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Privacy in the Modern Age
by Jeramie Scott Julia Horwitz Marc RotenbergThe threats to privacy are well known: the National Security Agency tracks our phone calls; Google records where we go online and how we set our thermostats; Facebook changes our privacy settings when it wishes; Target gets hacked and loses control of our credit card information; our medical records are available for sale to strangers; our children are fingerprinted and their every test score saved for posterity; and small robots patrol our schoolyards and drones may soon fill our skies.The contributors to this anthology don't simply describe these problems or warn about the loss of privacy-they propose solutions. They look closely at business practices, public policy, and technology design, and ask, "Should this continue? Is there a better approach?" They take seriously the dictum of Thomas Edison: "What one creates with his hand, he should control with his head." It's a new approach to the privacy debate, one that assumes privacy is worth protecting, that there are solutions to be found, and that the future is not yet known. This volume will be an essential reference for policy makers and researchers, journalists and scholars, and others looking for answers to one of the biggest challenges of our modern day. The premise is clear: there's a problem--let's find a solution.
Private Agriculture in the Soviet Union (Routledge Library Editions: Agriculture #15)
by Stefan HedlundFirst published in 1989. Perestroika, it was widely believed, must succeed in agriculture before permanent change could be affected elsewhere in the Soviet economy. But Soviet agriculture had so far remained stubbornly inefficient and resistant to change. In this book Stefan Hedlund investigates the reasons for this state of affairs. The author gives an account of the emergence, development and performance of private agriculture in the Soviet Union. In particular he describes the essentials of the peculiarly Soviet hybrid of private and socialized agriculture. He places the private sector within the broader framework of Soviet agriculture. He saw Soviet agriculture as a ‘Black Hole’, ready to absorb any resources that came near, be they private plots, urban gardens, factory workshops or military units. Hedlund also examines the impact on the peasants as producers of decades of negative ideological pronouncements in Party propaganda, and of discrimination and at times outright harassment by local officials. He points out that this background makes the prospect of any positive response from the peasants to Gorbachev’s call for perestroika in agriculture extremely unlikely.
Private Doubt, Public Dilemma
by Keith Stewart ThomsonEach age has its own crisis--our modern experience of science-religion conflict is not so very different from that experienced by our forebears, Keith Thomson proposes in this thoughtful book. He considers the ideas and writings of Thomas Jefferson and Charles Darwin, two men who struggled mightily to reconcile their religion and their science, then looks to more recent times when scientific challenges to religion (evolutionary theory, for example) have given rise to powerful political responses from religious believers. Today as in the eighteenth century, there are pressing reasons for members on each side of the religion-science debates to find common ground, Thomson contends. No precedent exists for shaping a response to issues like cloning or stem cell research, unheard of fifty years ago, and thus the opportunity arises for all sides to cooperate in creating a new ethics for the common good.
Private Intelligence Services: Ein Leitfaden zum Umgang im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung
by Stefan EmbacherDie Einführung des Buches legt den Grundstein für die nachfolgenden Kapitel, indem sie die Definitionen und Grundlagen der Wirtschaftskriminalität klärt und ein solides Verständnis für die Dimensionen und die Tragweite dieser Herausforderung schafft. Sie legt dar, wie Wirtschaftskriminalität nicht nur finanzielle Verluste verursacht, sondern auch das Vertrauen in Märkte und Institutionen untergräbt, was weitreichende soziale und wirtschaftliche Konsequenzen nach sich zieht. Im ersten Kapitel wird die Zusammenarbeit zwischen privaten Intelligence-Unternehmen und staatlichen Behörden beleuchtet. Es werden Fallstudien und Beispiele präsentiert, die demonstrieren, wie eine erfolgreiche Partnerschaft aussehen kann, und welche Herausforderungen und Spannungsfelder dabei auftreten können. Das Kapitel unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Vertrauen, Transparenz und gegenseitigem Respekt für den Erfolg dieser Kooperationen. Das zweite Kapitel widmet sich den spezifischen Herausforderungen und Anforderungen, die verschiedene Branchen und Sektoren an private Intelligence-Unternehmen stellen. Es wird detailliert aufgezeigt, wie unterschiedlich die Bedürfnisse von Unternehmen, je nach Größe, Branche und geografischer Lage sein können, und wie maßgeschneiderte Lösungen aussehen können. Es wird deutlich, dass eine tiefgehende Branchenkenntnis und Spezialisierung essentiell sind, um effektive Dienstleistungen zu bieten. Das dritte Kapitel ist in mehrere Unterkapitel gegliedert und deckt ein breites Spektrum an Themen ab, darunter die besonderen Anforderungen bestimmter Zielgruppen, Methoden und Techniken zur Sicherung von Vermögenswerten und Informationen, sowie praxisnahe Fallbeispiele und Best Practices. Hier wird auch aufgezeigt, wie Unternehmen wie Foreus als Dienstleister in der Praxis agieren und welche Rolle sie im Gesamtkontext spielen. Das vierte Kapitel setzt sich mit den rechtlichen und ethischen Aspekten von Private Intelligence auseinander. Es werden aktuelle Gesetzgebungen und Rechtsprechungen diskutiert, ethische Dilemmata beleuchtet und klare Empfehlungen und Richtlinien für verantwortungsvolles Handeln präsentiert. Das fünfte Kapitel blickt in die Zukunft und versucht eine Prognose über die nächsten 10 Jahre im Bereich Private Intelligence und Wirtschaftskriminalität abzugeben. Es werden technologische Entwicklungen, Ausbildungs- und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten sowie potentielle Herausforderungen und Chancen diskutiert. Das abschließende sechste Kapitel fasst die zentralen Erkenntnisse zusammen, bietet konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für verschiedene Fachleute und endet mit abschließenden Gedanken und einem Ausblick in die Zukunft.
Private Investigation and Homeland Security
by Daniel J. BennyThe threat against the homeland continues and the private investigator plays a critical part in this effort. This includes in providing criminal, civil and background investigation, protective service, security consulting and electronic sweeps. The text will provide an overview of the role of private investigation in protection of the homeland and show how such skill can be utilized by business and government in this effort.
Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815: Commercialised Care for the Insane (Mental Health in Historical Perspective)
by Leonard SmithThis book examines the origins and early development of private mental health-care in England, showing that the current spectacle of commercially-based participation in key elements of service provision is no new phenomenon. In 1815, about seventy per cent of people institutionalised because of insanity were being kept in private ‘madhouses’. The opening four chapters detail the emergence of these madhouses and demonstrate their increasing presence in London and across the country during the long eighteenth century. Subsequent chapters deal with specific aspects in greater depth - the insane patients themselves, their characteristics, and the circumstances surrounding admissions; the madhouse proprietors, their business activities, personal attributes and professional qualifications or lack of them; changing treatment practices and the principles that informed them. Finally, the book explores conditions within the madhouses, which ranged from the relatively enlightened to the seriously defective, and reveals the experiences, concerns and protests of their many critics.
Private or Socialistic Forestry?: Forest Transition in Finland vs. Deforestation in the Tropics
by Matti Palo Erkki LehtoWhile deforestation continues at an alarming rate around the world, discussions on the range of underlying causes continue. The premise is that studying successful transitions from deforestation to sustainable forestry ex post in Finland can provide novel insights into how deforestation in the tropics might be reduced in the future. Our fundamental question here is why Finland succeeded to stop deforestation for a century ago and why not the same is feasible in the contemporary tropical countries? This book presents a novel integrated theory within which this case study on Finland and contemporary modeling of underlying causes of tropical deforestation are developed. Finland remains the world's second largest net exporter of forest products, while maintaining the highest forest cover in Europe. A transition from deforestation to sustainable industrial forestry took place in Finland during the first part of the 20th century. The underlying causes of this transition are compared via our theory with deforestation in 74 contemporary tropical countries. Both appear similar and support our theory. The interaction of public policies and market institutions has appeared to be critical during this transition. The study's findings suggest that private forest ownership with a continuous increase in the real value of forests and alleviation of poverty under non-corruptive conditions has been a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for this transition. In a parallel way public policies have also proved to be a necessary, but not sufficient, condition in this transition. The conclusion is that socialistic forestry along with corruption is artificially maintaining too low values in the tropical forests. The opportunity cost of sustainable forestry remains too high and deforestation by extensification of agriculture therefore continues. The prevailing socialistic forestry with dominating public forest ownership is by purpose maintaining administratively set low stumpage prices leading to low value of forests, wide corruption and continuous forest degradation and deforestation. An effective remedy - to raise the value of forests - is found to be within forestry.
Private Practice: In the Early Twentieth-Century Medical Office of Dr. Richard Cabot
by Christopher CrennerThe beginning of the twentieth century marked the rise of advanced medical technologies, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat diseases in new ways. Although American physicians accepted the validity of the new science of medicine, they were sometimes reluctant to trust technology over their professional judgment or intuition. Likewise, patients raised their own suspicions about the new scientific tools, sometimes resisting or contradicting the advice of their physicians.Here Christopher Crenner examines a critical period in medical history, focusing on the office practice of Boston physician Richard Cabot. Intimate epistolary exchanges between Cabot and his patients shed light on the challenges presented by the new technologies—especially their impact on the personal relationships between doctor and patient—providing insight into a time of expanding science and radical change.
The Private Science Of Louis Pasteur (Princeton Legacy Library)
by Gerald L. GeisonIn The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, Gerald Geison has written a controversial biography that finally penetrates the secrecy that has surrounded much of this legendary scientist's laboratory work. Geison uses Pasteur's laboratory notebooks, made available only recently, and his published papers to present a rich and full account of some of the most famous episodes in the history of science and their darker sides--for example, Pasteur's rush to develop the rabies vaccine and the human risks his haste entailed. The discrepancies between the public record and the "private science" of Louis Pasteur tell us as much about the man as they do about the highly competitive and political world he learned to master. Although experimental ingenuity served Pasteur well, he also owed much of his success to the polemical virtuosity and political savvy that won him unprecedented financial support from the French state during the late nineteenth century. But a close look at his greatest achievements raises ethical issues. In the case of Pasteur's widely publicized anthrax vaccine, Geison reveals its initial defects and how Pasteur, in order to avoid embarrassment, secretly incorporated a rival colleague's findings to make his version of the vaccine work. Pasteur's premature decision to apply his rabies treatment to his first animal-bite victims raises even deeper questions and must be understood not only in terms of the ethics of human experimentation and scientific method, but also in light of Pasteur's shift from a biological theory of immunity to a chemical theory--similar to ones he had often disparaged when advanced by his competitors. Through his vivid reconstruction of the professional rivalries as well as the national adulation that surrounded Pasteur, Geison places him in his wider cultural context. In giving Pasteur the close scrutiny his fame and achievements deserve, Geison's book offers compelling reading for anyone interested in the social and ethical dimensions of science. Originally published in 1995. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
The Private Sector's Role in Disasters: Leveraging the Private Sector in Emergency Management
by Alessandra Jerolleman John J. KieferThis book examines the role of the private sector in emergency management and how that role is changing through private sector intersections with government, government agencies, and the public sectors in all phases of emergency management. It particularly focuses on the areas in which government regulations and guidelines promote or encourage priv
The Private Sector's Role in Disasters: Leveraging the Private Sector in Emergency Management
by Alessandra Jerolleman John J. KieferThis book examines the role of the private sector in emergency management and how that role is changing through private sector intersections with government, government agencies, and the public sectors in all phases of emergency management. It particularly focuses on the areas in which government regulations and guidelines promote or encourage priv
Private Security and the Investigative Process, Fourth Edition
by Charles P. NemethPrivate Security and the Investigative Process, Fourth Edition is fully updated and continues to provide complete coverage of the investigative process for private investigations by both individuals and in corporate security environments. This edition covers emerging technology, revised legal and practical considerations for conducting interviews, and new information on case evaluation. Written by a recognized expert in security, criminal justice, ethics, and the law—with over three decades of experience—the updated edition of this popular text covers concepts and techniques that can be applied to a variety of investigations including fraud, insurance, private, and criminal. It details the collection and preservation of evidence, the handling of witnesses, surveillance techniques, background investigations, and report writing. The book reflects best practices and includes tips for ensuring accurate and reliable private sector security investigations. This new edition includes: A new section on career opportunities in paths in the investigative field A rundown of the leading security Industry associations and professional standards being published Added discussion of observational interviews include current protocols analyzing data Details of the current legal implications for security surveillance and practices Advances in technology to thwart crime and fraud in retail and other business settings An entirely new section on e-records from criminal and civil judgments Authoritative, yet accessible, this book is one of the only textbooks dedicated to the subject. It also serves as an important reference for private investigators and security professionals. Complete with numerous forms, checklists, and web exercises, it provides the tools and understanding required to conduct investigations that are professional, ethical, and effective.
The Private World of Soviet Scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev
by Rogacheva Maria A.Rogacheva sheds new light on the complex transition of Soviet society from Stalinism into the post-Stalin era. Using the case study of Chernogolovka, one of dozens of scientific towns built in the USSR under Khrushchev, she explains what motivated scientists to participate in the Soviet project during the Cold War. Rogacheva traces the history of this scientific community from its creation in 1956 through the Brezhnev period to paint a nuanced portrait of the living conditions, political outlook, and mentality of the local scientific intelligentsia. Utilizing new archival materials and an extensive oral history project, this book argues that Soviet scientists were not merely bought off by the Soviet state, but that they bought into the idealism and social optimism of the post-Stalin regime. Many shared the regime's belief in the progressive development of Soviet society on a scientific basis, and embraced their increased autonomy, material privileges and elite status.
Privatised Law Reform: A History Of Patent Law Through Private Legislation, 1620-1907
by Phillip JohnsonIn the history of British patent law, the role of Parliament is often side-lined. This is largely due to the raft of failed or timid attempts at patent law reform. Yet there was another way of seeking change. By the end of the nineteenth century, private legislation had become a mechanism or testing ground for more general law reforms. The evolution of the law had essentially been privatised and was handled in the committee rooms in Westminster. This is known in relation to many great industrial movements such as the creating of railways, canals and roads, or political movements such as the powers and duties of local authorities, but it has thus far been largely ignored in the development of patent law. This book addresses this shortfall and examines how private legislation played an important role in the birth of modern patent law.
Privatizing Peace: How Commerce Can Reduce Conflict in Space
by Wendy N. Whitman CobbThis book explores the privatization of space and its global impact on the future of commerce, peace and conflict. As space becomes more congested, contested, and competitive in the government and the private arenas, the talk around space research moves past NASA’s monopoly on academic and cultural imaginations to discuss how Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin is making space "cool" again. This volume addresses the new rhetoric of space race and weaponization, with a focus on how the costs of potential conflict in space would discourage open conflict and enable global cooperation. It highlights the increasing dependence of the global economy on space research, its democratization, plunging costs of access, and growing economic potential of space-based assets. Thoughtful, nuanced, well-documented, this book is a must read for scholars and researchers of science and technology studies, space studies, political studies, sociology, environmental studies, and political economy. It will also be of much interest to policymakers, bureaucrats, think tanks, as well as the interested general reader looking for fresh perspectives on the future of space.
Privileged Goods: Commoditization and Its Impact on Environment and Society
by Jack P. MannoWhat are the obstacles in the way of effectively solving the environmental crises of our time? What can we do to overcome them? These may be two of the most important questions heading into the 21st century. Organized human societies have the ability to completely change the world. While we have excelled at building, destroying and rebuilding, we h
Privileged Hands: A Scientific Life
by Geerat VermeijHis fingers move across the surface of a shell, feeling the ridges and contours, searching for clues, gathering information unnoticed by the untrained eye. For Dr. Geerat Vermeij's fingers are his eyes. One of the most accomplished evolutionary biologists of our time and the world's leading authority on an ancient "arms race" among mollusks, Dr. Vermeij is blind.No ordinary autobiography, Privileged Hands is the story of Dr. Vermeij's challenge and triumph. What makes his story so compelling is how he sees and what his insights reveal about the wonder of life on planet Earth. His exhaustive research of ancient and living mollusks, particularly shells, is extraordinary in its scope and perspective about how species arm themselves, compete, and survive. This is an intriguing irony for someone whose incomparable story is characterized by an unfailing determination to thrive in a sighted world and in the world of science. For Dr. Vermeij's self-portrait is also a portrait of the practice of science--his views on evolution and biodiversity, and the importance of observation are as much the story as are his family relationships, education, and position on arritmative action.Privileged Hands is provocative and intelligent storytelling: it reveals as much about our own lives as it does about this one, remarkable, scientist's life." 'Uplifting' may smack of sentimentality, but Vermeij's life story surely is uplifting—and it contributes importantly to evolutionary science." - Kirkus Reviews
The Privileged Pincer-Metal Platform: Coordination Chemistry & Applications
by Gerard Van Koten Robert A GossageThe series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics in pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors.
The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery
by Guillermo Gonzalez Jay Wesley RichardsEarth. The Final FrontierContrary to popular belief, Earth is not an insignificant blip on the universe's radar. Our world proves anything but average in Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay W. Richards' The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery.But what exactly does Earth bring to the table? How does it prove its worth among numerous planets and constellations in the vastness of the Milky Way? In The Privileged Planet, you'll learn about the world's: life-sustaining capabilities water and its miraculous makeup protection by the planetary giantsAnd how our planet came into existence in the first place.rivileged Planet you will discover:Why the best scientific evidence refutes the misnamed Copernican Principle-the widely held idea that there is nothing special about Earth or its place in the universeWhy the sheer number and size of galaxies does not mean that Earth's capacity to sustain life is the result of blind chanceHow Earth is precisely positioned in the Milky Way-not only for life, but also to allow us to find answers to the greatest mysteries of the universeStriking ways in which water doesn't behave like most other liquids-and how each of its quirks makes it perfectly suited for the existence of creatures like usThe harmony of Earth and the Moon: how they work together to sustain Earthly life as one intricate system-and how that system produces the best solar eclipses where Earthly observers can see themHow Jupiter and Saturn protect Earth from cataclysmic destructionHow the laws and constants that govern the universe must be narrowly fine-tuned for the existence of any complex lifeThe Privileged Planet's astounding findings should lead any individual to reevaluate entrenched assumptions about the universe-and even to reconsider our very purpose on what so many have dismissed as nothing more than an accident of cosmic evolution.
Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery: Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis
by Larry YetA comprehensive guide to privileged structures and their application in the discovery of new drugs The use of privileged structures is a viable strategy in the discovery of new medicines at the lead optimization stages of the drug discovery process. Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery offers a comprehensive text that reviews privileged structures from the point of view of medicinal chemistry and contains the synthetic routes to these structures. In this text, the author—a noted expert in the field—includes an historical perspective on the topic, presents a practical compendium to privileged structures, and offers an informed perspective on the future direction for the field. The book describes the up-to-date and state-of-the-art methods of organic synthesis that describe the use of privileged structures that are of most interest. Chapters included information on benzodiazepines, 1,4-dihydropyridines, biaryls, 4-(hetero)arylpiperidines, spiropiperidines, 2-aminopyrimidines, 2-aminothiazoles, 2-(hetero)arylindoles, tetrahydroisoquinolines, 2,2-dimethylbenzopyrans, hydroxamates, and bicyclic pyridines containing ring-junction nitrogen as privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Numerous, illustrative case studies document the current use of the privileged structures in the discovery of drugs. This important volume: Describes the drug compounds that have successfully made it to the marketplace and the chemistry associated with them Offers the experience from an author who has worked in many therapeutic areas of medicinal chemistry Details many of the recent developments in organic chemistry that prepare target molecules Includes a wealth of medicinal chemistry case studies that clearly illustrate the use of privileged structures Designed for use by industrial medicinal chemists and process chemists, academic organic and medicinal chemists, as well as chemistry students and faculty, Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery offers a current guide to organic synthesis methods to access the privileged structures of interest, and contains medicinal chemistry case studies that document their application.
Pro Evo
by Tomotom StiftungThe author (1911-2001) studied first agriculture and then economics. He had a successful career as a business man and business consultant. In search of the origin and meaning of existence, he discovered of it. in the 1950's a new, simple and reliable guideline for human thought and action. This guideline is oriented on cosmic evolution. Scientists have termed it the "evolutionary ethic". The author, beginning in 1971, published books about his discovery under his own name and pseudonyms. The titles included Lebensrichtig, Age of Joy, On the Side of Life, Zeitalter der Freude and Pro-Evo. The editions now available are Pro-Evo in German and this English translation
Pro-Poor Strategies in Urban Water Provisioning: What Kenyan Water Utilities Do and Why They Do It (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Akosua Sarpong Boakye-AnsahWater utilities are the main instrument for countries to achieve universal service coverage. In pursuing universal service coverage, water utilities have turned to pro-poor water services to extend water services in low-income areas. This thesis discusses the use of pro-poor water services by water utilities in Kenya, with the intention of highlighting the dimensions of the approach that require attention of policy makers and practitioners when engaging with the concept. Based on the analysis of the technologies, financial and organisational arrangements associated with the pro-poor concept, this thesis shows that the use of pro-poor strategies allows water utilities to reduce the risks of servicing low-income areas while still claiming to fulfil their mandate of providing access to all in a commercially viable manner. The analysis also shows that rather than a decision of the water utility, the choice for pro-poor strategies emerges as the result of a consensus or compromise between the different actors that constitute the broader institutional environment in which water utilities operate. The thesis concludes that while pro-poor water services may serve the interests of water utilities and other stakeholders, in the absence of well-directed subsidies and proper monitoring they will not result in low-income households benefiting from more affordable and reliable access to water.
Probabilistic Cellular Automata: Theory, Applications And Future Perspectives (Emergence, Complexity And Computation Ser. #27)
by Pierre-Yves Louis Francesca R. NardiThis book explores Probabilistic Cellular Automata (PCA) from the perspectives of statistical mechanics, probability theory, computational biology and computer science. PCA are extensions of the well-known Cellular Automata models of complex systems, characterized by random updating rules. Thanks to their probabilistic component, PCA offer flexible computing tools for complex numerical constructions, and realistic simulation tools for phenomena driven by interactions among a large number of neighboring structures. PCA are currently being used in various fields, ranging from pure probability to the social sciences and including a wealth of scientific and technological applications. This situation has produced a highly diversified pool of theoreticians, developers and practitioners whose interaction is highly desirable but can be hampered by differences in jargon and focus. This book – just as the workshop on which it is based – is an attempt to overcome these difference and foster interest among newcomers and interaction between practitioners from different fields. It is not intended as a treatise, but rather as a gentle introduction to the role and relevance of PCA technology, illustrated with a number of applications in probability, statistical mechanics, computer science, the natural sciences and dynamical systems. As such, it will be of interest to students and non-specialists looking to enter the field and to explore its challenges and open issues.
A Probabilistic Model of the Genotype/Phenotype Relationship: Does Life Play the Dice?
by Jean-Pierre HugotA Probabilistic Model of the Genotype/Phenotype Relationship provides a new hypothesis on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The main idea of the book is that this relationship is probabilistic, in other words, the genotype does not fully explain the phenotype. This idea is developed and discussed using the current knowledge on complex genetic diseases, phenotypic plasticity, canalization and others.