of the period, which tend to reduce “experience” to empirical method or practice. This view reflects the emphasis that histories of modern science, especially of the Scientific Revolution, have placed on empiricism—the standard against which Islamic actors were then measured. This book offers a new historiography, arguing that experience had a far wider scope in the world of Islamic science. Combining an innovative theoretical framework with three case studies and a reflective epilogue by renowned experts in the field, this work offers the history of science a solid foundation on which to build its analyses of premodern science and the modality, scope, and role of experience therein. As a result, it speaks to specialists in the history of premodern Islamic science and historians of science in general to reconsider their historiographical assumptions.
Revisiting the Eclipse of Darwinism: A Historiographical and Philosophical Analysis (Evolutionary Biology – New Perspectives on Its Development #8)
by Michał Jakub WagnerThis book focuses on a critical reexamination of two prominent categories used in modern historiography of biology – “the eclipse of Darwinism” and the “modern synthesis”. The main objective is to critically analyze the main existing interpretations of the “eclipse of Darwinism” and emergence of the “modern synthesis”, with particular emphasis on the philosophical assumptions adopted in these interpretations. Thus, interpretations by Ernst Mayr, Peter Bowler, Mark Largent and modern historians who challenge these perspectives are discussed and critically evaluated The analysis of the above interpretations makes it possible to determine how the philosophy of science limits the interpretation of the history of a given field, and also serves as a starting point for proposing an original interpretation of the above period in the history of evolutionary biology. The ultimate goal will therefore be a proposal of a new interpretative perspective to answer following questions: Why did the “eclipse of the Darwinism” occur? How should its origins to be understood? Why did it end (and why did the “modern synthesis” emerge)? Main thesis of this book is that the “eclipse” was a direct response to inconsistent ontology upon which Darwin built his theory of evolution. Darwin referred to terms and concepts rooted in the philosophy of essentialism, which was problematic, because he tried to apply these essentialist concepts to his vision of the ever-changing nature. Therefore, all of the anti-Darwinian theories characteristic to the “eclipse of Darwinism” and later to the “modern synthesis” were produced in an attempt to reconcile essentialism with evolution and thus to correct Darwin's philosophical “error.” The book will appeal to biologists, philosophers and historians alike.
Revisiting the Regulation of Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Biomedical Law and Ethics Library)
by Kirsty HorseyThe Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 was a major update to the UK’s laws on the use and regulation of reproductive technology and assisted reproduction. Since the enactment of the new law, the sector’s regulatory body, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), has also consulted on various related topics including barriers to egg and sperm donation in the UK, multiple births/single embryo transfer and using IVF technology to prevent mitochondrial disease. This book critically considers recent developments in human fertilisation legislation, asking whether the 2008 Act has achieved its stated aim of being fit for purpose. Bringing together a range of international experts, the book evaluates the fresh risks and challenges emerging from both established and existing technologies and techniques in the field of human fertilisation and embryology, as well as offering valuable insights into the social and regulatory challenges that lie ahead. Key topics include problems with DIY assisted conception; the lack of reform in respect of the regulation of surrogacy arrangements; and mitochondrial DNA transfer. As a review of the status of assisted reproduction legislation, this book will be of great use and interest to students, researchers and practitioners in medical law, bioethics, medicine and child welfare.
Revitalising Rural Communities (SpringerBriefs on Case Studies of Sustainable Development)
by Jessica M. Williams Vivian Chu Wai-Fung Lam Winnie W.Y. LawThis book highlights the challenges and opportunities of (re)constructing a sustainable rural community on the outskirts of the urban community. Based on knowledge and experience accumulated through implementing a rural revitalisation project in Hong Kong since 2013, the book provides an in-depth analysis of a case study along with related concepts from the literature. In particular, the concept of rural resilience is broken down and used to examine how communities at the urban-rural interface can leverage their position and connections to (re)create vibrant sustainable communities. The revitalisation project was showcased in the databases of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s Equator Initiative and the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI) as well as achieving Special Recognition for Sustainable Development in the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation in 2020. This book teases out the key issues in the process of revitalising a rural community in the peri-urban context and examines the complexities embedded in each issue and how they can be addressed in the quest for rural sustainability.
Revitalising US-Russian Security Cooperation: Practical Measures (Adelphi series #377)
by Richard WeitzRussia and the United States are the most important countries for many vital security issues. They possess the world’s largest nuclear weapons arsenals, are involved in the principal regional conflicts, and have lead roles in opposing international terrorism and weapons proliferation. Despite persistent differences on many questions, mutual interests consistently drive Russians and Americans to work together to overcome these impediments. This Adelphi paper argues that opportunities for improving further security cooperation between Russia and the United States exist but are limited. Near-term results in the areas of formal arms control or ballistic missile defences are unlikely. The two governments should focus on improving and expanding their joint threat reduction and nonproliferation programmes, enhancing their military-to-military dialogue regarding Central Asia and defence industrial cooperation, and deepening their antiterrorist cooperation, both bilaterally and through NATO. Using more market incentives, expanding reciprocity and equal treatment, and limiting the adverse repercussions from disputes over Iran would facilitate progress. Russia and the United States will not soon become close allies, but they should be able to achieve better security ties given that, on most issues, their shared interests outweigh those that divide them.
Revitalizing NASA's Suborbital Program: Advancing Science, Driving Innovation, and Developing a Workforce
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesSuborbital flight activities, including the use of sounding rockets, aircraft, and high-altitude balloons, and suborbital reusable launch vehicles, offer valuable opportunities to advance science, train the next generation of scientists and engineers, and provide opportunities for participants in the programs to acquire skills in systems engineering and systems integration that are critical to maintaining the nation's leadership in space programs. Furthermore, the NASA Authorization Act of 2008 finds it in the national interest to expand the size of NASA's suborbital research program and to consider increased funding. Revitalizing NASA's Suborbital Program is an assessment of the current state and potential of NASA's suborbital research programs and a review of NASA's capabilities in this area. The scope of this review includes: existing programs that make use of suborbital flights; the status, capability, and availability of suborbital platforms; the existing or planned launch facilities for suborbital missions (including the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy); and opportunities for scientific research, training, and educational collaboration in the conduct of suborbital missions by NASA. The findings illustrate that suborbital program elements-airborne, balloon, and sounding rockets-play vital and necessary strategic roles in NASA's research, innovation, education, employee development, and spaceflight mission success, thus providing the foundation for achievement of agency goals.
Revival: A General Survey of its Principles (Routledge Revivals)
by Theodor WulfIn the present book those results of physical research which are of importance for an understanding of nature have been compiled in a short and, in so far as the author was capable, popular presentation. The whole can be arranged in four sections. The first section concerns bodies as they appear to us and as we perceive them directly by means of our eyes. By further research we have learnt that these bodies are built out of very small particles which we call atoms. Even though these atoms cannot be seen directly with the eye, yet we still have quite certain proofs of their existence and of many of their properties. The whole of our knowledge concerning the atomic structure of matter has been discussed in the second section. The work of the last few decades has allowed us to penetrate still further into the inner structure of matter. The structure of the atom itself is examined in the third section. Finally, there exists a whole series of phenomena, which have been explained on the assumption that, in addition to ponderable matters, there is something still else which fills all interstellar space, a medium which is called the aether. The phenomena which take place in this medium are discussed in the last section of the book.
Revival: A Survey (Routledge Revivals)
by Erik NordenskioldThis work, which is here present in the English language, is based on a course of lectures given at the University of Helsingfors, Finland, during the academic year 1916-17. It is the author's intention to present a picture of the development of biological science throughout the ages, viewed in conjunction with the general cultural development of mankind. Regarded thus as a link in the general history of culture, the problems of biology will, it is hoped, prove of interest not only to young university students, for whom this book is primarily intended, but also to a still wider public. With regard to moderen times, for obvious reasons it has only been possible in such a brief history as this to give a very summary account of recent developments.
Revival: Connected With The Origin And Evolution Of The Human Race (Routledge Revivals)
by Albert ChurchwoodWhere and when did man make his first appearance on this earth? The object of this book is to bring before the public such further facts and values regarding the evolution of man. After studies Churchwood made during many years, he is now fully convinced that the hitherto preconceived ideas of many scientists regarding the origin of the human race, both as to place and date, are erroneous, and evidence will be brought forward to prove that the human race did not originate in Asia, but in Africa.
Revival: Essays in Scientific Synthesis (Routledge Revivals)
by Eugenio RignanoAlthough each of the essays in this volume is a study complete in itself, they are connected by one and the same synthetic spirit, and are animated by one and the same object: that of demonstrating the utility in the biological, psychological, and sociological fields of the theorist, who, without having specialized in any particular branch or subdivision of science, may nevertheless bring into those spheres that synthetic and unifying vision which is brought by the theorist mathematician, with so much success, into the physico-chemical field of science.
Revival: Mind and Body: A Criticism of Psychophysical Parallelism (Routledge Revivals)
by Hans DrieschThis little book is not a text-book of psychology. It is exclusively concerned with one particular psychological problem, a problem, however, that stands at the very centre of psychology. The relations between mind and body are analysed; that is to say, the following three psychedelic problems are successively raised: What is the mind? What is the body? What are the relations between mind and body? But it is only the third problem which is extensively dealt with; the first two are only briefly defined.
Revival: Some Principles of Psychology as Applied to Conduct and Personal Power (Routledge Revivals)
by D. MacDougall KingThe aim of this treatise is to give the public a much needed understanding of those factors in everyday living which on the one hand tend toward nervous weakness, and on the other make for personal power. From the author’s viewpoint, everybody at times suffers from symptoms which are popularly termed "nervous," for nervousness is a matter of degree rather than kind. Whether "nerves" take the form of unreasonable impulsiveness or of serious obsessions occasioning body pain, the fundamental cause and radical cure of both are essentially the same.
Revival: The Frustration of Science (Routledge Revivals)
by Alfred Daniel, HallFrom the beginning to the end of these pages, whether we read of the wilful destruction of the products and productivity of the soil, the aerial destruction of wealth by the thousand million pounds’ worth, created by somebody’s labour, the embarrassing fecundity of modern technology resulting only in every conceivable form of sabotage, the anomalous position of the conscientious medical practitioner. The refusal of women to bring children into such a world, the development of the art of spreading bacterial infection as a new war technique, or the frank abandonment by modern political movements of the hope of social progress that science renders possible – from the beginning to the end of these pages the reader will find elegant examples of the sort of ruling mentality now dominating the world. Bitter, and justifiably so, as many of the critics of science are, surely nothing bitterer could be said of it than this, that its abundance has but enthroned the wastrel. Not is the solution exactly what one of the contributors rather naively suggests, that science should look for a new master. The solution is for the public to acknowledge its real master, and, for its own safety, insist on being ruled not by the reflection of a reflection, but direct by those who are concerned with the creation of its weather rather than of its debts. It should require that its universities and learned societies should no longer evade their responsibilities and hide under the guise of false humility as the hired servants of the world their work has made possible, but do that for which they are supposed in cultured release from routine occupations, and speak the truth though the heavens fall.
Revival: The Men and Their Work (Routledge Revivals)
by William A., TildenThe present volume is an attempt to skitch, in a style suitable for general reading, the lives of some of the most prominent chemists of the past. As it is obviously impossible for one person to deal with them all, the first great difficulty in such a project is to make the selection. After much reflection, the guiding principle adopted is the evolution of the Atomic Theory from the point of view of the Chemist.
Revival: Volume 2 (CRC Press Revivals)
by Jacques Buffle Herman P. van LeeuwenEnvironmental Particles, Volume 2 presents a review of the sampling, characterization, and behavior of particles in air, water, sediments, and solids. The book analyzes the formation, aggregation, transport, and conversion of particles, and evaluates the capabilities of physical and chemical analytic methods. It also discusses physicochemical properties of environmental particles, their spectroscopic characterization and colloid chemical properties, and how they affect biochemical and toxicological processes. This book is an important reference for environmental chemists, limnologists, oceanographers, air and soil scientists, analytical chemists, environmental engineers, students, and more.
Revival: Volume II (CRC Press Revivals)
by Andras Liptak Zoltan Szurmai Janos Harangi Péter FügediChemical synthesis of oligosaccharides is important to organic chemistry because of the critical biological functions of carbohydrates. Unfortunately, no handbook has been published on the subject...until now. Volume 1: Disaccharides presents synthetic carbohydrate chemistry, lists the syntheses, and shows the route of each synthesis. Volume 2: Trisaccharides presents schematic figures and references. This series includes all oligosaccharides synthesized between 1960 and 1986. This allows oligosaccharides prepared in their free form to be presented, as well as those produced in protected form. The series contains data regarding glycosylation reaction, namely reaction conditions (solvent, promoter, temperature), the aglycon and the glycosyl donor used, and the structure and physical data of the isolated product. For disaccharides, the names of the reactants and the products are revealed, while with trisaccharides and higher oligomers, schematic figures provide a quick and easy way to access information concerning the entire process. These volumes will provide an important reference source for biochemists, biologists, and organic chemists.
Revival: With Other Essays and Allied Topics (Routledge Revivals)
by McDougall WilliamIn author's own words In selecting these essays I have been guided partly by the desire to present matter likely to be of interest to the general reader; but also I have aimed at a certain unity of topic and argument, a unity indicated by the title of the volume. A brief summary may help the reader to grasp that unity and to follow the somewhat scattered argument. Man, I contend, is more than a machine, and more than a mirror that reflects the world about him. He is an active being with power to direct his strivings towards ideal goals; and there is ground for belief that those goals are neither wholly illusory nor wholly unattainable. There is no novelty about this view; but there is novelty in the argument by which the conclusion is reached. The same view has been propounded a thousand times by that form of wishful thinking which is commonly called philosophical. In this case the conclusion has been forced by the pressure of the evidence during more than forty years of cold and sceptical inquiry. The process is indicated in briefest outline in the first three essays of this volume. Any reader who may desire to follow the process in more detail may turn to my various published works, more especially to my Body and Mind, which remains pivotal for all my later thinking.
Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis
by George MakariA masterful history of one of the most important movements of our time, Revolution in Mind is a brilliant, engaging, and radically new work—the first ever to fully account for the making of psychoanalysis. In a sweeping narrative, George Makari demonstrates how a new way of thinking about inner life coalesced and won followers who spread this body of thought throughout the West. Along the way he introduces the reader to a fascinating array of characters, many of whom have been long ignored or forgotten.Amid great ferment, Sigmund Freud emerged as a creative, interdisciplinary thinker who devised a riveting new theory of the mind that attracted acolytes from the very fields the Viennese doctor had mined for his synthesis. These allies included Eugen Bleuler, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler, all of whom eventually broke away and accused the Freudian community of being unscientific. Makari reveals how in the wake of these crises, innovators like Sándor Ferenczi, Wilhelm Reich, Melanie Klein, and others reformed psychoanalysis, which began to gain wide acceptance only to be banished from the continent and sent into exile due to the rise of fascism.Groundbreaking, insightful, and compulsively readable, Revolution in Mind goes beyond myth and polemic to give us the story of one of the most controversial intellectual endeavors of the twentieth century.