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Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production
by Teogenes Senna de Oliveira Richard Willian BellThis book will address the major subsoil physical and chemical constraints and their implications to crop production; Plant growth is often restricted by adverse physical and chemical properties of subsoils yet these limitations are not revealed by testing surface soils and hence their significance in crop management is often overlooked. The major constraints can be physical or chemical. Physical limitations such as poor/nil subsoil structure, sandy subsoils that do not provide adequate water or gravelly subsoils and, etc. On the other hand, chemical constraints include acidity/alkalinity, high extractable Al or Mn, low nutrient availability, salts, boron toxicity and pyritic subsoils. Some of these constraints are inherent properties of the soil profile while others are induced by crop and soil management practices. This aim of this book is to define the constraints and discuss amelioration practices and benefits for crop production. This book will be of interest to readers involved with agriculture and soil sciences in laboratory, applied or classroom settings.
Subsoil Monitoring at Nuclear Industry Enterprises: Foundations and Case Studies (SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science)
by Mark Glinsky Vladimir Vetrov Alexander Abramov Leonid ChertkovThis book is the first comprehensive review of the subsurface monitoring theory and practice. It presents all aspects of a subsurface monitoring system SM-NI to be organized in impacted areas of nuclear industry enterprises. The content of the book covers the whole set of the SM-NI projecting and implementation issues – from the theoretical and regulatory framework, through the description of the sources of impact on geological environment to examples of use the SM-NI to solve environmental problems on the main types of environmentally significant nuclear industry enterprises. Development of the SM-NI was based on long-term research studies including modeling of pollutants transport in the geological environment.The book is intended for a wide range of nuclear industry employees and specialists in environment protection and radiation safety of nuclear industry enterprises. It might be useful for ecologists, students and postgraduates concerned about environment protection in the field of nuclear technology
Subsonic Combustion Ramjet Design (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Antonella IngenitoThis book presents a step-by-step methodology for the design of ramjet engines. It explores ramjet combustion, provides guidelines on how to size the engines, and discusses performance analysis. The book begins with an introduction to ramjet design, including fundamental definitions in the field. It then discusses ramjet engine performance, and fuels which can be used. Several types of ramjet engines are then explored, and guidelines for their design are presented, including flame holders, injectors, and combustors. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of the types of materials which should be used for ramjet engines. This book is of interest to engine designers and engineers, researchers, and graduate students, as it collates research in a succinct, clear guide to the issue of designing ramjet engines.
Substation Automation Systems
by Evelio PadillaSubstation Automation Systems: Design and Implementation aims to close the gap created by fast changing technologies impacting on a series of legacy principles related to how substation secondary systems are conceived and implemented. It is intended to help those who have to define and implement SAS, whilst also conforming to the current industry best practice standards. Key features: Project-oriented approach to all practical aspects of SAS design and project development. Uniquely focusses on the rapidly changing control aspect of substation design, using novel communication technologies and IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices). Covers the complete chain of SAS components and related equipment instead of purely concentrating on intelligent electronic devices and communication networks. Discusses control and monitoring facilities for auxiliary power systems. Contributes significantly to the understanding of the standard IEC 61850, which is viewed as a "black box" for a significant number of professionals around the world. Explains standard IEC 61850 - Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - to support all new systems networked to perform control, monitoring, automation, metering and protection functions. Written for practical application, this book is a valuable resource for professionals operating within different SAS project stages including the: specification process; contracting process; design and engineering process; integration process; testing process and the operation and maintenance process.
Substrat- und Textilbeschichtung: Praxiswissen für Beschichtungs- und Kaschiertechnologien (VDI-Buch)
by Andreas GiessmannDas Buch liefert einen Überblick über Verfahren und Technologien der Beschichtungs- und Kaschierindustrie, die insbesondere bei der Herstellung technischer Textilien zum Einsatz kommen. Der Autor behandelt unterschiedliche Substrate und Beschichtungsmassen, die Verfahrenstechnik sowie Anlagen und Anlagenkomponenten. In der 2. Auflage werden neue, verbesserte Trocknungssysteme sowie die Beschichtung medizinischer Produkte beschrieben. Ferner wurde die aktuelle Auflage um ein Kapitel zur Anwendung von Plastisolen und Additiven ergänzt.
Substrat- und Textilbeschichtung
by Andreas GiessmannDas Buch liefert einen Überblick über Verfahren und Technologien der Beschichtungs- und Kaschierindustrie, die insbesondere bei der Herstellung technischer Textilien zum Einsatz kommen. Der Autor behandelt unterschiedliche Substrate und Beschichtungsmassen, die Verfahrenstechnik sowie Anlagen und Anlagenkomponenten. In der 2. Auflage werden neue, verbesserte Trocknungssysteme sowie die Beschichtung medizinischer Produkte beschrieben. Ferner wurde die aktuelle Auflage um ein Kapitel zur Anwendung von Plastisolen und Additiven ergänzt.
Substrate Analysis for Effective Biofuels Production (Clean Energy Production Technologies)
by P. K. Mishra Vijai Kumar Gupta Neha Srivastava Manish SrivastavaAs a substrate, cellulose plays a crucial role in the biomass-based biofuel production process, and is essential to enzyme and sugar production. Accordingly, ensuring maximum availability of cellulose for enzyme production and bioconversion for sugar generation is one of the major challenges for sustainable biofuels production. To date there has been extensive research on biofuel production using lignocellulosic biomass, but there is a huge gap when it comes to the critical analysis of cellulose content, structural feasibility, availability, and economic processing, so that it can be converted for enzyme and fuel production at low cost.Consequently, this book discusses the availability of lignocellulosic substrate for biofuel production in light of the challenges that the biofuels industry is currently facing. After identifying the major substrate selection challenges for the practical biofuel production process, the book addresses said challenges by focusing on various issues such as: potential substrates that have high cellulosic content, structural feasibility, and low-cost & effective processing to remedy the structural complexity of biomass structure and create added value. In addition, it covers recent advancements in cellulase production and outlines future prospects.Given its scope, it offers a valuable guide for research students and industry practitioners alike.
Substructuring in Engineering Dynamics: Emerging Numerical and Experimental Techniques (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #594)
by Matthew S. Allen Daniel Rixen Maarten van der Seijs Paolo Tiso Thomas Abrahamsson Randall L. MayesThis book reviews the most common state-of-the art methods for substructuring and model reduction and presents a framework that encompasses most method, highlighting their similarities and differences. For example, popular methods such as Component Mode Synthesis, Hurty/Craig-Bampton, and the Rubin methods, which are popular within finite element software, are reviewed. Similarly, experimental-to-analytical substructuring methods such as impedance/frequency response based substructuring, modal substructuring and the transmission simulator method are presented. The overarching mathematical concepts are reviewed, as well as practical details needed to implement the methods. Various examples are presented to elucidate the methods, ranging from academic examples such as spring-mass systems, which serve to clarify the concepts, to real industrial case studies involving automotive and aerospace structures. The wealth of examples presented reveal both the potential and limitations of the methods.
Subsurface Contamination Monitoring Using Laser Fluorescence (Aatdf Monograph Ser.)
by C. H. Ward Katharine Balshaw-Biddle Carroll L. OubreWhile innovative technologies in remediation need to be developed, so do innovative ways of site assessment. This monograph describes the development, testing, and performance of a new laser-induced fluorescence soil probe. A screening tool for site characterization, this probe has the potential to provide an economical, rapid assessment of contaminated sites.Cone Penetrometer testing equipment advances the probe into the subsurface. The probe identifies hydrocarbon classes using a multi-channel excitation-emission matrix. This technique facilitates the collection of significant amounts of subsurface information - surpassing conventional data collection methods - that can be used to rapidly identify areas of concern beneath a site. The technology has significant application for the following:Rapid environmental site assessmentMonitoring remediation programsMonitoring manufacturing processes and industrial waste water operationsSubsurface Contamination Monitoring Using Laser Fluorescence provides comprehensive reference material for researchers and engineers as well as engineering consultants interested in subsurface monitoring techniques or further development of this technology. It describes innovative technology that focuses on finding cost effective solutions for site assessment and remediation.
Subsurface Solute Transport Models and Case Histories
by Vyacheslav G. RumyninThe book addresses the development of the basic knowledge of the subsurface solute transfer with a particular emphasis on field data collection and analysis coupled with modeling (analytical and numerical) tool application. The relevant theoretical developments are concerned mainly with the formulation and solution of deterministic mass-transport equations for a wide range of engineering issues in groundwater quality assessment and forecasting. The book gives many computational examples and case studies drawn from the conducted field investigations. The analyzed problems are as follows: investigation and prediction of groundwater contamination by industrial contaminants and solutions (radionuclides, chloride and nitrate brine) with special focus on the effect of (a) aquifer heterogeneity, anisotropy, and dual porosity, (b) density contrast existing between industrial waste and groundwater, or in density-stratified artesian and coastal groundwater systems; (c) physicochemical interactions that play a major role in retarding (e.g. adsorption) or enhancing (e.g. interactions between dissolved species and mobile colloids) contaminant transport;prediction of the effects of pumping on groundwater quality at wellfields;groundwater dating using stable and radioactive isotopes for prediction and assessment of contamination potential;field and laboratory tests' design and analysis, and monitoring data interpretation;partitioning of surface and subsurface flows using isotope techniques.One of the most essential topics addressed in the book is the migration and fate of radionuclides. Model development is motivated by field data analysis from a number of radioactively contaminated sites in the Russian Federation: near-surface radioactive waste disposal sites and deep-well radioactive waste injection sites. They play a unique role in the advancement of knowledge of the subsurface behavior and fate of many hazardous radionuclides and can be considered as field-scale laboratories. Thus, the book, along with theoretical findings, contains field information, which will facilitate the understanding of subsurface solute transport and the development of a methodology for practical applications to groundwater hydrology.
Subsurface Transport and Fate Processes
by Robert C. KnoxThis book represents the first comprehensive reference volume available on subsurface transport and fate processes. The volume is organized into four sections covering the basics of contaminant properties and how they affect transport and fate, the fundamental processes affecting subsurface transport and fate of contaminants, applications of transport and fate information to various contaminant types, and utilization of transport and fate information for predicting contaminant behavior. Specific topics such as traditional hydrodynamic processes of advection and dispersion, facilitated transport and contaminant flushing, and individual ground water contaminants are also explored in detail. Subsurface Transport and Fate Processes is ideal for environmental and ground water consultants, regulatory agency personnel, and educators in geology, hydrogeology, civil engineering, and environmental engineering.
Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen
by Cesar OvallesHeavy crude oils and bitumen represent more than 50% of all hydrocarbons available on the planet. These feedstocks have a low amount of distillable material and high level of contaminants that makes their production, transportation, and refining difficult and costly by conventional technologies. Subsurface upgrading of heavy crude oils and bitumen is of interest to the petroleum industry mainly because of the advantages compared to aboveground counterparts. This book presents an “in depth” account and a critical review of the progress of industry and academia in the area of subsurface upgrading of heavy, extra-heavy oils and bitumen, as reported in the patent and open literature.
Subtelomeres
by Edward J. Louis Marion M. BeckerNew genes and diversity leading to adaptation and evolution are generated in special areas of genomes. One such area in all eukaryotic genomes and in those prokaryotes with linear chromosomes is the region near the ends of the chromosomes. These telomere-associated sequences or subtelomeres, have different properties than the rest of the genome and are one of the most exciting frontiers left in genomics. This book provides a broad introduction to the field of subtelomeres with detailed information from various fields and systems, covering yeasts and fungi, pathogens and parasites, plants, insects, humans and primates and bacteria with linear chromosomes. Advances in the field as well as continuing challenges are discussed throughout. The mosaic nature of this collection and the everchanging perspectives reflect the nature of subtelomeres themselves. Unlike the core of most genomes, which are conserved and stable over time, subtelomeres are dynamic and polymorphic, so much so that generally no two individuals look alike in these regions. The dynamic nature of the region and the ability to change the copy number, generate diversity and try novel combinations make it the evolutionary tinker's toolbox. In many organisms the genes found in the region are involved in dealing with the environment. In yeasts, different gene families involved in sugar metabolism as well as clumping together are found in subtelomeres and differences in the region may be the reason why some strains are good for baking, others for brewing and why some are pathogenic. In fungal plant and animal pathogens, many of the genes involved in virulence are found here. In humans and primates there are a number of gene families that vary between ends, for example the diverse olfactory receptor genes. Even in bacterial linear chromosomes the region contains genes involved in adapting to their environments. Perhaps the ultimate use of these regions is in parasites where they rapidly adapt and escape from host immune systems through dynamic changes to the proteins exposed to the host's defenses. Such dynamic, polymorphic structures are also found in plants and insects though it is not always clear what the function might be; in some cases they take on the role of end maintenance. The dynamic, polymorphic nature of subtelomeres, where many ends share segmental duplications, is an exciting area for study but also presents a difficult challenge from the technical perspective.
Subtle Agroecologies: Farming With the Hidden Half of Nature (Advances in Agroecology)
by Julia Wright Nicholas ParrottThis book is about the invisible or subtle nature of food and farming, and also about the nature of existence. Everything that we know (and do not know) about the physical world has a subtle counterpart which has been scarcely considered in modernist farming practice and research. If you think this book isn’t for you, if it appears more important to attend to the pressing physical challenges the world is facing before having the luxury of turning to such subtleties, then think again. For it could be precisely this worldview – the one prioritises the physical-material dimension of reality - that helped get us into this situation in the first place. Perhaps we need a different worldview to get us out? This book makes a foundational contribution to the discipline of Subtle Agroecologies, a nexus of indigenous epistemologies, multidisciplinary advances in wave-based and ethereal studies, and the science of sustainable agriculture. Not a farming system in itself, Subtle Agroecologies superimposes a non-material dimension upon existing, materially-based agroecological farming systems. Bringing together 43 authors from 12 countries and five continents, from the natural and social sciences as well as the arts and humanities, this multi-contributed book introduces the discipline, explaining its relevance and potential contribution to the field of Agroecology. Research into Subtle Agroecologies may be described as the systematic study of the nature of the invisible world as it relates to the practice of agriculture, and to do this through adapting and innovating with research methods, in particular with those of a more embodied nature, with the overall purpose of bringing and maintaining balance and harmony. Such research is an open-minded inquiry, its grounding being the lived experiences of humans working on, and with, the land over several thousand years to the present. By reclaiming and reinterpreting the perennial relationship between humans and nature, the implications would revolutionise agriculture, heralding a new wave of more sustainable farming techniques, changing our whole relationship with nature to one of real collaboration rather than control, and ultimately transforming ourselves.
A Subtle Balance: Expertise, Evidence, and Democracy in Public Policy Governance, 1970-2010
by Edward A. ParsonFrom the Asian tsunami of 2004 to hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Tohoku earthquake of 2011, our century has been fraught with catastrophic natural disasters. Disaster Risk and Vulnerability assesses the human toll and economic losses of natural disasters and reasserts the importance of human collaboration and organization in disaster management. In most cases, policy makers, planners, managers, and regulators who implement disaster risk reduction response planning and management strategies remain detached from local conditions, failing to address them effectively. Presenting case studies from Asia and North America, as well as a broad range of approaches to community mobilization and partnership development, contributors show that local communities, all levels of government, and non-governmental organizations must work collectively in order to reduce the harm caused by disasters. Despite unprecedented progress in science and technology and governments' continued efforts in disaster risk reduction, socioeconomic losses due to environmental disasters continue to rise. Disaster Risk and Vulnerability provides knowledge and information that will benefit anyone working in the fields of environment, disasters, and community mobilization in an effort to reverse this trend.
The Subtle Beast: Snakes, From Myth to Medicine
by Andre MenezThe Subtle Beast: Snakes, from Myth to Medicine introduces you to the complex and absorbing world of these mysterious creatures. Each of the fourteen chapters in this volume can be read independently, but read together they trace a fascinating journey from the macroscopic features of snakes to the molecular description of their venom components. <B
Subtract: The Untapped Science of Less
by Leidy KlotzBlending evidence across science and design, Subtract: The Untapped Science of Less offers a revolution in problem-solving: proving why we overlook subtraction, and how we can access its true potentialWe pile on “to-dos” but don’t consider “stop-doings.” We create incentives for good behavior, but don’t get rid of obstacles to it. We collect new-and-improved ideas, but don’t prune the outdated ones. Every day, across challenges big and small, we neglect a basic way to make things better: we don’t subtract.Leidy Klotz’s pioneering research shows why. Whether we’re building Lego models or cities, grilled-cheese sandwiches or strategic plans, our minds tend to add before taking away. Even when we do think of it, subtraction can be harder to pull off because an array of biological, cultural, and economic forces push us towards more. But we have a choice—our blind spot need not go on taking its toll on our cities, our institutions, and our minds. By diagnosing our neglect of subtraction, we can treat it. Subtract will change how you change your world. In these pages you’ll meet subtracting exemplars: design geniuses, Nobel Prize-winners, rock-stars, and everyday heroes, who have subtracted to dismantle racism, advance knowledge, heal the planet, and even tell better jokes. These and more guiding lights show how we can revolutionize not just our day-to-day lives, but our collective legacy. A paradigm shift of a book, Subtract shows us how to find more of the options we’ve been missing—and empowers us to pursue them.
Subtropical Mountain Forests of Las Yungas: Vegetation and Bioclimate (Geobotany Studies)
by Gabriela S. Entrocassi Rosario G. Gavilán Daniel Sánchez-MataThe vegetation addressed in this book is, biologically, one of the most diverse on Earth, with many characteristic taxa offering refuge and food sources for many resident and migratory animals. Yet the forests of Las Yungas remain poorly known from a floristic and vegetation point of view. This book seeks to fill that gap by studying the distribution of forest along an altitudinal but also a bioclimatic gradient. The richness in species demonstrates that these forests are substantially more diverse than other subtropical mountain woodlands. 103 diagnostic (characteristic or indicator) species were selected, of which 29 are dominant, 67 are exclusive, selective, preferential or differential, and 7 are stenoic. In addition, 13 communities were identified and characterized. These forests can be attributed to the Bolivian-Tucuman biogeographical province (South-Andean Region, Neotropical Sub-Kingdom). They are seasonal, semi-deciduous or evergreen micro- and mesowoodlands growing on foothills, hillsides, ravines, gorges and the edges of mountain ranges (terrestrial communities), as well as river terraces and beaches (riparian communities). Thanks to the range of new findings, the content presented here will benefit experts in related fields such as geographers, ecologists and botanists, but also teachers, nature guides, those involved in the management of forest or conservation areas, and policymakers.
The Subtropical Vegetation of Southwestern China
by Cindy Q. TangThis book provides a wealth of high-quality scientific information on the patterns and processes of vegetation change across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, concentrating on Southwestern China, mostly on the Yunnan region, and extending to the Yangtze River valley near the boundaries separating Chongqing, Sichuan and Guizhou.
The Suburban Apartment Boom: Case Study of a Land Use Problem (Routledge Revivals)
by Max NeutzeWith an increase in urban crises arising from a growing population and rising affluence, and the inadequacy of conventional theories to predict the future states of the environment, Resources for the Future laid out a series of studies on the resource base of the urban environment. Originally published in 1968, this particular study examines the increase of apartment construction in the suburb including the extent of construction and the factors behind construction such as population demographics, highway construction and national and local land use policy. Neutze makes comparisons of U.S. metropolitan areas to draw conclusions on new policies which the government should consider in relation to the urban land market. This title will be of interest to students of Environmental Studies.
Suburban Safari
by Hannah HolmesA scientist spends a year in the (suburban) jungle, providing us an intimate look at the critters in our very backyards.
The Suburban Squeeze: Land Conversion and Regulation in the San Francisco Bay Area (California Series in Urban Development)
by David E. DowallThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1984.
Subversion, Conversion, Development
by James Leach Lee WilsonThis book explores alternative cultural encounters with and around information technologies. These encounters are alternative because they counter dominant, Western-oriented notions of media consumption; they include media practices as forms of cultural resistance and subversion, "DIY cultures," and other nonmainstream models of technology production. The contributors -- leading thinkers in science and technology studies, anthropology, and software design -- pay special attention to the specific inflections that different cultures and communities give to the value of knowledge. The richly detailed accounts presented here challenge the dominant view of knowledge as a neutral good -- information available for representation and encoding but separated from all social relations. The chapters examine specific cases in which the forms of knowledge and cross-cultural encounters are shaping technology use and development. They consider design, use, and reuse of technological tools, including databases, GPS devices, books, and computers, in locations that range from Australia and New Guinea to Germany and the United States. ContributorsPoline Bala, Alan Blackwell, Wade Chambers, Michael Christie, Hildegard Diemberger, Stephen Hugh-Jones, James Leach, Jerome Lewis, Dawn Nafus, Gregers Petersen, Marilyn Strathern, David Turnbull, Helen Verran, Laura Watts, Lee Wilson
Subversion, Conversion, Development
by Lee Wilson James LeachThis book explores alternative cultural encounters with and around information technologies. These encounters are alternative because they counter dominant, Western-oriented notions of media consumption; they include media practices as forms of cultural resistance and subversion, "DIY cultures," and other nonmainstream models of technology production. The contributors -- leading thinkers in science and technology studies, anthropology, and software design -- pay special attention to the specific inflections that different cultures and communities give to the value of knowledge. The richly detailed accounts presented here challenge the dominant view of knowledge as a neutral good -- information available for representation and encoding but separated from all social relations. The chapters examine specific cases in which the forms of knowledge and cross-cultural encounters are shaping technology use and development. They consider design, use, and reuse of technological tools, including databases, GPS devices, books, and computers, in locations that range from Australia and New Guinea to Germany and the United States. ContributorsPoline Bala, Alan Blackwell, Wade Chambers, Michael Christie, Hildegard Diemberger, Stephen Hugh-Jones, James Leach, Jerome Lewis, Dawn Nafus, Gregers Petersen, Marilyn Strathern, David Turnbull, Helen Verran, Laura Watts, Lee Wilson
Subverting Aristotle: Religion, History, and Philosophy in Early Modern Science
by Craig MartinHow new thinking about history, evidence, and scientific authority depended on undermining the authority of Aristotelianism."The belief that Aristotle’s philosophy is incompatible with Christianity is hardly controversial today," writes Craig Martin. Yet "for centuries, Christian culture embraced Aristotelian thought as its own, reconciling his philosophy with theology and church doctrine. The image of Aristotle as source of religious truth withered in the seventeenth century, the same century in which he ceased being an authority for natural philosophy." In this fresh study of the complicated origins of revolutionary science in the age of Bacon, Hobbes, and Boyle, Martin traces one of the most important developments in Western European history: the rise and fall of Aristotelianism from the eleventh to the eighteenth century.Medieval theologians reconciled Aristotelian natural philosophy with Christian dogma in a synthesis that dominated religious thought for centuries. This synthesis unraveled in the seventeenth century contemporaneously with the emergence of the new natural philosophies of the scientific revolution. Important figures of seventeenth-century thought strove to show that the medieval appropriation of Aristotle defied the historical record that pointed to an impious figure of dubious morality. While numerous scholars have written on the seventeenth-century downfall of Aristotelianism, almost all of those works have examined how the conceptual content of the new sciences—such as the heliocentric cosmology, atomism, mechanical and mathematical models, and experimentalism—were used to dismiss the views of Aristotle. Subverting Aristotle is the first to focus on the religious polemics accompanying the scientific controversies that led to the eventual demise of Aristotelian natural philosophy.Martin’s thesis draws extensively on primary source material from England, France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. It alters present perceptions not only of the scientific revolution but also of the role of Renaissance humanism in the forging of modernity.