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SuperCooperators
by Martin Nowak Roger HighfieldEVOLUTION IS OFTEN PRESENTED AS A STRICTLY COMPETITIVE ENDEAVOR. This point of view has had serious implications for the way we see the mechanics of both science and culture. But scientists have long wondered how societies could have evolved without some measure of cooperation. And if there was cooperation involved, how could it have arisen from nature "red in tooth and claw"? Martin Nowak, one of the world's experts on evolution and game theory, working here with bestselling science writer Roger Highfield, turns an important aspect of evolutionary theory on its head to explain why cooperation, not competition, has always been the key to the evolution of complexity. He offers a new explanation for the origin of life and a new theory for the origins of language, biology's second greatest information revolution after the emergence of genes. SuperCooperators also brings to light his game-changing work on disease. Cancer is fundamentally a failure of the body's cells to cooperate, Nowak has discovered, but organs are cleverly designed to foster cooperation, and he explains how this new understanding can be used in novel cancer treatments. Nowak and Highfield examine the phenomena of reciprocity, reputation, and reward, explaining how selfless behavior arises naturally from competition; how forgiveness, generosity, and kindness have a mathematical rationale; how companies can be better designed to promote cooperation; and how there is remarkable overlap between the recipe for cooperation that arises from quantitative analysis and the codes of conduct seen in major religions, such as the Golden Rule. In his first book written for a wide audience, this hugely influential scientist explains his cutting-edge research into the mysteries of cooperation, from the rise of multicellular life to Good Samaritans. With wit and clarity, Nowak and Highfield make the case that cooperation, not competition, is the defining human trait. SuperCooperators will expand our understanding of evolution and provoke debate for years to come.
Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation Process: Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Diego T. Santos Ádina L. Santana M. Angela Meireles Ademir José Petenate Eric Keven Silva Juliana Q. Albarelli Júlio C. Johner M.Thereza M. S. Gomes Ricardo Abel Torres Tahmasb HatamiThis book provides deep insights on the fundamentals, applications and perspectives of the Supercritical AntiSolvent (SAS) Precipitation Process. Chapter 1 provides recent (2013-2018) reports on the use of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) antisolvent for micronization, coprecipitation and fractionation of high-value products for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Chapter 2 discusses another variant of the SAS precipitation process called Supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE). This chapter provides recent data from 2016-2018 reports investigation of supercritical extraction of emulsions (SFEE) to encapsulate compounds of great interest to the food and non-food industry. Chapter 3 details the design and construction of a SAS Precipitation equipment. Chapter 4 presents experimental results regarding the validation of the supercritical particle formation equipment. Chapter 5 shows the effects of process parameters during particle precipitation using Combined High Turbulence Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Supercritical Antisolvent Fractionation (SAF) processes applied to semi-defatted annatto seeds, as a model raw material plant, were investigated. Chapter 6 shows experimental results regarding the process Ultrasound Emulsification Assisted by Nitrogen Hydrostatic Pressure (UEANHP), during the emulsification preparation step of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE) process, one of the options of the SAS Precipitation-based process. Finally, Chaptesr 7 and 8 present some perspectives about the economics and process integration with other processes aiming the development of novel conceptual biorefinering approaches for plant materials valorization.
Supercritical Fluid Biorefining: Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Diego T. Santos Ádina L. Santana M. Angela Meireles M. Thereza Gomes Ricardo Abel Torres Juliana Q. Albarelli Aikaterini Bakatselou Adriano V. Ensinas François MaréchalThis book provides deep insights about the fundamentals, applications and perspectives of the use of supercritical CO2 as solvent and antisolvent for biorefinering.
Supercritical Fluid Methods and Protocols
by Anthony A. Clifford John R. WilliamsExperienced practitioners present detailed accounts of a wide variety of techniques using supercritical fluids. These range from the supercritical fluid extraction methods for numerous compounds to the ninhydrin staining of fingerprints on checks and banknotes-and from the detection of impurities in pharmaceuticals to a wide variety of applications throughout environmental and food science, and across analytical, clinical, and medicinal chemistry. Detailed step-by-step instructions enable users to apply these essential techniques successfully the first time and include modifications that permit their effective adaptation to novel experimental or process conditions. Versatile and comprehensive, Supercritical Fluid Methods and Protocols offers both novice and experienced investigators and laboratory analysts powerful tools that enable successful biological and bioprocess analyses and optimization today.
Supercritical Fluid Technology: Reviews in Modern Theory and Applications (CRC Press Revivals)
by Thomas J. Bruno James F. ElyIn this volume, we have collected a series of reviews that cover both experimental and theoretical work geared toward the more exact requirements of current SFE applications. While we have artificially divided the volume into experimental and theoretical sections, natural overlaps will be apparent. Many of the papers on experimental and theoretical sections, natural overlaps will be apparent. Many of the papers on experimental technique contain discussions on equation of state correlations. Indeed, a good deal of the experimental work is intimately tied to a mathematical description of fluid mixtures. The theoretical section presents reviews that cover the modern theory of critical phenomena, methods to correlate near critical experimental results and approaches to understanding the behavior of near critical fluids from microscopic theory. It is hoped that the scope of these reviews will provide the reader with the basis to further develop our understanding of the behavior of supercritical fluids.
Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development
by Uday B. Kompella Peter York Boris Y. ShekunovInterconnecting the fundamentals of supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies, their current and anticipated utility in drug delivery, and process engineering advances from related methodological domains and pharmaceutical applications, this volume unlocks the potential of supercritical fluids to further the development of improved pharmaceutical prod
Supercritical Fluids Technology in Lipase Catalyzed Processes
by Sulaiman Al-Zuhair Hanifa TaherEnzymes are currently used in various industries, most commonly in food, detergents, and pharmaceuticals production. Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes that demonstrate great potential as an alternative to conventional catalysts in a number of industrial applications. A complete understanding of enzymes, and their proteins structure and environmental behavior, can greatly aid in the further development of industrial applications. Supercritical Fluids Technology in Lipase Catalized Processes provides basic information about enzymes, their sources, reaction kinetics, and main industrial applications. The book focuses in lipases. their main sources, structure, and features, with an emphasis on their specificity and interfacial activity, and presents proven techniques for isolating, extracting, and purifying. Comprised of six compact chapters, this comprehensive guide introduces: Immobilization techniques and immobilized lipases that allow repeated use (which is essential from an economic point of view) Different bioreactor configurations using immobilized lipases The latest information on the available technologies in lipolytic reactions The advantages of nonaqueous media in biochemical synthesis over aqueous and solvent-free systems Material on the use of lipases in nonaqueous media to overcome the drawbacks usually encountered with the use of conventional chemical catalysts The use of supercritical fluids (SCFs) as a green alternative reaction medium Factors affecting the physical properties of lipases in this medium and, hence, their activity and stability A case study using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) for biodiesel production Novel, cutting-edge technology, using immobilized enzymes to reduce the overall production cost Supercritical Fluids Technology in Lipase Catalized Processes outlines the main industrial applications of common enzymes and discusses relevant challenges and innovations emerging in the field.
Supercritical Water
by Yizhak MarcusDiscover the many new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solventDrawing from thousands of original research articles, this book reviews and summarizes what is currently known about the properties and uses of supercritical water. In particular, it focuses on new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent, including the catalytic conversion of biomass into fuels and the oxidation of hazardous materials.Supercritical Water begins with an introduction that defines supercritical fluids in general. It then defines supercritical water in particular, using the saturation curve to illustrate its relationship to regular water. Following this introduction, the book: Describes the bulk macroscopic properties of supercritical water, using equations of state to explain temperature-pressure-density relationships Examines supercritical water's molecular properties, setting forth the latest experimental data as well as computer simulations that shed new light on structure and dynamics Explores the solubilities of gases, organic substances, salts, and ions in supercritical water in terms of the relevant phase equilibria Sets forth the practical uses of supercritical water at both small scales and full industrial scalesThroughout the book, the author uses tables for at-a-glance reviews of key information. Summaries at the end of each chapter reinforce core principles, and references to original research and reviews serve as a gateway and guide to the extensive literature in the field.Supercritical Water is written for students and professionals in physical chemistry, chemistry of water, chemical engineering, and organic chemistry, interested in exploring the applications and properties of supercritical water.
Supercritical Water Processing Technologies for Environment, Energy and Nanomaterial Applications
by Shuzhong Wang Donghai Xu Yang Guo Xingying Tang Yuzhen Wang Jie Zhang Honghe Ma Lili Qian Yanhui LiThis book systematically presents the technical aspects of supercritical water oxidation and supercritical water gasification for energy and environmental applications, which include reactor design, construction materials, corrosion, salt precipitation, etc. The book provides a comprehensive introduction to the properties of supercritical water, and the industrial applications, reaction mechanisms and reaction kinetics of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification (SCWG). The reactions occurring in supercritical water are complex, and studying their reaction mechanisms is of great importance for the development of supercritical water processing technologies. Accordingly, the book explains the oxidative mechanisms and kinetics of organic matter in supercritical water in detail. However, the harsh reaction conditions in supercritical water can easily create severe reactor corrosion and salt deposition problems. Therefore, the book also comprehensively reports on the mechanism analysis, state of research, and development trends regarding these two problems. Lastly, the book summarizes the development of supercritical water processing technologies, including studies on SCWO and SCWG, as well as near-zero-emission systems of pollutants based on SCWO technology. In short, the book provides a wealth of valuable information for all readers who are interested in using SCWO for organic waste treatment, and in using SCWG for hydrogen production with wet biomass.
SuperCroc Found
by Sally M. WalkerChildren's book about the discovery of a crocodile fossil from prehistoric times.
Superdove: How the Pigeon Took Manhattan ... And the World
by Courtney HumphriesWhy do we see pigeons as lowly urban pests and how did they become such common city dwellers? Courtney Humphries traces the natural history of the pigeon, recounting how these shy birds that once made their homes on the sparse cliffs of sea coasts came to dominate our urban public spaces. While detailing this evolution, Humphries introduces us to synanthropy: The concept that animals can become dependent on humans without ceasing to be wild; they can adapt to the cityscape as if it were a field or a forest.Superdove simultaneously explores the pigeon's cultural transformation, from its life in the dovecotes of ancient Egypt to its service in the trenches of World War I, to its feats within the pigeon-racing societies of today. While the dove is traditionally recognized as a symbol of peace, the pigeon has long inspired a different sort of fetishistic devotion from breeders, eaters, and artists—and from those who recognized and exploited the pigeon's astounding abilities. Because of their fecundity, pigeons were symbols of fertility associated with Aphrodite, while their keen ability to find their way home made them ideal messengers and even pilots. Their usefulness largely forgotten, today's pigeons have become as ubiquitous and reviled as rats. But Superdove reveals something more surprising: By using pigeons for our own purposes, we humans have changed their evolution. And in doing so, we have helped make pigeons the ideal city dwellers they are today. In the tradition of Rats, the book that made its namesake rodents famous, Superdove is the fascinating story of the pigeon's journey from the wild to the city—the home they'll never leave.
The Superfamily Mactroidea (Mollusca (Mollusca (Mollusca (Mollusca:Bivalvia) in American Waters: An Illustrated Catalogue of Recent Species
by Javier H. SignorelliThis book identifies all valid species belonging to the superfamily Mactroidea living in American waters, distributed across fourteen biogeographical provinces. It also provides an updated classification of the widely occurring Mactroidea superfamily, which comprises eight subfamilies grouped into four families: Mactridae (Lamarck, 1809); Anatinellidae (Deshayes, J.Gray 1853); Cardiliidae (Fischer, 1887) and Mesodesmatidae (J. Gray, 1840). The species included in this superfamily are known to have existed in North America since the Early Cretaceous.
Superficiales: ¿Qué está haciendo Internet con nuestras mentes?
by Nicholas Carr¿Qué está haciendo Internet con nuestras mentes? Este libro cambiará para siempre nuestro modo de entender y aprovechar las nuevas tecnologías. «¿Google nos vuelve estúpidos?» Nicholas Carr condensó así, en el título de un célebre artículo, uno de los debates más importantes de nuestro tiempo: mientras disfrutamos de las bondades de la Red, ¿estamos sacrificando nuestra capacidad para leer y pensar con profundidad? En este libro, Carr desarrolla sus argumentos para crear el más revelador análisis de las consecuencias intelectuales y culturales de Internet publicado hasta la fecha. Nuestro cerebro, como demuestran las evidencias científicas e históricas, cambia en respuesta a nuestras experiencias, y la tecnología que usamos para encontrar, almacenar y compartir información puede, literalmente, alterar nuestros procesos neuronales. Además, cada tecnología de la información conlleva una ética intelectual. Así como el libro impreso servía para centrar nuestra atención, fomentando el pensamiento profundo y creativo, Internet fomenta el picoteo rápido y distraído de pequeños fragmentos de información de muchas fuentes. Su ética es una ética industrial, de la velocidad y la eficiencia. La Red nos está reconfigurando a su propia imagen, volviéndonos más hábiles para manejar y ojear superficialmente la información pero menos capaces de concentración, contemplación y reflexión. Este libro cambiará para siempre nuestro modo de entender y aprovechar las nuevas tecnologías. Reseñas:«Absorbente y perturbador. Todos bromeamos sobre cómo Internet nos está convirtiendo, y especialmente a nuestros hijos, en cabezas de chorlito acelerados incapaces de meditaciones profundas. No es ninguna broma, insiste Carr, y a mí me ha convencido.»John Horgan, The Wall Street Journal «Una réplica calmada y elocuente a aquellos que afirman que la cultura digital es inofensiva, que afirman, de hecho, que nos estamos volviendo más listos cada minuto que pasa simplemente porque podemos conectarnos a un ordenador y dejarnos llevar por un interminable carrusel de links.»Julia Keller, Chicago Tribune
Superfluid: How a Quantum Fluid Revolutionized Modern Science
by J. G. Weisend IIUnless you are a specialist or watch a lot of obscure YouTube videos you have probably never heard of He II or superfluid helium. This substance, a unique liquid form of the element helium, is produced and used in multi-ton quantities to enable much of modern science. Altogether, He II is at the heart of more than a dozen large scale scientific facilities world-wide representing an investment of tens of billions of dollars. It cools the magnets and cavities that contain and accelerate the particle beams at the Large Hadron Collider and is also used in accelerators for the study of rare isotopes and nuclear astrophysics. This little known liquid is, in reality, one of the enabling technologies of the future. A manifestation of quantum mechanics, He II exhibits amazing behaviors. It can flow up the side of a container against gravity, it can move through small openings without friction, and it can transfer heat extremely efficiently via a mechanism not seen elsewhere in nature. This book tells the story of He II. It describes the discovery of the fluid, the observation and understanding of its behavior, the development of underlying theory and the evolution of He II from a laboratory curiosity to an industrial-scale coolant. The current and possible future applications of He II are described. Like all science and engineering, the story of He II is a human story and the role that personalities, politics, communication, cooperation and competition play in the development of He II is captured here as well. World-famous physicists such as Lev Landau, Richard Feynman, Peter Kapitza and Kurt Mendelssohn are key players in the story, while secret police from two different countries have a walk-on role. This work is meant for the general reader. Without assuming any expertise in physics, engineering or mathematics, it illuminates for the general public a little-known area of science and engineering and shows why it matters. As it turns out, it’s also a good story.
The Superfluid Phases of Helium 3 (Dover Books on Physics)
by Peter Wolfle Dieter VollhardtThis classic of modern theoretical physics is the first and only comprehensive treatment of the superfluid phases of helium 3, a crucial aspect of condensed matter physics with applications to many other fields. The self-contained approach explores ideas, concepts, and theoretical results, emphasizing symmetries and the consequences of their spontaneous breakdown. 1990 edition.
Superfluidity and Superconductivity (Graduate Student Series In Physics)
by D. R. TilleySuperfluidity and Superconductivity, Third Edition introduces the low-temperature phenomena of superfluidity and superconductivity from a unified viewpoint. The book stresses the existence of a macroscopic wave function as a central principle, presents an extensive discussion of macroscopic theories, and includes full descriptions of relevant experimental results throughout. This edition also features an additional chapter on high-temperature superconductors. With problems at the end of most chapters as well as the careful elaboration of basic principles, this comprehensive survey of experiment and theory provides an accessible and invaluable foundation for graduate students studying low-temperature physics as well as senior undergraduates taking specialized courses.
Superfoods: Cultural and Scientific Perspectives (Food and Health)
by Jeffrey P. Miller Charlene Van BuitenSuperfoods have come to the forefront of the public imagination due to a combination of presumed health benefits and cultural mystique. Much of the literature on these foods, however, is based upon rostrums and diet plans that accept the health claims of superfoods without subjecting them to rigorous scrutiny. Superfoods: Cultural and Scientific Perspectives examines these food products from a blended science and cultural viewpoint, presenting a balanced, evidence-based view of each food item. Following a discussion of “superfoods” as a category, the book’s chapters examine individual superfoods, including but not limited to: avocados, chocolate, wine, berries, and fish oil. Presented in a systemic manner, each chapter provides a cultural history of the superfood; a survey of the current state of nutritional research on the food and its health claims; an exploration of related science topics to enhance understanding of the superfood, (i.e., a survey of the botany, biology, or chemistry studies); social issues associated with the superfood, such as sustainability, environmental health concerns, agricultural issues, fair trade and marketing issues; and one to three recipes featuring the superfood. This combination of scientific and cultural perspectives makes Superfoods an invaluable reference for academics, industry professionals, and lay-readers alike.
Superfund And Mining Megasites: Lessons From The Coeur D'alene River Basin
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesFor more than 100 years, the Coeur d' Alene River Basin has been known as "The Silver Valley" for being one of the most productive silver, lead, and zinc mining areas in the United States. Over time, high levels of metals (including lead, arsenic, cadmium, and zinc) were discovered in the local environment and elevated blood lead levels were found in children in communities near the metal-refining and smelter complex. In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) listed a 21-square mile mining area in northern Idaho as a Superfund site. EPA extended those boundaries in 1998 to include areas throughout the 1500-square mile area Coeur d'Alene River Basin project area. Under Superfund, EPA has developed a plan to clean up the contaminated area that will cost an estimated $359 million over 3 decades--and this effort is only the first step in the cleanup process. Superfund and Mining Megasites: Lessons from Coeur d'Alene River Basin evaluates the issues and concerns that have been raised regarding EPA's decisions about cleaning up the area. The scientific and technical practices used by EPA to make decisions about human health risks at the Coeur d'Alene River Basin Superfund site are generally sound; however, there are substantial concerns regarding environmental protection decisions, particularly dealing with the effectiveness of long-term plans.
Supergenes: Libera el potencial de tu ADN para una salud óptima y un bienestar radical
by Deepak Chopra Rudolph E. TanziBestseller #1 de The New York Times.Deepak Chopra se une nuevamente a Rudolph E. Tanzi, Profesor de la cátedra de neurología Joseph P. y Rose. F. Kennedy de la Escuela Médica Harvard, para demostrarnos, a través de la combinación de investigación científica y tradiciones antiguas, que no estamos a merced de nuestra herencia.¿Por qué algunas personas nunca se enferman y lucen radiantes a pesar de los años? ¿Por qué, por otro lado, una celebridad se hace una doble mastectomía sin signo alguno de enfermedad? La respuesta está en nuestra herencia: nos asustan nuestros genes. "No sólo eres la suma de tu genoma -dicen Chopra y Tanzi-, sino que eres el usuario y el inventor de ese genoma; eres el autor de tu propia historia."Durante años se ha creído que los genes son componentes fijos en nuestro cuerpo que determinan nuestro destino biológico. Ahora la ciencia demuestra lo contrario: siempre tendremos esos elementos originarios, pero éstos son dinámicos y responden a lo que pensamos, decimos y hacemos. De pronto nuestros genes se convierten en nuestros aliados más fuertes en lo referente a nuestra transformación personal y nuestro bienestar radical.Los autores del bestseller Supercerebro sugieren que cambiando nuestra dieta y nuestro estilo de vida podemos modificar la predisposición genética hacia las enfermedades, y nos invitan a adoptar prácticas védicas ancestrales como el yoga, la respiración y la meditación para crear los cambios internos que necesitamos. El ADN humano aún tiene muchos secretos por descubrir; finalmente, el cuerpo humano no es lo que parece ser.
Supergenes (En Espanol): Spanish-language Edition Of Super Genes
by Deepak Chopra¿Por qué algunas personas nunca se enferman y lucen radiantes a pesar de los años? ¿Por qué, por otro lado, una celebridad se hace una doble mastectomía sin signo alguno de enfermedad? La respuesta está en nuestra herencia: nos asustan nuestros genes. No sólo eres la suma de tu genoma dicen Chopra y Tanzi, sino que eres el usuario y el inventor de ese genoma; eres el autor de tu propia historia. Durante años se ha creído que los genes son componentes fijos en nuestro cuerpo que determinan nuestro destino biológico. Ahora la ciencia demuestra lo contrario: siempre tendremos esos elementos originarios, pero éstos son dinámicos y responden a lo que pensamos, decimos y hacemos. De pronto nuestros genes se convierten en nuestros aliados más fuertes en lo referente a nuestra transformación personal y nuestro bienestar radical. Los autores del bestseller Supercerebro sugieren que cambiando nuestra dieta y nuestro estilo de vida podemos modificar la predisposición genética hacia las enfermedades, y nos invitan a adoptar prácticas védicas ancestrales como el yoga, la respiración y la meditación para crear los cambios internos que necesitamos. Gracias a la combinación de investigación científica y tradiciones antiguas, los autores nos demuestran que no estamos a merced de nuestra herencia. Por el contrario, tenemos el poder de redirigir nuestros genes para tener más salud y ser más felices. El ADN humano aún tiene muchos secretos por descubrir; finalmente, el cuerpo humano no es lo que parece ser.
Supergenes (En Espanol)
by Deepak Chopra Rudolph E. Tanzi¿Por qué algunas personas nunca se enferman y lucen radiantes a pesar de los años? ¿Por qué, por otro lado, una celebridad se hace una doble mastectomía sin signo alguno de enfermedad? La respuesta está en nuestra herencia: nos asustan nuestros genes. “No sólo eres la suma de tu genoma —dicen Chopra y Tanzi—, sino que eres el usuario y el inventor de ese genoma; eres el autor de tu propia historia”.Durante años se ha creído que los genes son componentes fijos en nuestro cuerpo que determinan nuestro destino biológico. Ahora la ciencia demuestra lo contrario: siempre tendremos esos elementos originarios, pero éstos son dinámicos y responden a lo que pensamos, decimos y hacemos. De pronto nuestros genes se convierten en nuestros aliados más fuertes en lo referente a nuestra transformación personal y nuestro bienestar radical. Los autores del bestseller Supercerebro sugieren que cambiando nuestra dieta y nuestro estilo de vida podemos modificar la predisposición genética hacia las enfermedades, y nos invitan a adoptar prácticas védicas ancestrales como el yoga, la respiración y la meditación para crear los cambios internos que necesitamos. Gracias a la combinación de investigación científica y tradiciones antiguas, los autores nos demuestran que no estamos a merced de nuestra herencia. Por el contrario, tenemos el poder de redirigir nuestros genes para tener más salud y ser más felices. El ADN humano aún tiene muchos secretos por descubrir; finalmente, el cuerpo humano no es lo que parece ser.
Supergeometry, Super Riemann Surfaces and the Superconformal Action Functional (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2230)
by Enno KeßlerThis book treats the two-dimensional non-linear supersymmetric sigma model or spinning string from the perspective of supergeometry. The objective is to understand its symmetries as geometric properties of super Riemann surfaces, which are particular complex super manifolds of dimension 1|1.The first part gives an introduction to the super differential geometry of families of super manifolds. Appropriate generalizations of principal bundles, smooth families of complex manifolds and integration theory are developed.The second part studies uniformization, U(1)-structures and connections on Super Riemann surfaces and shows how the latter can be viewed as extensions of Riemann surfaces by a gravitino field. A natural geometric action functional on super Riemann surfaces is shown to reproduce the action functional of the non-linear supersymmetric sigma model using a component field formalism. The conserved currents of this action can be identified as infinitesimal deformations of the super Riemann surface. This is in surprising analogy to the theory of Riemann surfaces and the harmonic action functional on them.This volume is aimed at both theoretical physicists interested in a careful treatment of the subject and mathematicians who want to become acquainted with the potential applications of this beautiful theory.
Supergravity
by Daniel Z. Freedman Antoine Van ProeyenSupergravity, together with string theory, is one of the most significant developments in theoretical physics. Written by two of the most respected workers in the field, this is the first-ever authoritative and systematic account of supergravity. The book starts by reviewing aspects of relativistic field theory in Minkowski spacetime. After introducing the relevant ingredients of differential geometry and gravity, some basic supergravity theories (D=4 and D=11) and the main gauge theory tools are explained. In the second half of the book, complex geometry and N=1 and N=2 supergravity theories are covered. Classical solutions and a chapter on AdS/CFT complete the book. Numerous exercises and examples make it ideal for Ph. D. students, and with applications to model building, cosmology and solutions of supergravity theories, it is also invaluable to researchers. A website hosted by the authors, featuring solutions to some exercises and additional reading material, can be found at www. cambridge. org/supergravity.
Superhalogens: Properties and Applications (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)
by Ambrish Kumar SrivastavaThis brief introduces the reader to the topic of superhalogens, a special class of atomic clusters that can potentially mimic the behavior of halogen atoms. It provides an introduction to the history of superhalogens, their conceptualization, and experimental confirmation and discusses in detail their properties and various applications. Some of the applications analyzed in the text include their potential use in the design of superacids, electrolytes for Li-ion batteries, and organic superconductors as well as their use in ionic liquids. The latest developments in the field are also presented. This brief is of great interest to graduates and researchers working at the interface of chemistry, physics, and materials science.
Superhalogens and Superalkalis: Bonding, Reactivity, Dynamics and Applications (Atoms, Molecules, and Clusters)
by Pratim Kumar Chattaraj Ambrish Kumar SrivastavaSuperhalogens and Superalkalis is a comprehensive volume designed as the go-to resource on the exciting and evolving topics of these special classes of atomic clusters and the acid salt that results from their interactions. The book details how these substances possess not only unusual structures but also unique properties which can be exploited for various applications. Superhalogens’ strong oxidizing capacity, resulting from their high-electron affinity, leads to their applications in the design of superacids, organic superconductors, and ionic liquids. The low ionization energy of superalkalis enables them to act as strong reducing agents, making them useful in the design of superbases and alkalides. Illustrated throughout, this timely book provides an overview of the research and development on these and other aspects of superhalogen and superalkalis. Key features: Offers a basic introduction of superatoms that is accessible for readers to understand. Includes extensive study questions after each chapter. Provides a systematic presentation of the existing literature on this increasingly trending topic. Presents the latest developments in the field, offering readers state-of-art knowledge. This book is a key reference guide for graduate students, postdocs, upper-level undergraduate students, academic professionals, and researchers who are interested in this fascinating topic.