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Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 5: Degradation and Rehabilitation
by Christian ValentinOne third of the world's soils have already been degraded. The burden on the land continues to grow under the combined pressures of demography, urbanization, artificialization and mining, and there are increased demands on agricultural land: changing dietary preferences, land speculation, as well as new demands for agroenergy, fiber, green chemistry, and more. Resulting issues such as soil crusting, water and wind erosion, soil salinization and soil acidity therefore constitute a major threat. The authors of this book present the main processes and factors of soil degradation, different ways to prevent it and methods of rehabilitation. The book also deals with the origin and processes of metallic and organic soil pollution as well as methods of phytoremediation and restoration. It is one of the few books to explore the issue of soil artificialization and urban soil management and to highlight how agricultural and urban waste can be used to amend and fertilize cultivated soils.
Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 6: Ecology
by Philippe Lemanceau Manuel BlouinSoils are environments where a myriad of different organisms evolve, determining a series of functions which translate into ecosystem services that are essential for humanity. Improving our understanding of these organisms, their biodiversity and their interactions with each other, as well as with the environment, represents a major challenge. Soil ecology has its roots in natural history. The ecological approach focused on soils is notable for integrating, at least partially, the contributions of soil sciences (physics, chemistry, biochemistry). By renewing methods of observation and analysis (especially molecular ones) and through the development of experimental approaches and modeling, an ecology connected with other soil-based disciplines emerges and begins to influence aboveground ecology. Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 6 presents an updated vision of knowledge and research in soil ecology as a complex system from the best French specialists.
Soils in Natural Landscapes
by Earl B. AlexanderIn any complete investigation of terrestrial ecosystems, rocks and soils must be considered. Soils are essential resources, providing water and nutrients for vascular plants, and mitigating the flow of water from the land. In addition, soil diversity is critical for biotic diversity. While there are many references on the agricultural perspective o
Soils in Waste Treatment and Utilization: Volume I: Land Treatment
by W.H. FullerIn these books, we bring together and correlate recent information known to have a prominent influence on the rate of movement of pollutants from wastes and their leachates in the soil. The emphasis is on those characteristics most amenable to modification and their management, such that secure and rational choices of disposal can be made. Identification of limits of the state of the art are carefully defined. This book presents five distinct but related subject matter sections. The first topic relates to soil as a natural system to prepare the reader with a basic knowledge of soil properties as they must become involved in waste management at the disposal facility. The soil, its depth-profile, and certain characteristics are identified and described.
Soils in Waste Treatment and Utilization: Volume II: Pollutant Containment, Monitoring, and Closure
by W.H. FullerIn these books, we bring together and correlate recent information known to have a prominent influence on the rate of movement of pollutants from wastes and their leachates in the soil. The emphasis is on those characteristics most amenable to modification and their management, such that secure and rational choices of disposal can be made. Identification of limits of the state of the art are carefully defined. This book presents five distinct but related subject matter sections. The first topic relates to soil as a natural system to prepare the reader with a basic knowledge of soil properties as they must become involved in waste management at the disposal facility. The soil, its depth-profile, and certain characteristics are identified and described.
Soils in the Humid Tropics and Monsoon Region of Indonesia (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment)
by Kim H. TanHighlighting the vast differences in tropical climate, from hot and humid to cool and arctic, Soils in the Humid Tropics and Monsoon Region of Indonesia explores the climate, soil zones, and altitudinal variation in soil formation. The author explores the changes in geomorphology, especially in climate and vegetation above sea level, that ha
Soils of Malaysia
by Muhammad Ashraf Radziah Othman Che IshakThere are approximately 500 different soil varieties in Malaysia, most is residual soil and coastal alluvial soil. This book presents a comprehensive overview of various aspects of soils in Malaysia. It covers topics including climate; flora and fauna; geology and hydrology; land use changes for agriculture; soil fertility; human-induced soil degradation; and soil contamination sources. It features information on the role of biological, chemical, mechanical, and physical factors in relation to soil properties. The book highlights land use impact, soil problems arising from contamination and its control methods, the management of problem soils, limiting materials as well as future soil issues. The presentation of different soils in Malaysia is organized through chapters based on two major soil groups (a) the sedentary soils formed in the interior on a wide range of rock types, and (b) the soils of the coastal alluvial plains. The book features information on how these various soil types affect the economy of the country and highlights the soil issues and challenges within the context of sustainable agriculture. Useful to graduate students of soil science, professionals, and agriculturalists, it provides extensive knowledge of agriculture soils in Malaysia in a concise and user-friendly manner.
Soils, Plants and Clay Minerals
by Pierre Barré Pierre VeldeThis book considers the inter-relations between plants and minerals in an entirely new way, in that it introduces the notion of eco-engineering: i.e. the manipulation of the mineral world by the living world to the ends of the living world. These inter-relations are the basis for traditional agriculture and should be the basis for new, ecologically oriented land management disciplines, including agriculture itself. These relations also have an impact on surface geochemistry and determine pollution problems. A better understanding of this concept will lead to a renewed consideration of surface environmental problems.
Soils, Rocks, and Landforms
by Lawrence Hall of Science University of California at BerkeleyNIMAC-sourced textbook
Soils, Rocks, and Landforms
by Lawrence Hall of Science University of California at BerkeleyNIMAC-sourced textbook
Soils, Rocks, and Landforms (FOSS Science Resources)
by Delta EducationSoils and Weathering, Land forms, Mapping Earth's Surface, Natural Resources.
Soils: A New Global View
by Thomas Ronal PatonOffers a perspective on soils as earth materials, which establishes a pedological hierarchy of materials, processes and factors, and their rationalization in terms of plate tectonics. The book should interest soil and earth scientists.
Sokrates und die Künstliche Intelligenz Talos: Ein Dialog über die Unzulänglichkeiten algorithmischer Vernunft
by Kyriakos SidiropoulosDas Sachbuch stellt die Debatte über künstliche Intelligenz in einen philosophischen Rahmen und nutzt dabei den Dialog als narrative Form. Im heutigen Athen stellen Sokrates und seine Schüler Platon und Aristoteles einem fiktiven KI-System namens Talos eine Reihe von Fragen, die die Grenzen des menschlichen und maschinellen Denkens ausloten. Der Dialog lädt zur Reflexion über grundlegende Themen wie die Natur des Wissens, des Bewusstseins, der Ethik und der menschlichen und maschinellen Autonomie ein. Das Buch bietet nicht nur Einblicke in die Chancen und Herausforderungen intelligenter Maschinen, sondern regt auch zur kritischen Diskussion über die ethischen und praktischen Konsequenzen ihrer Entwicklung an. Ein inspirierender Beitrag für alle, die philosophische und gesellschaftliche Fragen der künstlichen Intelligenz besser verstehen und mitdiskutieren möchten.
Sol-Gel Materials: Chemistry and Applications (Advanced Chemistry Texts)
by John D. Wright Nico A.J.M. SommerdijkSol-Gel processing methods, first used historically for decorative and constructional materials, were extensively developed in the last century for applications such as glasses, ceramics, catalysts, coatings, composites and fibres. Today they are reaching their full potential, enabling the preparation of new generations of advanced materials not easily accessible by other methods yet using mild, low-energy conditions. The topic is therefore increasingly included in advanced undergraduate, MSc and PhD programmes in the areas of chemistry, physics and materials science. This concise introductory text, written at the advanced undergraduate/first-year postgraduate level, is also suitable as an introduction to the development, mechanisms, chemistry, characterisation methods and applications of the technique. It provides readers with an extensive yet concise grounding in the theory of each area of the subject and details the real and potential applications and the future prospects of sol-gel chemistry.
Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy
by Lisa C. Klein Andrei Jitianu Mario AparicioSol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy is a comprehensive source of information on the use of sol-gel processing in materials in energy systems, conversion, storage, and generation. The volume editors include numerous applications, primarily in nuclear fuel processing, electrolytes for fuel cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In addition to examining contemporary processing, properties, and industrial applications, "Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy" identifies materials challenges presented by conventional and alternative energy generation that require new materials and innovative processing. Each chapter is written by an internationally respected researcher. The book provides a state-of-the-art treatment of different aspects of materials for energy production, with a focus on processing, and covers related topics such as carbon sequestration, clean energy, and biofuels.
Solanum tuberosum: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2354)
by Kristina Gruden David Dobnik Živa Ramšak Anna CollThis volume offers a comprehensive collection of experimental approaches to study Solanum tuberosum (potato). Chapters are divided into five sections covering a general overview of potato, the research fields of molecular biology, omics approaches, and bioinformatics, and finally, the application of the generated knowledge for crop improvement. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each wet-lab chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and practical, Solanum tuberosum: Methods and Protocols aims to provide a collection of methods for the potato research community that will enable scientists gain insight into the world of the potato.Chapter 2 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Solar Based Hydrogen Production Systems
by Ibrahim Dincer Anand S. JoshiThis book provides a comprehensive analysis of various solar based hydrogen production systems. The book covers first-law (energy based) and second-law (exergy based) efficiencies and provides a comprehensive understanding of their implications. It will help minimize the widespread misuse of efficiencies among students and researchers in energy field by using an intuitive and unified approach for defining efficiencies. The book gives a clear understanding of the sustainability and environmental impact analysis of the above systems. The book will be particularly useful for a clear understanding of second law (exergy) efficiencies for various systems. It may serve as a reference book to the researchers in energy field. The definitions and concepts developed in the book will be explained through illustrative examples.
Solar Buildings and Neighborhoods: Design Considerations for High Energy Performance (Green Energy and Technology)
by Caroline Hachem-VermetteThis book presents the main principles for designing buildings and neighborhoods with increased potential to capture and utilize solar energy. It discusses practical issues in the design of the built environment and their impact on energy performance; and a range of design considerations, from building components (e.g. the building envelope) to urban planning issues (e.g. density and street layouts). In addition to design guidelines on how to increase buildings’ potential to capture solar energy, the book provides creative tips to increase the aesthetic value of solar technology integration in buildings. Helping readers plan energy-efficient buildings with innovative building envelope technologies, and to understand the impact of early-stage design considerations on the energy performance of buildings and communities, the book offers a valuable source of information for building professionals, including architects, engineers, and urban planners. It can also serve as a reference guide for academics and students of energy efficiency in buildings and urban planning.
Solar Cataclysm: How the Sun Shaped the Past and What We Can Do to Save Our Future
by Lawrence E. JosephScience journalist and futurist Lawrence Joseph has studied the unprecedented solar storms since the last ice age and in Solar Cataclysm he reveals the monumental ecological, biological, emotional, political, financial, and cultural effects they have had in the past, and will ultimately have on humanity’s future. This timely, fascinating, and relevant book from the bestselling author of Apocalypse 2012 sounds an intelligent and urgent warning about the possible catastrophic consequences we will face in the coming years if we don’t listen to what the sun is trying to tell us. Popular science fans who made The World Without Us a runaway bestseller, readers open to new angles on history like those presented in Guns, Germs, and Steel, and anyone who is concerned about tomorrow and what we can do to ensure humankind’s survival must read Solar Cataclysm.
Solar Cells and Modules (Springer Series in Materials Science #301)
by Arvind ShahThis book gives a comprehensive introduction to the field of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules. In thirteen chapters, it addresses a wide range of topics including the spectrum of light received by PV devices, the basic functioning of a solar cell, and the physical factors limiting the efficiency of solar cells. It places particular emphasis on crystalline silicon solar cells and modules, which constitute today more than 90 % of all modules sold worldwide. Describing in great detail both the manufacturing process and resulting module performance, the book also touches on the newest developments in this sector, such as Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCON) and heterojunction modules, while dedicating a major chapter to general questions of module design and fabrication. Overall, it presents the essential theoretical and practical concepts of PV solar cells and modules in an easy-to-understand manner and discusses current challenges facing the global research and development community.
Solar Cells: Types and Applications
by Sandeep Arya Prerna MahajanThis book highlights developments in the field of solar cells. The chapters in this book address a wide range of topics including the spectrum of light received by solar cell devices, the basic functioning of a solar cell, and the evolution of solar cell technology during the last 50 years. It places particular emphasis on silicon solar cells, CIGS-based solar cells, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells and hybrid solar cells. The book describes in detail the fabrication processes employed for different categories of solar cells. It also provides the characterization techniques utilized in this sector to evaluate the performance of solar cells and the scope of this domain in the future. Overall, it presents the essential theoretical and practical concepts of solar cells in an easy-to-understand manner.
Solar Cooling: The Earthscan Expert Guide to Solar Cooling Systems (Earthscan Expert)
by Paul Kohlenbach Uli JakobCooling buildings is a major global energy consumer and the energy requirement is growing year by year. This guide to solar cooling technology explains all you need to know about how solar energy can be converted into cooling energy. It outlines the difference between heat-driven and photovoltaic-driven systems and gives examples of both, making clear in what situations solar cooling technology makes sense. It includes chapters on: • solar thermal collectors • solar cooling technologies • cold distribution • storage components • designing and sizing • installation, operation and maintenance • economic feasibility • potential markets • case studies. Solar Cooling is for engineers, architects, consultancies, solar thermal technology companies, students and anyone who is interested in getting involved with this technology.
Solar Cosmic Rays
by Leonty MiroshnichenkoPresents a comprehensive approach to the open questions in solar cosmic ray research and includes consistent and detailed considerations of conceptual, observational, theoretical, experimental and applied aspects of the field. The results of solar cosmic ray (SCR) investigations from 1942 to the present are summarized in this book. It treats the research questions in a self-contained form in all of its associations, from fundamental astrophysical aspects to geophysical, aeronautical and cosmonautical applications. A large amount of new data is included, which has been accumulated during the last several decades of space research. This second edition contains numerous updates and corrections to the text, figures and references. The author has also added several new sections about GLEs and radiation hazards. In addition, an extensive bibliography is provided, which covers non-partially the main achievements and failures in the field. This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers in solar physics and space science.
Solar Energetic Particles: A Modern Primer on Understanding Sources, Acceleration and Propagation (Lecture Notes in Physics #978)
by Donald V. ReamesThis open access book serves as a concise primer introducing the non-specialist reader to the physics of solar energetic particles (SEP). It systematically reviews the evidence for the two main mechanisms which lead to the so-called impulsive and gradual SEP events. This second edition contains two completely new chapters discussing element abundances and shock waves, reflecting new theoretical, modeling, and observational results. Existing chapters have been substantially expanded or updated with additions placed in a broader context.More specifically, the author discusses the timing of the onsets of SEPs, their longitude distributions, their high-energy spectral shapes, their correlations with other solar phenomena, as well as the all-important elemental and isotopic abundances. The book relates impulsive SEP events to magnetic reconnection in solar flares and jets. The concept of shock acceleration by scattering on self-amplified Alfvén waves is introduced, as is the evidence of reacceleration of impulsive-SEP material in the seed population accessed by the shocks in gradual events. The text then develops processes of transport of ions out to an observer. Finally, a technique to determine the source plasma temperature in both impulsive and gradual events is demonstrated.The author also mentions the role of SEP events as a radiation hazard in space and briefly discusses the nature of the main particle telescope designs that have contributed to most of the SEP measurements.