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Solar Textiles: The Flexible Solution for Solar Power (Textile Institute Professional Publications)
by John Wilson Robert MatherMost photovoltaic (PV) installations utilise heavy conventional glass or polycarbonate panels, and even newly developed thin plastic or metal films for PV cell use may fracture during both construction and application. Textile fabrics, the most widespread flexible materials in everyday use, offer a solution to the need for lightweight, flexible solar PV generators. Solar Textiles: The Flexible Solution for Solar Power is about the incorporation and operation of solar cells on textile fabrics. The combination of textile manufacturing and solar PV cell technology opens up further avenues for both the textile and semiconductor industries. Thus, this book reflects the progressively increasing commercial interest in PV cell technology and the versatility that their integration in textiles provides. Discusses textiles as electrical substrates Explains the photovoltaic effect and associated parameters Offers special consideration of solar cells on textiles Compares fibres and fabrics and how to implement PV activity on a textile Describes manufacturing methods outside of semiconductor technology Includes applications open only to textiles This work is aimed at textile technologists, electronic engineers, solar technologists, civil engineers and designers in building fabrics and architecture.
Solar Thermal Energy (Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series)
by Spiros Alexopoulos Soteris A. KalogirouThis volume of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition, describes technologies that actively convert solar radiation into useful heat in a temperature range from just above ambient up to more than 1,000°C. Applications cover a broad range of energy services such as space heating, cooking, domestic hot water supply, electrical power generation, and high temperature thermochemical processes. The major developments that have led to currently available technologies for solar thermal energy applications were initiated mainly after the first oil shock in 1973. Solar thermal energy is widely used already for heating purposes (water, space) in the “low” temperature range up to about 100°C employing mainly nonconcentrating collectors, whereas higher temperatures can be achieved with more sophisticated solar collector technologies. Temperatures over 200°C typically require concentrating solar radiation using mirror systems. Several different technologies are described in detail in this volume, including solar collector systems in the lower temperature range, the direct use of solar radiation for food processing, namely cooking and drying, the production of electricity through conversion of solar radiation first to heat, driving a mechanical conversion system coupled to an electric generator, the use of solar radiation to drive chemical processes, and many more.
Solar Thermal Thruster
by Jian Li Jianjun Wu Minchao Huang Yuqiang ChengThis open access book focuses on the field of aerospace propulsion theory and engineering. The book takes the solar thermal thruster as the research object, has carried on the solar thermal thruster working process theoretical analysis, the numerical simulation and the experimental verification, and has revealed the solar thermal thruster internal working mechanism, and a design optimization method for high performance solar thermal thruster is presented. The research contents reflect the latest research results of performance analysis of solar thermal thrusters. This book is used as a textbook or reference book for teachers, students and scientists in the fields of aerospace, aeronautics, engineering thermal physics and power.
Solar and Space Physics
by National Research Council Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Committee on a Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics Aeronautics and Space Engineering BoardFrom the interior of the Sun, to the upper atmosphere and near-space environment of Earth, and outward to a region far beyond Pluto where the Sun's influence wanes, advances during the past decade in space physics and solar physics--the disciplines NASA refers to as heliophysics--have yielded spectacular insights into the phenomena that affect our home in space. Solar and Space Physics, from the National Research Council's (NRC's) Committee for a Decadal Strategy in Solar and Space Physics, is the second NRC decadal survey in heliophysics. Building on the research accomplishments realized during the past decade, the report presents a program of basic and applied research for the period 2013-2022 that will improve scientific understanding of the mechanisms that drive the Sun's activity and the fundamental physical processes underlying near-Earth plasma dynamics, determine the physical interactions of Earth's atmospheric layers in the context of the connected Sun-Earth system, and enhance greatly the capability to provide realistic and specific forecasts of Earth's space environment that will better serve the needs of society. Although the recommended program is directed primarily at NASA and the National Science Foundation for action, the report also recommends actions by other federal agencies, especially the parts of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration charged with the day-to-day (operational) forecast of space weather. In addition to the recommendations included in this summary, related recommendations are presented in this report.
Solar and Space Physics and Its Role in Space Exploration
by Committee on the Assessment of the Role of Solar Space Physics in NASA's Space Exploration InitiativeIn February 2004, the President announced a new goal for NASA; to use humans and robots together to explore the Moon, Mars, and beyond. In response to this initiative, NASA has adopted new exploration goals that depend, in part, on solar physics research. These actions raised questions about how the research agenda recommended by the NRC in its 2002 report, The Sun to the Earth and Beyond, which did not reflect the new exploration goals, would be affected. As a result, NASA requested the NRC to review the role solar and space physics should play in support of the new goals. This report presents the results of that review. It considers solar and space physics both as aspects of scientific exploration and in support of enabling future exploration of the solar system. The report provides a series of recommendations about NASA's Sun-Earth Connections program to enable it to meet both of those goals.
Solar-Energy-Mediated Methane Conversion Over Nanometal and Semiconductor Catalysts (Springer Theses)
by Hui SongThis book demonstrates that solar energy, the most abundant and clean renewable energy, can be utilized to drive methane activation and conversion under mild conditions. The book reports that coupling solar energy and thermal energy can significantly enhance methane conversion at mild temperatures using plasmonic nanometal-based catalysts, with a substantial decrease in apparent activation energy of methane conversion. Furthermore, this book, for the first time, reports the direct photocatalytic methane oxidation into liquid oxygenates (methanol and formaldehyde) with only molecular oxygen in pure water at room temperature with high yield and selectivity over nanometals and semiconductors (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide). These findings are a big stride toward methane conversion and inspire researchers to develop strategies for efficient and selective conversion of methane to high-value-added chemicals under mild conditions.
Solar-Pumped Lasers: With Examples of Numerical Analysis of Solid-State Lasers (Green Energy and Technology)
by Joana Almeida Dawei Liang Cláudia Vistas Bruno Tibúrcio Dário GarciaThis textbook is a comprehensive review of many different areas in solar-pumped lasers design and characterization. It enables readers to develop their skills in general solid-state laser design and solar collector design and provides numerous solved exercises at the end of each chapter to further this development. This book begins by introducing the brief history of solar-pumped laser and its potential applications. It explains the basic theories of imaging and non-imaging primary, secondary, and tertiary solar concentrators. It discusses solar-pumped solid-state laser theory and solar-to-laser power conversion efficiencies. There are chapters dedicated to ZEMAX and LASCAD numerical simulation tools, to help develop readers’ skills in innovative solid-state laser design. This book is one of the first books to relate concentrated solar energy technologies to solid-state laser technologies and is therefore of interest to students, academics, engineers, and laser and optical system designers.
Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Prediction
by Kanya KusanoPowerful solar explosions, such as flares and coronal mass ejections, greatly disturb the electromagnetic environment around the Earth and the atmosphere. They may even impact various social systems—communications, positioning, electric power supply, aviation and activities in space. Such variations in the space environment, which can influence human activities, are called “space weather.” The space weather disaster caused by a solar explosion is a potential risk in modern society. To reduce and mitigate space weather impacts, it is essential to understand the structure and dynamics of the solar–terrestrial environment and to predict the variations. This book comprehensively describes space weather, from the basics of related sciences to the possible social impacts. It was compiled based on a national research project on solar–terrestrial environment prediction conducted in Japan recently. It consists of four parts: the linkage between space weather and society; the magnetosphere of the Earth and space weather prediction; solar storms and space weather prediction; and long-term prediction of solar cycle activity and climate impacts. Each chapter covers the basics and applications of each area, which helps readers gain a broad understanding of the subject matter throughout the book. In addition, readers are able to select and read the topics they are most interested in. It is especially valuable for undergraduate and graduate students and young researchers studying space weather and related topics, and is further helpful for experts in various industries related to space weather disasters. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). The present version has been revised technically and linguistically by the authors in collaboration with a professional translator.
Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Physics of Earthquake Precursors: Proceedings of the XIII International Conference (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)
by Alexei Dmitriev Janos Lichtenberger Oksana Mandrikova Emmanuel NahayoThis book contains the papers selected by the Scientific Committee and represented at the XIII International Conference "Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Physics of Earthquake Precursors", which was hold at the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kamchatka. The papers describe the investigation results in the fields of atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere physics. Mechanisms of transformation of solar wind energy into the energy of magnetospheric-ionospheric processes, effects of the processes in the Earth core on the lower and upper atmosphere, seismo-electromagnetic, seismo-electric and seismo-acoustic effects at different frequency ranges in the Earth crust, atmosphere and ionosphere are under consideration. Modern methods for geophysical data collection, processing, transfer and exchange as well as organisation issues of seismic activity monitoring are presented.The Conference "Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Physics of Earthquake Precursors" has 25 years of history. Scientists from Russia, Japan, Hungary, China, India, USA and other countries participate in it. In a traditional way, the Conference includes three sections: atmosphere physics, geophysical fields and their interaction, physics of earthquake precursors.
Solar-Terrestrial Relations: From Solar Activity to Heliobiology
by Leonty MiroshnichenkoThis books presents a brief review of modern concepts of the Sun-Earth problem and proposed physical mechanisms of solar-terrestrial relations (STR). This field covers a wide range of fundamental and actual applied problems of paramount importance (Space Weather, radiation hazard in space, functioning of space-borne and ground-based technological systems, heliobiology etc.). It is also closely tied with some general gnosiological problems.The author provides state-of-the-art information about existing problems and discusses different channels for extraterrestrial influences at the up-to-date level: electromagnetic waves and fields, total solar irradiance, solar wind, energetic solar particles, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic dust, etc. Some of the well-known and suggested STR effects and corresponding physical mechanisms are illustrated by several examples. In particular, a number of different external “signals” in observed changes of terrestrial climate and weather are considered. Especially, an expected impact of geophysical disturbances on the accuracy of some precise physical measurements and experiments is analysed. Due attention is paid to the heliobiological aspects of STR. Particular emphasis is on the multifactor nature of magneto-biological effect (MBE), its non-stationary and non-linear behaviour. The author also discusses main features of different physical mechanisms (electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation, triggers, rhythmic and resonances in solar-terrestrial systems) and their applicability to the Sun-Earth problem. The most of them are still needed in more sophisticated theoretical development and experimental confirmation. The main goals of interdisciplinary studies in this field are to determine partial impacts of solar-geomagnetic variability on the terrestrial environments and estimate (separate) relative contributions of different factors into various STR phenomena. The book is based on lectures given on advanced undergraduate level and will also benefit newcomers (physicists and engineers) to the field.
Solar-to-Chemical Conversion: Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes
by Hongqi SunThis comprehensive book systematically covers the fundamentals in solar energy conversion to chemicals, either fuels or chemical products. It includes natural photosynthesis with emphasis on artificial processes for solar energy conversion and utilization. The chemical processes of solar energy conversion via homogeneous and/or heterogeneous photocatalysis has been described with the mechanistic insights. It also consists of reaction systems toward a variety of applications, such as water splitting for hydrogen or oxygen evolution, photocatalytic CO2 reduction to fuels, and light driven N2 fixation, etc. This unique book offers the readers a broad view of solar energy utilization based on chemical processes and their perspectives for future sustainability.
Solar-to-fuel conversion in algae and cyanobacteria
by Cinzia FormighieriThis volume is focused on solar-to-fuel conversion using algae and cyanobacteria for advanced generation biofuels. Production of biofuels needs to rely on cheap and renewable resources, in order to be economically viable and environmentally sustainable in the long term. Solar energy is an abundant and renewable resource, and strategies for solar-to-fuel conversion have the potential to sustain our energy demands in the long term and to be carbon-dioxide neutral. First generation biofuels are those already on the market, such as bio-ethanol from sugarcane and corn starch, biodiesel from oil seed crops. However, development of a single biofuel, as efficient as it may be, would be insufficient and could not sustain the global demand for energy. The next generation of advanced biofuels explores alternative feedstocks and technologies, finding novel solar-to-fuel solutions. Algae and cyanobacteria can convert sunlight into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. They represent an alternative with respect to crops for solar-to-fuel conversion that does not compete with food for arable land. This SpringerBrief focuses only on solar-to-fuel conversion for production of advanced biofuels, pointing to the importance of relying on the sun for our sustainability in the long term. It is the only current publication to discuss the problem of light-utilization inefficiency during mass cultivation of micro-algae. This review also addresses the potential of cyanobacteria for the generation of direct photosynthesis-to-fuel platforms and discusses both possibilities and constraints for future developments.
Soldier Repatriation: Popular and Political Responses
by Kaare Dahl MartinsenSoldier repatriation from Afghanistan has impacted debate about the war. This study highlights this impact with particular focus on Britain, Denmark and Germany. All three countries deployed soldiers soon after the 9/11 attacks, yet their role in Afghanistan and the casualty rates suffered, have been vastly different. This book looks at how their casualties influenced the framing of the war by analysing the political discourse about the casualties, how the media covered the repatriation and the burials, and how the dead were officially recognised and commemorated. Explaining how bodies count is not done exclusively by focusing on the political leadership and the media in the three countries, the response from the men and women in Afghanistan to the official framing of the war is given particular weight. Martinsen contributes to our understanding of European strategic culture by showing how countries respond to the same security challenges.
Solid - Liquid Dispersions (Surfactant Science)
by Bohuslav DobiášReviews a range of fundamental concepts, recent developments and practical applications in dispersion theory, along with relevant insights from colloidal and interfacial science. The text contains new work on the stabilization of solid-liquid dispersions. It focuses on topics as varied as electrostatics, hydrodynamics and rheology.
Solid Base Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
by Ramesh Chandra K. K. Pant Ravi TomarFoundational knowledge and practical approaches of an interesting catalyst class for greener and cleaner chemical synthesis Solid Base Catalysts provides insights and information on cutting-edge heterogeneous catalysis technologies and approaches of non-corrosive and easy-to-use solid catalysts that can replace conventional liquid catalysts that are known to pose operational problems. Edited by three highly qualified authors with contributions from experts in industry and academia, Solid Base Catalysts includes: Latest and most advanced studies in the characterization of solid catalysts, with applications in various organic transformationsVersatile reaction types where solid catalysts can be used as well as the multidisciplinary nature of solid base catalyst research and its connections to other fieldsMulticomponent reactions for eco-compatible heterocyclic synthesis over solid catalysts and synthesis routes, experimental protocols, and other considerations for optimizing catalyst propertiesAdvanced methodologies and applications for analyzing solid catalysts and challenges and future prospects in the field Solid Base Catalysts is a complete reference on the subject for researchers and professionals in materials science, green chemistry, surface chemistry, and chemical engineering.
Solid Biomechanics
by Roland EnnosSolid Biomechanics is the first book to comprehensively review the mechanical design of organisms. With a physical approach and a minimum of mathematics, the textbook introduces readers to the world of structural mechanics and sheds light on the dazzling array of mechanical adaptations that link creatures as dissimilar as bacteria, plants, and animals. Exploring a wide range of subjects in depth, from spider silks and sharkskin to climbing plants and human food processing, this immensely accessible text demonstrates that the bodies of animals and plants are masterpieces of engineering, enabling them to survive in a hostile world. The textbook describes how organisms construct materials from limited components, arrange materials into efficient structures that withstand different types of stresses, and interact mechanically with their environment. Looking at practical and historical aspects of the subject, the book delves into how the mechanics of organisms might be applied to other engineering scenarios and considers the ways structural biomechanics could and should develop in the future if more is to be learned about the form and function of organisms. Solid Biomechanics will be useful to all those interested in how organisms work, from biologists and engineers to physicists and students of biomechanics, bionics, and materials science. The first comprehensive review of the structural mechanics of organisms Introduces the subject using a physical approach involving minimal mathematics Three complementary sections: materials, structures, and mechanical interactions of organisms Links the dazzling array of mechanical adaptations seen in widely differing organisms Practical and historical approach shows how mechanical adaptations have been discovered and how readers can perform their own investigations
Solid Electrolytes for Advanced Applications: Garnets and Competitors
by Ramaswamy Murugan Werner WeppnerThis book highlights the state of the art in solid electrolytes, with particular emphasis on lithium garnets, electrolyte-electrode interfaces and all-solid-state batteries based on lithium garnets. Written by an international group of renowned experts, the book addresses how garnet-type solid electrolytes are contributing to the development of safe high energy density Li batteries. Unlike the flammable organic liquid electrolyte used in existing rechargeable Li batteries, garnet-type solid electrolytes are intrinsically chemically stable in contact with metallic lithium and potential positive electrodes, while offering reasonable Li conductivity. The book's respective chapters cover a broad spectrum of topics related to solid electrolytes, including interfacial engineering to resolve the electrolyte-electrode interfaces, the latest developments in the processing of thin and ultrathin lithium garnet membranes, and fabrication strategies for the high-performance solid-state batteries.This highly informative and intriguing book will appeal to postgraduate students and researchers at academic and industrial laboratories with an interest in the advancement of high energy-density lithium metal batteries
Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification: Modeling, Simulation, and Equipment Operations Second Edition (Mechanical Engineering)
by Marcio L. de Souza-SantosAs an increasing number of professionals and graduate students enter the field of solid-based power generation, they all require an command of process and equipment, as well as the theory behind it all. However, their informational needs and understanding differ based on their experience and the task at hand.Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification:
Solid Geometry with MATLAB Programming (River Publishers Series in Mathematical and Engineering Sciences)
by Nita H. Shah Falguni S. AcharyaSolid geometry is defined as the study of the geometry of three-dimensional solid figures in Euclidean space. There are numerous techniques in solid geometry, mainly analytic geometry and methods using vectors, since they use linear equations and matrix algebra. Solid geometry is quite useful in everyday life, for example, to design different signs and symbols such as octagon shape stop signs, to indicate traffic rules, to design different 3D objects like cubicles in gaming zones, innovative lifts, creative 3D interiors, and to design 3D computer graphics. Studying solid geometry helps students to improve visualization and increase logical thinking and creativity since it is applicable everywhere in day-to-day life. It builds up a foundation for advanced levels of mathematical studies. Numerous competitive exams include solid geometry since its foundation is required to study other branches like civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science engineering, architecture, etc. This book is designed especially for students of all levels, and can serve as a fundamental resource for advanced level studies not only in mathematics but also in various fields like engineering, interior design, architecture, etc. It includes theoretical aspects as well as numerous solved examples. The book includes numerical problems and problems of construction as well as practical problems as an application of the respective topic. A special feature of this book is that it includes solved examples using the mathematical tool MATLAB.
Solid Mechanics
by Clive L. Dym Irving H. ShamesSolid Mechanics: A Variational Approach, Augmented Edition presents a lucid and thoroughly developed approach to solid mechanics for students engaged in the study of elastic structures not seen in other texts currently on the market. This work offers a clear and carefully prepared exposition of variational techniques as they are applied to solid mechanics. Unlike other books in this field, Dym and Shames treat all the necessary theory needed for the study of solid mechanics and include extensive applications. Of particular note is the variational approach used in developing consistent structural theories and in obtaining exact and approximate solutions for many problems. Based on both semester and year-long courses taught to undergraduate seniors and graduate students, this text is geared for programs in aeronautical, civil, and mechanical engineering, and in engineering science. The authors' objective is two-fold: first, to introduce the student to the theory of structures (one- and two-dimensional) as developed from the three-dimensional theory of elasticity; and second, to introduce the student to the strength and utility of variational principles and methods, including briefly making the connection to finite element methods. A complete set of homework problems is included.
Solid Mechanics, Theory of Elasticity and Creep (Advanced Structured Materials #185)
by Holm Altenbach Suren Manuk Mkhitaryan Vahram Hakobyan Avetik Varazdat SahakyanThis book presents fundamental theoretical and experimental studies of well-known scientists in solid mechanics, hydromechanics, aeromechanics, biomechanics, etc. These studies relate to contact and mixed problems of the theory of elasticity and viscoelasticity, tribology, fracture mechanics, electroelasticity, magnetoelasticity, as well as to the theory of anisotropic shells and plates and are aimed at application in various areas of engineering practice. The book is devoted to the 110th birthday of academician N.Kh. Arutunyan.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Fundamental Principles to Complete Systems
by Radenka MaricSolid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Fundamental Principles to Complete Systems is as a valuable resource for beginners, experienced researchers, and developers of solid oxide fuel cells. It provides a fundamental understanding of SOFCs by covering the present state-of-the-art as well as ongoing research and future challenges to be solved. It discusses current and future materials and provides an overview of development activities with a more general system approach toward fuel cell plant technology, including plant design and economics, industrial data and advances in technology. Provides an understanding of the operating principles of SOFCs Discusses state-of-the-art materials, technologies and processes Includes a review of current industry and lessons learned Offers a more general system approach toward fuel cell plant technology, including plant design and economics of SOFC manufacture Covers significant technical challenges that remain to be solved Presents the status of government activities, industry and market This book is aimed at electrochemists, batteries and fuel cell engineers, alternative energy scientists, and professionals in materials science.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and Performance
by Jiujun Zhang Jeffrey W. Fergus Xianguo Li David P. Wilkinson Rob HuiThe First Book Centered on Materials Issues of SOFCsAlthough the high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) creates opportunities for using a variety of fuels, including low-grade hydrogen and those derived from biomass, it also produces difficulties in materials performance and often leads to materials degradation during operatio
Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures
by John T.S. Irvine Paul ConnorSolid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperatures allowing more fuel flexibility and also useful heat output and so increase total efficiency, but does give some interesting engineering challenges. Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures provides clear and accurate data for a selection of SOFC topics from the specific details of Ni cermet anodes, chemical expansion in materials, and the measuring and modelling of mechanical stresses, to the broader scope of the history and present design of cells, to SOFC systems and the future of SOFC. Celebrating Ulf Bossel's work on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and especially his running of the European Fuel Cell Forum, Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures covers important topics on the way including intermediate temperature fuel cells, metal supported fuel cells and both new materials and engineering solutions to some of the challenges of getting SOFC to market. The chapters are based on the special plenary talks given by some of the most respected and talented people in the field at the 2010 European SOFC Forum in Luzern and the title for this book comes from the report produced by Ulf for the IEA "Final Report on SOFC Data, Facts and Figures", Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 1992. The comprehensive nature of Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures makes it a key resource of SOFC topics for students, lecturers, researchers and industry practitioners alike.
Solid Phase Microextraction
by Gangfeng Ouyang Ruifen JiangThis book offers comprehensive information on the developments and applications of the solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique. The first part of the book briefly introduces readers to the fundamentals of SPME, while subsequent sections describe the applications of SPME technique in detail, including environmental analysis (air, water, soil/sediments), food analysis (volatile/nonvolatile compounds), and bioanalysis (plants, animal tissues, body fluids). The advantages and future challenges of the SPME technique are also discussed. Including recent research advances and further developments of SPME, the book offers a practical reference guide and a valuable resource for researchers and users of SPME techniques. The target audience includes analytical chemists, environmental scientists, biological scientists, material scientists, and analysts, as well as students at universities/institutes in related fields. Dr. Gangfeng Ouyang is a Professor at the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, China. Dr. Ruifen Jiang is an Associate Professor at the School of Environment, Jinan University, China.