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Raspberries
by Pilar Panados Courtney Weber Penelope Perkins-Veasie Roger Williams Richard Funt Eric Hanson Kim Hummer Gail Nonnecke Bernadine Strik Michael Ellis Alison Dolan Harvey Hall Marvin Pritts Tim RobyRaspberry production and consumption is increasing steadily worldwide, and the potential health benefits of the fruit are becoming more widely known. Providing an international overview of the modern raspberry industry, this book covers North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. It discusses all aspects of raspberry growing, including plant growth and development, cultivar description and selection, site selection and preparation (including soil and drainage), climate, pest control, irrigation, shipping, economics, harvesting and the marketing of the final product. Much of this publication covers research based information, including hundreds of references and nearly eighty full colour plates. Taking a global perspective, this book provides a comprehensive yet concise reference for all horticulture students, raspberry growers, producers and fruit industry personnel looking for the latest information in raspberry production.
Raspberry: Breeding, Challenges and Advances
by Julie Graham Rex BrennanRaspberry is a globally-significant soft fruit crop, with increasing interest to consumers due to its versatility and health-related constituents. In this background context, it is therefore timely to consider the present and future status of the raspberry crop, particularly with the advances in the use of molecular tools and plant phenotyping to improve our understanding of improving crop quality and fruit yields. Since the 1980s a wealth of fundamental genomics and metabolomics resources have been developed for soft fruits including linkage maps, physical maps, QTLs and expression tools. However, a number of serious and emerging challenges exist for the raspberry industry, including the plants’ ability to resist major pest and disease burdens and the impact of climate change on crop production, specifically water use and water availability for soft fruit crops.This book aims to address some of these challenges by updating the information known about this important crop, its health value, the major pest and diseases which affect raspberry and approaches for their control, and the speed and precision offered by selective breeding programs by the deployment of molecular tools and linkage maps for germplasm assessment. Understanding the genetic control of commercially and nutritionally important traits and the linkage of these characteristics to molecular markers on chromosomes is the future basis of plant breeding. We will also introduce the opportunity to fast track breeding by improving the speed of phenotypic selection by utilizing imaging sensor technologies, thereby reducing the cost of years of field assessment through developing this knowledge into markers linked to key fruit traits. The chapters of this book will span the knowledge gained from the collaborations between growers, plant breeders, plant physiologists, soil scientists, geneticists, agronomists and physicists which is essential to achieve progress in improving productivity and a sustainable industry.
The Rasputin Effect: When Commensals and Symbionts Become Parasitic
by Christon J. HurstThisvolume focuses on those instances when benign and even beneficial relationshipsbetween microbes and their hosts opportunistically change and becomedetrimental toward the host. It examinesthe triggering events which can factor into these changes, such as reduction inthe host's capacity for mounting an effective defensive response due tonutritional deprivation, coinfections and seemingly subtle environmentalinfluences like the amounts of sunlight, temperature, and either water or airquality. The effects of environmentalchanges can be compounded when they necessitate a physical relocation ofspecies, in turn changing the probability of encounter between microbe andhost. The change also can result whenpathogens, including virus species, either have modified the opportunist or attackedthe host's protective natural microflora. The authors discuss these opportunistic interactions and assess theiroutcomes in both aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting theimpact on plant, invertebrate and vertebrate hosts.
The Rat: A Study in Behavior
by S. A. BarnettThe laws of animal behavior have been revised and revealed through research performed by zoologists, physiologists and experimental psychologists. Each has contributed much. Their main meeting ground has been the study of mammals, especially rats. This classic book is unique in bringing together the principal conclusions of these researchers in a compact, well illustrated, and lucid form.The author himself made important original contributions to wild rat behavior; his account of "white rat psychology" and of relevant work on other species is equally authoritative. Experience as a teacher enabled him to write an unusually logical and comprehensive text, suitable for students of zoology, psychology and medicine.This book belongs to no particular school of biology or psychology. Rather it admits the work of all schools and strict adherence to none. The principal topics covered include: movement in the living space; feeding behavior; social and reproductive behavior; the analysis of "instinct"; the analysis of learned behavior; "motivation" and "drive"; the brain and behavior. The book includes a full, carefully selected bibliography, current up to the time of original publication of the original edition.
Rat City: Overcrowding and Urban Derangement in the Rodent Universes of John B. Calhoun
by Jon Adams Edmund Ramsden"Entertaining, phenomenally weird . . . Rat City may well be the world&’s first-ever work of socio-biographical-scientific pop history. . . .a freaky romp down a peculiar passage in the history of ideas, full of oddball cameos (Aldous Huxley! Buckminster Fuller!) and some very sharp science writing."—The New York TimesBehind the internet's viral "Universe 25" experiment and Robert C. O'Brien's iconic novel, Mrs. Frisby and the Secret of NIMH, was one scientist who set out to change the way we view our fellow man — using rats . . .After the Civil War and throughout the twentieth century, cities in northern American states absorbed a huge increase in populations, particularly of immigrants and African Americans from southern states. City governments responded by creating new regulations that were often segregationist — corralling black Americans, for example, into small, increasingly overcrowded neighborhoods, or into high-rise &“projects.&”The situation intensified after World War II, as rising crime and racial unrest swept the nation, and blame fell on the crowded conditions of city life. The hardest-hit populations were left marginalized and voiceless. Enter John B. Calhoun, an ecologist employed by the National Institute of Mental Health to study the effects of overcrowding on rats. From 1947 to 1977, Calhoun built a series of sprawling habitats in which a rat&’s every need was met—except space. The results were cataclysmic. Did a similar fate await our own teeming cities?Rat City is the first book to tell the story of Calhoun&’s experiments, and their extraordinary influence — an enthralling record of urban design and dystopian science. Meticulously researched, it follows Calhoun&’s struggle to solve the problem of crowding before America&’s cities drain into the behavioral sink. And as the &“war on rats&” continues around the world, and our post-pandemic society reevaluates the necessity of urban living, the riveting story of Rat City is more relevant than ever.
Rat Genomics
by Ignacio AnegonGrown exponentially by the genomic revolution, the use of the rat as a model of choice for physiological studies continues in popularity and at a much greater depth of understanding. In Rat Genomics: Methods and Protocols, world-wide experts provide both practical information for researchers involved in genomic research in the rat along with a more contextual discussion about the usefulness of the rat in physiological or translational research in different organs and systems. The volume extensively covers topics including genome sequencing, quantitative trait loci mapping, and the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms as well as the development of transgenic technologies such as nuclear cloning, lentiviral-mediated transgenesis, gene knock-down using RNA interference, gene knock-out by mutagenesis, and zinc finger nucleases plus exciting advances in the obtention of rat embryonic cell lines. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, this work provides the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Comprehensive and up-to-date, Rat Genomics: Methods and Protocols thoroughly covers the current techniques used in labs around the world and overviews the applications of the data obtained, making it certain to be useful to the scientific community as a key source of references and methods.
Rat Genomics (Methods in Molecular Biology #2018)
by G. Thomas Hayman Jennifer R. Smith Melinda R. Dwinell Mary ShimoyamaThis book provides both historical perspective and practical information to support researchers either currently involved in genomic research on rats or planning to begin such a project. In numerous chapters, a detailed protocol is provided for researchers looking to move into a new area of investigation or to leverage a new technology. In other cases, a detailed review of existing models or a description of available resources can help the researcher find, understand, and utilize the information, the data, and the tools that they need to support their research efforts. Written as part of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, this collection includes the kind of hands-on detail necessary for success in the lab. Authoritative and up-to-date, Rat Genomics explores the rat as a biomedical model uniquely poised to provide the ideal combination of established experimental models, extensive physiological data, and genomic manipulability to facilitate exploration of the underlying biology.
Rate Constant Calculation for Thermal Reactions
by Herbert Dacosta Maohong FanProviding an overview of the latest computational approaches to estimate rate constants for thermal reactions, this book addresses the theories behind various first-principle and approximation methods that have emerged in the last twenty years with validation examples. It presents in-depth applications of those theories to a wide range of basic and applied research areas. When doing modeling and simulation of chemical reactions (as in many other cases), one often has to compromise between higher-accuracy/higher-precision approaches (which are usually time-consuming) and approximate/lower-precision approaches (which often has the advantage of speed in providing results). This book covers both approaches. It is augmented by a wide-range of applications of the above methods to fuel combustion, unimolecular and bimolecular reactions, isomerization, polymerization, and to emission control of nitrogen oxides. An excellent resource for academics and industry members in physical chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields.
Rates and Equilibria of Organic Reactions: As Treated by Statistical, Thermodynamic and Extrathermodynamic Methods
by Ernest Grunwald John E. LefflerGraduate-level text stresses extrathermodynamic approach to quantitative prediction and constructs a logical framework that encompasses and classifies all known extrathermodynamic relationships. Numerous figures and tables. Author and Subject Indexes.
Rates of Evolution (Routledge Library Editions: Evolution #2)
by K. S. W. Campbell M. F. DayOriginally published in 1987 Rates of Evolution is an edited collection drawn from a symposium convened to bring together palaeontologists, geneticists, molecular biologists and developmental biologists to examine some aspects of the problem of evolutionary rates. The book asks questions surrounding the study of evolution, such as did large morphological changes really occur rapidly at various times in the geological past, or is the fossil record too imperfect to be of value in assessing rates of morphological change? What is the measure of ‘rapid’ change? Is stasis at any taxonomic level established? Is it possible to relate genomic and morphological change? What is the role of regulatory and executive genes in controlling evolutionary change? Does the transfer of genetic material between different taxa provide the possibility of increasing evolutionary rates? Featuring contributions from leading researchers, this book will interest anthropologists, palaeontology and scientists of evolution and genetics.
Rates of Evolution: A Quantitative Synthesis
by Philip D. GingerichHow fast is evolution, and why does it matter? The rate of evolution, and whether it is gradual or punctuated, is a hotly debated topic among biologists and paleontologists. This book compiles and compares examples of evolution from laboratory, field, and fossil record studies, analyzing them to extract their underlying rates. It concludes that while change is slow when averaged over many generations, on a generation-to-generation time scale, evolution is rapid. Chapters cover the history of evolutionary studies, from Lamarck and Darwin in the nineteenth century to the present day. An overview of the statistics of variation, dynamics of random walks, processes of natural selection and random drift, and effects of scale and time averaging are also provided, along with methods for the analysis of evolutionary time series. Containing case studies and worked examples, this book is ideal for advanced students and researchers in paleontology, biology, and anthropology.
Ratgeber Schlaganfall, Schädelhirntrauma und MS: Das Leben mit neurologischer Erkrankung gestalten
by Peter Berlit Caroline KuhnDieses Buch bietet für medizinische Laien plausible Erklärungsmodelle für Hirnleistungsstörungen wie Schwindel, Gedächtnisprobleme, Müdigkeit oder Sehstörungen und fehlende Belastbarkeit. Damit der Alltag nach der Rehabilitationsphase gut gelingt, macht der Ratgeber verständlich, was im Gehirn passiert, wenn solche Probleme auftreten - zum Beispiel als Folgen von Schlaganfall oder einem Schädelhirntrauma, bei Multipler Sklerose oder einem Hirntumor. Das Buch bietet dem Betroffenen Lösungen und Strategien an, wie er damit gut umgehen und weiter am Leben teilnehmen kann. Mit vielen Übungen und Tipps für Betroffene und Angehörige, wie Probleme im Alltag entschärft und kritische Situationen gemeistert werden können.Ein Buch, das Mut macht, den Weg zurück in die aktive Gestaltung des Alltags und in den Beruf zu finden.
Rational Action
by William ThomasDuring World War II, the Allied military forces faced severe problems integrating equipment, tactics, and logistics into successful combat operations. To help confront these problems, scientists and engineers developed new means of studying which equipment designs would best meet the military's requirements and how the military could best use the equipment it had on hand. By 1941 they had also begun to gather and analyze data from combat operations to improve military leaders' ordinary planning activities. In Rational Action, William Thomas details these developments, and how they gave rise during the 1950s to a constellation of influential new fields -- which he terms the "sciences of policy" -- that included operations research, management science, systems analysis, and decision theory. Proponents of these new sciences embraced a variety of agendas. Some aimed to improve policymaking directly, while others theorized about how one decision could be considered more rational than another. Their work spanned systems engineering, applied mathematics, nuclear strategy, and the philosophy of science, and it found new niches in universities, in businesses, and at think tanks such as the RAND Corporation. The sciences of policy also took a prominent place in epic narratives told about the relationships among science, state, and society in an intellectual culture preoccupied with how technology and reason would shape the future. Thomas follows all these threads to illuminate and make new sense of the intricate relationships among scientific analysis, policymaking procedure, and institutional legitimacy at a crucial moment in British and American history.
Rational Action: The Sciences of Policy in Britain and America, 1940-1960 (Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology)
by William ThomasThe evolution of a set of fields—including operations research and systems analysis—intended to improve policymaking and explore the nature of rational decision-making.During World War II, the Allied military forces faced severe problems integrating equipment, tactics, and logistics into successful combat operations. To help confront these problems, scientists and engineers developed new means of studying which equipment designs would best meet the military's requirements and how the military could best use the equipment it had on hand. By 1941 they had also begun to gather and analyze data from combat operations to improve military leaders' ordinary planning activities. In Rational Action, William Thomas details these developments, and how they gave rise during the 1950s to a constellation of influential new fields—which he terms the “sciences of policy”—that included operations research, management science, systems analysis, and decision theory.Proponents of these new sciences embraced a variety of agendas. Some aimed to improve policymaking directly, while others theorized about how one decision could be considered more rational than another. Their work spanned systems engineering, applied mathematics, nuclear strategy, and the philosophy of science, and it found new niches in universities, in businesses, and at think tanks such as the RAND Corporation. The sciences of policy also took a prominent place in epic narratives told about the relationships among science, state, and society in an intellectual culture preoccupied with how technology and reason would shape the future. Thomas follows all these threads to illuminate and make new sense of the intricate relationships among scientific analysis, policymaking procedure, and institutional legitimacy at a crucial moment in British and American history.
Rational and Applied Mechanics: Volume 2. Special Problems and Applications (Foundations of Engineering Mechanics)
by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polyakhov Petr Evgenievich Tovstik Mikhail Petrovich Yushkov Sergey Andreevich ZegzhdaAvailable for the first time in English, this two-volume course on theoretical and applied mechanics has been honed over decades by leading scientists and teachers, and is a primary teaching resource for engineering and maths students at St. Petersburg University.The course addresses classical branches of theoretical mechanics (Vol. 1), along with a wide range of advanced topics, special problems and applications (Vol. 2). Among the special applications addressed in this second volume are: stability of motion, nonlinear oscillations, dynamics and statics of the Stewart platform, mechanics under random forces, elements of control theory, relations between nonholonomic mechanics and the control theory, vibration and autobalancing of rotor systems, physical theory of impact, statics and dynamics of a thin rod.This textbook is aimed at students in mathematics and mechanics and at post-graduates and researchers in analytical mechanics.
Rational and Applied Mechanics: Volume 1. Complete General Course for Students of Engineering (Foundations of Engineering Mechanics)
by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polyakhov Mikhail Petrovich Yushkov Sergey Andreevich ZegzhdaAvailable for the first time in English, this two-volume course on theoretical and applied mechanics has been honed over decades by leading scientists and teachers, and is a primary teaching resource for engineering and maths students at St. Petersburg University.The course addresses classical branches of theoretical mechanics (Vol. 1), along with a wide range of advanced topics, special problems and applications (Vol. 2). This first volume of the textbook contains the parts “Kinematics” and “Dynamics”. The part “Kinematics” presents in detail the theory of curvilinear coordinates which is actively used in the part “Dynamics”, in particular, in the theory of constrained motion and variational principles in mechanics. For describing the motion of a system of particles, the notion of a Hertz representative point is used, and the notion of a tangent space is applied to investigate the motion of arbitrary mechanical systems. In the final chapters Hamilton-Jacobi theory is applied for the integration of equations of motion, and the elements of special relativity theory are presented.This textbook is aimed at students in mathematics and mechanics and at post-graduates and researchers in analytical mechanics.
The Rational Animal: How Evolution Made Us Smarter Than We Think
by Douglas T. Kenrick Vladas GriskeviciusWhy are Amazonian hunter-gatherers better at logic than Harvard students? Why did the Zambian president reject food donations during a famine? And why do billionaires work so hard-only to give their hard-earned money away? In this animated tour of the latest in behavioral science, psychologist Douglas T. Kenrick and marketing professor Vladas Griskevicius argue that while our decision making may seem superficially irrational, our misjudgments are the result of a psychological mismatch between ancestral drives for survival and our modern lifestyles. Ultimately, The Rational Animal offers an uplifting message-that while our brains may still house caveman impulses, we have evolved to be smarter than we think.
Rational Approaches to Structure, Activity, and Ecotoxicology of Agrochemicals
by Wilfried Draber Toshio FujitaThis book presents discussions of the most important aspects in the development of agrochemicals. The book covers such broad areas as structure activity and ecotoxicological analyses in comprehensive reviews for general methods and chronicles for individual examples. Topics in structure-activity relationships include how to combine submolecular structures of pharmacological interests and modify them according to chemorational models with computer-aided procedures such as the traditional Hansch-type QSAR, the sequential, simplex optimization, and molecular modeling. Topics in the ecotoxicology of organo phosphorus compounds are discussed in terms of the quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR). Chronicles of molecular orbital methodology in predicting environmental fates of agrochemicals are also provided. This volume will be invaluable for researchers in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Rational Basis for Clinical Translation in Stroke Therapy (Frontiers in Neurotherapeutics Series)
by Giuseppe Micieli Diana AmanteaStroke remains one of the major causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Currently, the only approved therapy for the acute treatment of this disease is thrombolysis, a strategy that can only be applied to a small percentage of patients due to its narrow therapeutic window. Unfortunately, during the last years numerous promising drugs th
Rational Choice Using Imprecise Probabilities and Utilities (Elements in Decision Theory and Philosophy)
by Paul WeirichAn agent often does not have precise probabilities or utilities to guide resolution of a decision problem. I advance a principle of rationality for making decisions in such cases. To begin, I represent the doxastic and conative state of an agent with a set of pairs of a probability assignment and a utility assignment. Then I support a decision principle that allows any act that maximizes expected utility according to some pair of assignments in the set. Assuming that computation of an option's expected utility uses comprehensive possible outcomes that include the option's risk, no consideration supports a stricter requirement.
Rational Design of Nanostructured Polymer Electrolytes and Solid–Liquid Interphases for Lithium Batteries (Springer Theses)
by Snehashis ChoudhuryThis thesis makes significant advances in the design of electrolytes and interfaces in electrochemical cells that utilize reactive metals as anodes. Such cells are of contemporary interest because they offer substantially higher charge storage capacity than state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery technology. Batteries based on metallic anodes are currently considered impractical and unsafe because recharge of the anode causes physical and chemical instabilities that produce dendritic deposition of the metal leading to catastrophic failure via thermal runaway. This thesis utilizes a combination of chemical synthesis, physical & electrochemical analysis, and materials theory to investigate structure, ion transport properties, and electrochemical behaviors of hybrid electrolytes and interfacial phases designed to prevent such instabilities. In particular, it demonstrates that relatively low-modulus electrolytes composed of cross-linked networks of polymer-grafted nanoparticles stabilize electrodeposition of reactive metals by multiple processes, including screening electrode electrolyte interactions at electrochemical interfaces and by regulating ion transport in tortuous nanopores. This discovery is significant because it overturns a longstanding perception in the field of nanoparticle-polymer hybrid electrolytes that only solid electrolytes with mechanical modulus higher than that of the metal electrode are able to stabilize electrodeposition of reactive metals.
Rational Design of Solar Cells for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion
by Alagarsamy Pandikumar Ramasamy RamarajAn interdisciplinary guide to the newest solar cell technology for efficient renewable energy Rational Design of Solar Cells for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion explores the development of the most recent solar technology and materials used to manufacture solar cells in order to achieve higher solar energy conversion efficiency. The text offers an interdisciplinary approach and combines information on dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, polymer solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and quantum dot solar cells. The text contains contributions from noted experts in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering. The authors review the development of components such as photoanodes, sensitizers, electrolytes, and photocathodes for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells. In addition, the text puts the focus on the design of material assemblies to achieve higher solar energy conversion. This important resource: Offers a comprehensive review of recent developments in solar cell technology Includes information on a variety of solar cell materials and devices, focusing on dye-sensitized solar cells Contains a thorough approach beginning with the fundamental material characterization and concluding with real-world device application. Presents content from researchers in multiple fields of study such as physicists, engineers, and material scientists Written for researchers, scientists, and engineers in university and industry laboratories, Rational Design of Solar Cells for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion offers a comprehensive review of the newest developments and applications of solar cells with contributions from a range of experts in various disciplines.
Rational Drug Design
by Yi ZhengOver the past three decades there have been new developments in therapeutic drug design. In Rational Drug Design: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many of the methodologies used to study rational drug design. These include methods such as virtual screening of chemical hits, rational lead discovery by high throughput screening, combinatorial and fragment based lead generation, peptide based drug discovery, and animal models of lead validation. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Rational Drug Design: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists in the further study of rational drug design and future drug discovery.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: It Works for Me - It Can Work for You
by Albert EllisEllis points out that when one is faced with a problem, we had better realize that we have a choice to think rationally or irrationally about the problem.
Rational Exuberance for Renewable Energy
by Srinivasan SunderasanRational Exuberance for Renewable Energy is a beyond-the-hype account of the underlying issues that encourage or plague widespread dissemination of renewable energy (RE) technologies. Renewable energy operates in the real world, and it cannot be assumed that the conventional theories and incentive structures of economics and business do not apply. The author argues that grants and subsidies could be provided to support research, development and technology improvement efforts, but should not be employed as an instrument of state policy to intervene in specific markets. It is important to recognize that although investors often demonstrate an appetite for market risk, they find technology risks and policy uncertainty much less appealing. Rational Exuberance for Renewable Energy blends classical economic theory with the everyday realities of the RE industry to identify incentive structures contributing to the success - or otherwise - of project implementation involving renewable sources and appropriate technologies. The book is a compilation of articles that analyze individual RE technologies, and offer multiple perspectives of the RE industry and markets. Rational Exuberance for Renewable Energy is intended for policy makers, advanced students of energy economics and sustainable development, and for potential mainstream investors.